Earth Science Lecture Handout PDF | Grade 12

PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS AUF HONOR CODE On my honor as an Angelenean, who lives by the core values of Mabuti, Magaling at May Malasakit sa Kapwa, I hereb...

PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS AUF HONOR CODE On my honor as an Angelenean, who lives by the core values of Mabuti, Magaling at May Malasakit sa Kapwa, I hereby pledge honesty and integrity in all my academic tasks without receiving or giving unauthorized assistance, thereby observing scholarly and intellectual standards, rules on proper citation of sources, and appropriate collection and use of data. So help me God. REMINDER This lecture is written for the purpose of guiding Angeleneans as they prepare for any upcoming activity, quiz, or examination. We still highly advise everyone to look up and review as well the sources provided by the school and the teachers to prepare better on any said assessments. Break a leg! :) AUTHOR(S): (TAMAYO, BRYLE), // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N. 1 PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS EARTH SCIENCE WITH DRRR EARTHQUAKE SCIENCE OUTLINE I.​ Earthquake II.​ Anatomy of an Earthquake III.​ Type of Faults IV.​ Effects of an Earthquake V.​ Hazard Maps VI.​ Earthquake Preparedness I. EARTHQUAKE A. Definition ​ also referred to as force called shock ​ generates weak to strong shaking on the Earth’s surface due to the movement of rock materials underneath. ​ Earthquakes are also caused by sudden movements III. TYPES OF FAULTS along faults or fractures on the Earth’s Crust. A. Normal Faults B. What causes Earthquakes? ​ are faults that result from horizontal tensional ​ movement of tectonic plates stresses in brittle rocks and where the hanging-wall ​ volcanic activity block has moved down relative to the footwall ​ man-made disturbances block. II. ANATOMY OF AN EARTHQUAKE A. Fault ​ A fracture in the rocks that make up the Earth’s crust. B. Epicenter ​ The point at the surface of the Earth directly above the focus B. Reverse Faults C. Focus (Hypocenter) ​ are faults that result from horizontal compressional ​ The point within the Earth where an earthquake stresses in brittle rocks, where the hanging-wall block rupture starts. has moved up relative to the footwall block. D. Plates ​ Massive rocks that make up the outer layer of the Earth’s surface, and whose movement along faults triggers earthquakes. E. Seismic Waves ​ Waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake. C. Thrust Fault ​ is a special case of a reverse fault where the dip of the fault is less than 45 degrees. ​ can have considerable displacement, measuring hundreds of kilometers, and can result in older strata overlying younger strata. AUTHOR(S): (TAMAYO, BRYLE), // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N. 2 PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS D. Blind Fault ​ are faults that do not break the surface - rocks above the fault have behaved in a ductile fashion and folded over the tip of the fault. C. Liquefaction ​ the sediment composition becomes “liquefied” in the sense that it assumes the dynamics of water flowing. E. Strike-Slip Faults ​ are faults where the relative motion on the fault has taken place along a horizontal direction. ​ Two varieties, depending on the sense of displacement. ​ To an observer standing on one side of the fault and looking across the fault, if the block on the other side has moved to the left, we say that the fault is a left-lateral strike-slip fault. ​ If the block on the other side has moved to the right, we say that the fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault. Soil Liquefaction ​ is a phenomenon in which water-saturated sandy layers of Earth act like liquids due to the pressure created by earthquakes. IV. EFFECTS OF AN EARTHQUAKE ​ Ground shaking ​ Ground rupture ​ Liquefaction ​ Earthquake-induced ground subsidence ​ Tsunami ​ Earthquake-induced landslide D. Earthquake-induced ground subsidence A. Ground Shaking ​ land subsidence or sinking of the ground. ​ one of the most notable effects of the energy from ​ a major factor in an area’s susceptibility to the hypocenter. flooding. ​ mostly affects the concrete structure from the ​ precursor for the development of sinkholes in surface. adjacent areas. ​ energy is transmitted in the form of seismic waves. ​ downward shifting of the Earth's surface relative to a fixed point, such as sea level. Classification of Seismic Waves ​ P-waves or compressional waves ​ S-waves or shear waves ​ Surface waves (Rayleigh and Love waves) B. Ground Rupture or Fissures ​ tension cracks ​ a phenomenon where ground movement occurs and the surface of the ground breaks. ​ commonly present in areas located near or along fault lines. AUTHOR(S): (TAMAYO, BRYLE), // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N. 3 PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS E. Tsunami V. HAZARD MAPS ​ from the Japanese terms “tsu”, which means harbor, A. Interpreting Earthquake-related Hazard Maps and “nami”, which means waves. ​ Interpreting hazard maps can give the stakeholders ​ a wave or series of waves in a wave train of the community a more comprehensive view of the generated by the sudden, vertical displacement of situation, thus allowing them to possibly avoid a column of water. disaster impacts from happening. Map 1: Luzon, Philippines ​ red lines show active faults that are prone to ground shaking and ground rupture. ​ Map 2: Earthquake-triggered Landslide Susceptibility Map Natural Signs of an Impending Tsunami 1. Ground shaking near a body of water Map 3: Active Faults and Trenches 2. Unusual sea level (receding shoreline) 3. Sound of rumbling waves nearby F. Earthquake-induced Landslide ​ landslides are mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity. Triggers: ​ steep slopes ​ weakening of slope material ​ weathering of rocks ​ overloading of the slope Map 4: Liquefaction AUTHOR(S): (TAMAYO, BRYLE), // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N. 4 PROJECT: P – TER (PRODUCTIVITY – TARGETED EXTENSIVE REVIEW) | GRADE 12 | LECTURE HANDOUT SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL | AUF-IS Map 5: Tsunami C. After Earthquake B. PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) The following information on this handout is referred from the recommended references and textbooks. Please review them as well. Thank you and Goodluck! VI. EARTHQUAKE PREPAREDNESS ​ While we cannot predict when or where an earthquake will occur, being prepared can save lives and reduce damage. A. Before Earthquake B. During Earthquake AUTHOR(S): (TAMAYO, BRYLE), // TEMPLATE BY: SHS Council and BOGNOT, P.N. 5