2.Dr. Udhav Zarekar Environment and Ecosystem.pptx

Environment and Ecosystem Solar System Temperature of planets SUN 150 million Km EARTH  Air + Water + Suitable Temperature E N V I R O N M E N T  Environment - Interdependence O2 CO2 Environment – Perfect coordination between different elemen...

Environment and Ecosystem Solar System Temperature of planets SUN 150 million Km EARTH  Air + Water + Suitable Temperature E N V I R O N M E N T  Environment - Interdependence O2 CO2 Environment – Perfect coordination between different elements WIS Vs. MAD E MAN MAN  Environment- Totality DEA LIVE Vs. DMA MAN N Environment – Cyclic changes  Environment - Balance A. Air – High – low pressure – cyclone B. Water – Hydrological Cycle C. Temperature – Global Heat Balance D. Species – Rate of reproduction E. Population – Malthus – Natural Checks – COVID 19  Environment - Definition Environment means surrounding i.e. various non-living (abiotic) and living (Biotic) things around us  Environment – Biotic – Abiotic Components Our home may have (a) Abiotic components – House, Walls, Window, Utensils, Table , TV, Carpet, Fan etc. (b) Biotic components – Mother, Father, Brother, Sister, Microscopic bacteria in air, water, mosquitoes,  Environment - Definition Tansley – Plant Ecologist (1926) Sum total of those effective conditions in which organisms live.  Air Sun Water Ma n Vegetati Minerals on Soil  Environment - Scope Scope of environment is very vast and includes almost everything on the earth. (1) Natural resources (2) Ecology and Biodiversity (3) Population and Settlements (4) Economic activities of Man (5) Environmental Issues – Pollution, Global Warming  Environment - Scope Since environment belong to everybody and thus it is important to everyone of us, as everyone of us is influenced by the environment and we also affect the environment by our activities. Environme Man nt Environment – Components Environm ent Compone nts Natural Human Environment - Components Natural Abiotic Biotic Location Soil Topography Vegetation Climate Animals Size and Shape Insects Coastline Fish Minerals  Location Locatio n Absolu Relativ te e Absolute Location Latitude Longitude Temperature Zones of the earth  Relative Location Break of Bulk point Relative Location – Focal point  Topography - Plains More developed Suitable for settlements, agriculture, industries and transport 90% of population  Topography - Plains Tundra Region Desert Region  Topography - Mountains Less developed Undulating terrain, inaccessible, less population, few settlements, few roads Topography - Mountains Plantation Hill Station  Climate Disaste Human rs – Race Floods, Cyclone s Physica l Ability Clima te Animals Economic Activities Soil & Vegetatio n Human race  Size of a country Large countries – Wider range of resources, larger diversity in economic activities, climatic conditions, geology etc. USA, Russia, China, India Smaller countries – Limited resources, Japan – Export or die UK, Japan  Shape of a country Compact Fragmented Elongated  Coastline Smooth Coastline Broken Coastline  Minerals Most unevenly distributed resource Coal – 75% of world’s coal is in USA and West Europe Crude oil – 90% of world’s oil reserves are in USA and Middle East Trade of coal and oil  Biotic Environment Natural vegetation Equatorial Forest Coniferous Forest Desert Vegetation 100 1  Soil Soil is a combination of three elements (1) Disintegrated particles of rocks (2) Organic matter (humus) (3) Bacteria which help in the process of decomposition (hence soil is a biotic resource)  Human or cultural environment Man lives in the natural environment. Depending on the level of development – development in science and technology he modifies natural environment as per his requirements. This modifies environment by man is termed as human or cultural environment. Social Environment, Economic Environment and Political Environment  Ecosystem Ecology – the term ecology is derived from two Greek words. ‘Oikos’ meaning ‘home’ and ‘Logos’ meaning ‘study of’. Thus the literal meaning of the term ecology refers to the study of living systems as at their home  Cont. Odum in 1969 defined ecology as the study of structure and function of ecosystems. Ecology is the study of living beings in their habitat – their interactions with their environments and among themselves  Definition of ecosystem Ecosystem is a functional unit, in which the organisms interact with their environment and their mutual relations can be identified and studied. - Tensely  Ecosystem Interaction Interaction between the between the Flow of energy and organisms and the organisms cycling of nutrients environment Biotic - Biotic Biotic - Abiotic  Components of ecosystem Biotic (Living) (A) Autotrophs – Plants – Producers (B) Heterotrophs – Animals – Consumers (i) Micro consumers – Decomposers Abiotic (Non-living) (A) Physical (B)Chemical components  Types of ecosystems Natural ecosystems Forest, Grassland, Desert, Lake, Swamp, River, Ocean Artificial ecosystems (Manmade) Paddy field ecosystem, Plantation crop ecosystem  Functions of ecosystems Interactions between biotic and abiotic components are known as functions of ecosystem. (A) Primary functions – Production of food (B) Distribution of energy (C) Material recycling Ecosystem primary function Production of CO2 Biomass Plant / SUN Photosynthe O2 sis WATER Ecosystem - distributing energy Grass Rabbit Fox Tiger 1000 100 10 units 1 unit units units Flow of energy  Ecosystem – Material recycling Grass Rabbit Fox Tiger 1000 100 10 units 1 unit units units D e c o m p o s e r s Environment – Biochemical cycles  Structure of Ecosystem Producers – Autotrophs (Self-feeders) Green plants are known as producers as they produce food for other organisms Consumers – Organisms that get the nutrients and energy they require by feeding either directly or indirectly on the producers are called the consumers. (A) Herbivores (B) Carnivores (C)Omnivores  Decomposers These organisms (bacteria & fungi) decompose dead animals, organic matter to get nutrients and release inorganic compounds into soil and water, where they can be taken up as nutrients by the producers.  Food chain Rabbit Fox Tiger Grass Primary Secondary Tertiary Producer Consumer Consumer Consumer  Food Web Rabbit Fox Tiger Grass Primary Secondary Tertiary Producer Consumer Consumer Consumer Deer Jackel Lion Plant Primary Secondary Tertiary Producer Consumer Consumer Consumer  Ecological pyramid Each food chain consists of different levels known as tropic level (from the Greek work, ‘Trophic’ means ‘ nourishment’) Each trophic level in a food chain contains certain amount of biomass, chemical energy stored in biomass is transferred from one trophic level to another. As a generalization, an average of about 10% of the energy available in one trophic level will be passed on to the next level. 90% of the energy is either utilized by the organism or lost as heat.  Trophic levels Tertiary consumer Secondary consumer Primary consumer Producers (Vegetation)  Man – Environment relationship Agricultural revolution E M Industrial revolution Technological revolution M E PAST PRESENT Importance and scope of environmental studies Many serious environmental problems have emerged in last few decades. (1) Global warming (2) Ozone hole (3) Pollution (4) Sea level rise (5) Depletion of resources (6) Explosion of population (7) COVID 19 – Spread of pandemic – lockdown in the world. Urgent need to spread awareness in the society regarding environmental issues and adopt eco-friendly lifestyle. – Last