Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes (1.1.1) PDF
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Outwood Academy Foxhills
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This document provides a basic overview of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, detailing their structures and functions. It delves into the concept of cells and how they differ, explaining the key features of both eukaryotic (animal and plant) and prokaryotic (bacterial) cells. The text also covers orders of magnitude and subcellular structures.
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Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes (1.1.1) All living things are made of cells, which can either be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic. They have a: Cell membrane Cytoplasm...
Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes (1.1.1) All living things are made of cells, which can either be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic. They have a: Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus containing DNA Bacterial cells are prokaryotic and are much smaller. They have a: Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Single circular strand of DNA and plasmids (small rings of DNA found in the cytoplasm) The structures mentioned above (e.g. cell membrane) are examples of organelles - structures in a cell that have different functions. Cells are extremely small , we can use orders of magnitude to understand how much bigger or smaller one is from another: Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes (1.1.1) 1 If an object is 10 times bigger than another then we say it is 101 times bigger. If an object is 1000 times bigger than another then we say it is 103 times bigger. If an object is 10 times smaller than another then we say it is 10-1 times smaller. Prefixes go before units of measurement (such as ‘metres’) to show the multiple of the unit. In Animal and Plant Cells Structure Function Contains DNA coding for a particular protein needed to build new cells. Nucleus Enclosed in a nuclear membrane. Cytoplasm Liquid substance in which chemical reactions occur. Contains enzymes (biological catalysts, i.e. proteins that speed up Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes (1.1.1) 2 the rate of reaction). Organelles are found in it Controls what enters and leaves the Cell Membrane cell Where aerobic respiration reactions Mitochondria occur, providing energy for the cell Where protein synthesis occurs. Ribosomes Found on a structure called the rough endoplasmic reticulum Only In Plant Cells Structure Function Where photosynthesis takes place, providing food for the plant Chloroplasts Contains chlorophyll pigment (which makes it green) which harvests the light needed for photosynthesis. Contains cell sap Permanent Vacuole Found within the cytoplasm Improves cell’s rigidity Cell wall (also present in algal Made from cellulose cells) Provides strength to the cell Bacterial cells are prokaryotic, so do not share as many similarities in the type of organelles as animal and plant cells do. In Bacterial Cells. Structure Function Cytoplasm Above Cell membrane Above Made of a different compound Cell wall (peptidoglycan) Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes (1.1.1) 3 As they have no nucleus, this floats in the Single circular strand of DNA cytoplasm Plasmids Small rings of DNA To be able to calculate the size or area of sub-cellular structures, you should find a shape such as a circle or rectangle that resembles it. The rules that would normally be used to calculate the size/area of that shape (e.g length x width for a rectangle) should be applied to it. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes (1.1.1) 4
