Historical Development of Sport Psychology PDF

TOPIC 2 Historical Development of Sport Psychology Psychology of Physical-Sport Activity Beatriz Garrido López Sciences of Physical- Sport Activity ÍNDICE INDEX CONTENTS CONTENIDOS 1. Historical Leadership and Linguistic Influence 2. The History of S...

TOPIC 2 Historical Development of Sport Psychology Psychology of Physical-Sport Activity Beatriz Garrido López Sciences of Physical- Sport Activity ÍNDICE INDEX CONTENTS CONTENIDOS 1. Historical Leadership and Linguistic Influence 2. The History of Sport Psychology from a Global Perspective 3. History of Sport Psychology in Spain 4. Activity 5. Practical Case 2  ORGANIZATIONAL TRAINING CLASSIC PUBLICATIONS SPECIAL EVENTS RESPECTED LEADERS 3  1. Historical Leadership and Linguistic Influence I WORLD CONGRESS OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY (1965) HISTORICAL LEADERSHIP. HISTORICAL EVENTS: Influence of Social, Economic, and Cultural Circumstances 4 1. Historical Leadership and Linguistic Influence Influence of Language from the Beginning The first global association, the International Society of Sport Psychology, expressed concern about the participation of psychologists from different countries. I World Congress of Sport Psychology (Roma, 1965) II World Congress (Washington, 1969) III World Congress (Madrid, 1972) English, the ‘official’ language: largest number of publications, psychologists and historical trajectory Currently, linguistic blocs: a. Anglo-Saxon bloc b. Latin bloc c. Others: Lusophone, Asian, and African The advent of new technologies has freed international sport psychology from language barriers. 5 2. The History of Sport Psychology from a Global Perspective ANCIENT HISTORY _ First Steps (1879-1919) _ Second Stage (1920-1945) _ Third Stage (1946-1964) RECENT HISTORY _Institutionalization (1965-1979) _ Consolidation (1980-1993) _ Strengthening (1994 to 2001) MODERN HISTORY León- Zarceño, Garcés de los Fayos (2024) 6  ANCIENT HISTORY (Until 1965). These countries laid the foundations of early Sport Psychology ○ USA, Russia, and Germany ○ France ○ Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic) and Italy RECENT HISTORY (From 1965 to 2002) ○ Political and social changes have caused some countries prominent in ancient history to lose influence. ○ The prominence in sport psychology is now spreading. MODERN HISTORY (Since 2002) ○ Globalization, new technologies, and advances in neuroscience have brought about changes in habits, social conditions, and influencers in physical activity and sport, both in training as well as in health and competition. 7  2.1 ANCIENT HISTORY First steps (1879-1919) The early steps of sport psychology coincide with those of psychology itself, or at least with the creation of the First psychology laboratory in Leipzig (Germany, 1879). Prior research related to sport consisted of isolated studies that depended more on the personal interest of the authors in sport than on the existence of true application and/or systematic psychological research. USA: Triplett (1897) conducted studies with cyclists, focusing on social psychology. (Earlier work by Fitz in 1895, who founded the first laboratory of Physical Education and published on reaction time). Germany: Let us remember the first psychology laboratory (Wilhelm Wundt). Germany is one of the countries with the greatest historical tradition in general psychology and sport psychology. The earliest works related to sport psychology are attributed to Schulte (1897), who studied the psychological aspects of human movement. 8  2.1 ANCIENT HISTORY First steps (1879-1919) Russia: A pioneer in the practical application of the discipline. The first Russian work, the manual Guide to Physical Education for School-Aged Children (Lesgaft, 1888). In 1910, Tchizh published an article on sport psychology. From there, two authors stand out in the history of sport psychology in Russia: Puni and Rudik, considered the fathers of sport psychology in the Soviet Union. France: Baron Pierre de Coubertin wrote the article “Sport Psychology” in 1910, and in 1913 published Essays on Sport Psychology, where he evaluated the International Congress of Psychology and Physiology of Sport in Lausanne. These works marked a historical milestone. 9 2.1 ANCIENT HISTORY Second stage (1920-1945) The history of sport psychology is marked by the emergence of those considered the fathers of the discipline: Griffith in the USA, Schulte in Germany, and Rudik in Russia. Matsui, around 1924, played a fundamental role in the research conducted by Physical Education institutes in Japan. Diem, along with Schulte and Sippelen (1920), was responsible for an event that would shape the history of German and global sport psychology: the foundation of the first specialized sport psychology laboratory in Berlin. This was a period of scientific flourishing for Germany. The significant contribution of Griffith to sport psychology in the USA and globally is evident. He established the first sport psychology laboratory in 1925 (Illinois), conducted the first courses in sport psychology, and authored seminal books like Psychology of Coaching (1926) and Psychology and Athletics (1929), which still serve as sources of inspiration today. Griffith also played a key role in applied settings, serving as a psychological consultant for the Chicago Cubs baseball team. 10 2.1 ANCIENT HISTORY Second stage (1920-1945) Puni in Leningrad and Rudik in Moscow began their first research in the early 1920s. Their influence became evident with the creation of the sport psychology laboratory in Leningrad. Two key axes define their careers: 1920s: The creation and promotion of the Higher Institutes of Physical Culture. Publications: ○ Rudik: He published two volumes (1924 and 1925) on reaction time applied to physical education and the mental processes involved in physical activity. In 1936, he wrote the first sport psychology manual, Psychology: A Manual for Physical Educators, Sports Teachers, and Coaches. ○ Puni: He published works on personality in the late 1920s, and in the 1930s, he made his first contributions in more applied areas, such as the impact of competition on the psyche of skiers and the psychophysiological effects of table tennis. 11  2.1 ANCIENT HISTORY Third stage (1946-1964) This stage is characterized by the end of World War II, during which research was conducted to improve the performance of aviation pilots, with the results being transferred to the field of sports. Key developments include the creation of the first sport psychology associations in: ○ Czechoslovakia (1953) ○ Japan (1960) ○ Bulgaria (1962) The First Congress of Sport Psychologists was held in Leningrad in 1956, organized by Puni. Countries like France, Italy, and Spain (with pioneers such as Cagigal, Ferrer-Hombravella, and Roig) began conducting their first works in sport psychology, mainly from a medical perspective. 12 ‘Sport is not only a physical spectacle, but also a psychological phenomenon’. COLEMAN GRIFFITH 13  2.2 RECENT HISTORY Institutionalization Stage (1965-1979) The beginning of this stage is marked by the I World Congress of Sport Psychology (Rome, 1965), organized by Ferruccio Antonelli, who is considered the father of contemporary sport psychology. Key milestones include: 1965: The creation of the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP). 1967: The founding of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA). 1969: The establishment of the Fédération Européene de Psychologie des Sports et des Activités Corporelles (FEPSAC). These organizations were created with the primary objective of bringing together sport psychologists into a global organization and, simultaneously, to connect professionals in this field across North America and Europe. Another significant development was the publication of the first specialized sport psychology journal, the International Journal of Sport Psychology, in 1970, which provided a dedicated platform for research and discussion in the field. 14  2.2 RECENT HISTORY Institutionalization Stage (1965-1979) The increase in the number of publications and the accelerated growth of education significantly boosted the development of sport psychology during this period. Key developments included the creation of: ○ The French Association of Sport Psychology (1973) ○ The German Association of Sport Psychology (1960). During the 1970s, much of the psychological work in sport was conducted in secret, known only to coaches and directors within the country. Psychological efforts were focused on adapting athletes to extreme training and competition conditions through psychological strategies. Other areas of focus included individualized assessments and team evaluations using observation techniques and specific tests. 15 2.2 RECENT HISTORY Consolidation stage (1980-1993) Following the previous stage, several associations were established with the goal of promoting the development and advancement of sport psychology: the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (1986), the South American Society of Sport Psychology (1986), the Arabic Federation of Sport Psychology (1987), and the Asiatic South Pacific Association of Sport Psychology (1989). There was an extensive publication of books, with two notable works that, due to their global reach, mark the end of one era and the beginning of the next: The World Sport Psychology Sourcebook (1992) and Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology (1993). In 1992, the first Spanish-language journal, the Journal of Sport Psychology, was created. In Spain, the establishment of the first master's degrees in sport psychology in 1989, at the Autonomous University of Madrid-COE, the Autonomous University of Barcelona, and the UNED, marked the beginning of high-quality education, offering both a scientific and applied perspective on sport psychology. 16 2.2 RECENT HISTORY Stage of Strengthening (1994-2001) Highlight the effort to take the definitive step from theory to practice in the field of sport psychology. The creation of Division 12 of the International Association of Applied Psychology (1994) marked an important milestone. There was a notable increase in the availability of information in this field at the end of the 20th century, driven by the growth of publications and the internet revolution. Research areas that stand out for their novelty during this period include those related to health psychology and exercise psychology: examining the influence of psychological aspects on the health of those who engage in physical activity, linking them to public and private programs. 17 "The true value of sport lies in its ability to teach us valuable lessons about teamwork, leadership, and resilience." PIERRE DE COUBERTIN 18  2.3 MODERN HISTORY Stage characterized by the attempt at dissemination Creation of the African Association of Sport Psychology (2003), the Ibero-American Society of Sport Psychology (SIPD) (2005), the Arab Association for Sport Psychology (2013), and the Latin American and Caribbean Society of Physical Activity and Sport Psychology (2014). The first manual applied to each sport modality: The Sport Psychologist: Counseling and Intervention (2002). An increasing number of psychologists trained with specific master's degrees in sport psychology. The impact of communication and information through the internet. Development of areas such as neuropsychology applied to sport. 19 2.3 MODERN HISTORY Sports leaders and coaches increasingly view the work of sport psychologists as a valuable contribution to the athletic performance process. A clear example is the NBA’s announcement in August 2019 of the launch of its Mental Health and Wellness Program for players. High-profile cases in the media have also helped raise awareness of the importance of prioritizing mental health care for athletes. Sport psychology is currently in an excellent state, thanks to the large number of well-prepared professionals and the quality of interventions focused on the prevention and resolution of mental health issues. “Sport psychology not only helps athletes overcome mental obstacles but also provides them with the tools to reach their maximum performance” DANIEL GOULD 20 3. History of Sport Psychology in Spain 1st Stage: 1960-1964 2nd Stage: 1965-1972 3rd Stage: 1973-1980 4th Stage: 1981-1990 5th Stage: From 1992 onwards 21 3.1 FIRST STAGE: 1960-1964 Creation of the Youth Sports Medical Center in Barcelona (1962): medical assessments and psychological evaluations of athletes. Establishment of the First Sport Psychology Laboratory within the Youth Sports Medical Center (led by Josep Roig Ibañez in 1964). Enactment of the Law 77 on Physical Education (1961), solemnly proclaiming the right and duty of Spaniards to physical education as an essential component of health and well-being. THE MAJORITY OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO SPORT PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM THE FIELD OF MEDICINE 22 3.2 SECOND STAGE: 1965-1972 José Mª Cagigal, a doctor in Physical Education (Prague University), founded the INEF of Madrid (1967) and authored its curriculum. He was a key figure in the development of Physical Education studies in Spain. Professional Activity: Conducted diagnostics, provided advice to coaches and directors, and collaborated with other sports professionals (such as doctors) in case analyses. Research Activity: Engaged in bibliographic research and material organization, participated in international congresses, and published articles in specialized journals. 23  3.3 THIRD STAGE: 1973-1980 PHASE OF EXPANSION AND ACCREDITATION: Organization of the III World Congress of Sport Psychology in Madrid (1973). There was no promotion of sport psychologists among the public. Physical education studies were still quite limited (only one INEF in the entire country). There were no organized working groups with an interest in the application of sport psychology. LITT LE IM PACT IN O UR C OUN TRY 24  3.4 FOURTH STAGE:: 1981-1990 1981-1984: Phase of stagnation. 1985-1990: Phase of resurgence: ○ International Sport Psychology Colloquium (1984). ○ Increased presence of sport psychology content in the Spanish academic landscape (INEF institutes were recognized as faculties). ○ The emergence of various sport psychology associations. ○ Organization of National Sport Psychology Congresses: the first in 1986 and the second in 1987. 25  3.5 FROM 1991 ONWARDS FROM 1991 ONWARDS: Consolidation of sport psychology associations (following the creation of the Spanish Federation of Sport Psychology Associations in 1987). Emergence of sport psychology associations in the majority of Autonomous Communities in Spain. Increased participation of sport psychologists in a large number of Spanish Olympic teams (Barcelona '92). Publication of the Revista de Psicología del Deporte starting in 1992. 26 4. ACTIVITY: Creation of a Sport Psychology Timeline The origins and early research in sport psychology (late 19th and early 20th century). Approximate Date or Decade Influence of key figures like Norman Triplett (one of the first to research sport psychology) and Coleman Griffith Brief Description of the Event or Advancement (considered the "father" of sport psychology in the U.S.). Creation of associations and organizations dedicated to Key Figure or Researcher sport psychology, such as the International Society of Impact on the Development of the Sport Psychology (ISSP) in 1965. Field (e.g., incorporation of Advances in mental training techniques, visualization, psychologists into professional sports teams or Olympic committees) and emotional control applied to sports. The relationship between sport psychology and the Olympic Games. 27 5. Practical Case The task involves conducting an analysis of the current state of sport psychology in your country, considering some of the following aspects and any other relevant factors for your analysis: Relevance of the Modality in Your Country: Evolution in the Last 5-10 Years: Presence of Sport Psychologists in Different Modalities: 28 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCIAS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 29 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCIAS REFERENCES BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 30  Beatriz Garrido López [email protected] UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia © UCAM