['24-'25] BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS-pages (1).pdf

CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER (Residential) specifications , 3P (Heavy - Septic tank...

CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER (Residential) specifications , 3P (Heavy - Septic tank Equipments) - Riser Diagram 7 Mechanical plans - General Notes ➔ Elevation and specifications - Some Details - Air Conditioning 6 Plumbing plans - Water Supply and Ventilation and specifications Layout Layout ➔ Water in, waste out *Note: Put much more focus on Architectural and - Sewer and Storm Layout Structural Plans and its function - Isometric View ➔ 3D for plumbing and water drainage - Some MODULE 3: SYSTEM DESIGN METHODS AND ITS APPLICATION SYSTEM DESIGN TYPICAL PROJECT METAMORPHOSIS System Design Defined as the application of scientific methods to selection and assembly of components or subsystems to form the optimum system to attain specified goals and objectives while subject to constraints or restrictions. Conceptual Alternative building systems are Phase synthesized and investigated. Design Alternative component systems Development are synthesized and investigated SYSTEM OBJECTIVES Phase Basic They specify the requirements of Contract Details are worked out. Objectives building codes, zoning Documents ordinances, subdivision Phase regulations, utility companies, fire marshals, health Construction Building is erected. departments, etc. Phase Service They specify the needs of the Objectives clients and building users and ensure that those needs will be met. Interactive They specify how the system to Objectives be designed will affect the environment and other systems. UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 7  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER SOME OF THE LAWS, CODES, AND STANDARD designed safely, basic USED IN PLANNING requirements of hygiene, NSCP – National Provides the minimum durable piping materials, Structural Code requirements for the design proper sewerage system of the and construction of structural Regulation of Master Philippines members of any structure Plumbers erected under the requirements of a general Philippine A code that is used as a building code that Electrical Code basis for safe electrical incorporates it systems. Issued and maintained by Prevention for persons, the Association of the buildings and contents from Structural Engineers of the electrical hazards. Philippines (ASEP) Safety standards on: - Design and BP 220 – Rules An act authorizing the specifications and Standards ministry of human - Installation for Economic settlements to establish and - Operation and and Socialized promulgate different levels of maintenance Housing standards and technical requirements for economic Philippine A code that is used as a and socialized housing Mechanical basis for safe mechanical projects in urban and rural Code systems. areas Contains relevant a) Economic Housing - fundamental and real world a type of housing project practices that would ensure provided to average mechanical engineers to income families enhance and maintain high professional, technical, and b) Socialized Housing - ethical standards or the refers to housing projects practice of mechanical covering houses and lots engineering profession only undertaken by the government or private Comprehensive Zoning is the division of a sector for the Land Use Plan city/municipality into zones underprivileged and or sub-zones) according to homeless citizens present and potential uses of land to maximize, regulate PD No. 856 - The A decree to improve the way and direct their use and Code on Filipinos by addressing development in accordance Sanitation of the public health services. with the Comprehensive Philippines Providing sanitary laws to Land Use Plan. ensure that establishments are keeping up with modern ZONES standards of sanitation. Provide a handy reference 1 Residential 7 Agricultural and guide for enforcement 2 Socialized Housing 8 Agro-Industrial National To ensure the observance of Plumbing Code latest provisions in plumbing 3 Commercial 9 Forest of the and environmental laws; Philippines Principles: supply of safe 4 Industrial 10 Water water, plumbing fixtures must be supplied with 5 Institutional 11 Tourism adequate volume of water, devices for heating must be 6 Cemetery/ Memorial 12 Parks & Recreation Park UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 8  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER openings, structural parts, P.D. 1096 National Building Code of the Philippines existing utilities (as long as it does Components of NBCP not increase height and floor area) Chapter 1 – General Provisions Chapter 2 – Administration and Enforcement Construction Changes in the materials used, Chapter 3 – Permits and Inspection partitioning, location/size of P.D. 1096 - Provides for all buildings and openings, structural parts, National structures, a framework of existing utilities (as long as it does Building Code minimum standards and not increase height and floor of the requirements to regulate and area) - difference with alteration Philippines control their location, site, design, is that it starts from scratch quality of materials, construction, use, occupancy and All on-site work done in the site maintenance. preparation, excavation, foundation, assembly of all the Building Permit A document issued by the components and installation of Building Official to an owner / utilities, machineries and applicant to proceed with an equipment of building/structures. activity of a certain project / building / structure or portions Conversion Change in use or occupancy of thereof after the accompanying buildings / structures of any principal plans, specifications and portion/s thereof, which has other pertinent documents with different requirements the duly notarized application are Demolition Systematic dismantling or found satisfactory and destruction of a building / substantially conforming with the structure, in whole or in part NBCP and its IRR - Aside from building Moving The transfer of buildings/structure permit, we also have to or portion/s thereof from original pass the floor plan location or position to another, (signed and sealed), either within the same lot or to a structural analysis (for big different one structures), sanitation (mostly for restaurants) Renovation Any physical change made on buildings/structures to increase Building Official Responsible for carrying out the the value, quality, and/or to provisions of the code in the field improve aesthetic as well as the enforcement of orders and decisions Repair Remedial work done on any - OBO - Office of the damaged or deteriorated portion/s Building Officials - nasa of building/structures to restore to LGU na nagbibigay ng its original condition building permit Chapter 4 – Types of Construction SECTION 401 - TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION Type I Construction is the most TYPES OF ACTIVITIES BEING DONE combustible of the five types. Uses only wood in Addition Any new construction which construction. increases the height and/or floor Wood Construction area of existing buildings / structures Type II Like Type I but with one hour fire protective and resistive Alteration Changes in the materials used, materials partitioning, location/size of UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 9  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER shall be of wood construction Chapter 5 – Fire Zones with protective fire-resistant Chapter 6 – Fire-Resistive Requirements in materials and one hour Construction fire-resistive throughout, except, that permanent non-bearing partitions may REQUIREMENTS FOR FIRE ZONES use fire-retardant treated Fire Zones are areas within which only wood within the framing certain types of buildings are assembly with one hour permitted to be constructed based resistivity on their use or occupancy, type of construction, and resistance to Type III Similar to Type II, except fire only exterior walls, must be of incombustible fire resistive Fire Resistive the degree to which a material materials (masonry, Rating can withstand fire as determined concrete) by generally recognized and shall be of masonry and accepted testing methods wood construction. Structural elements may be any of the Fire Resistive length of time a material can materials permitted by the Time Period withstand being burned which Code provided, that the Rating may be one-hour, two-hours, building shall be one-hour three-hours, four-hours. fire-resistive throughout. Exterior walls shall be of incombustible fire-resistive construction Section 502 A building or structure which is located partly in one fire zone and Type IV Similar to Type III, except partly in another shall be besides exterior walls, considered to be in the more interior walls and ceilings highly restrictive fire zone, when must also be incombustible more than one-third of its total with 1 hour fire resistive floor area is located in such zone. materials. Chapter 7 – Classification and General Requirement shall be steel, iron, concrete, of All Buildings by Use or by Occupancy or masonry construction and walls, ceiling and permanent partitions shall be of OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS incombustible fire-resistive construction, except, that Group A - Group A includes residential permanent non-bearing Residential buildings for single family partitions of one-hour Dwellings occupants which accommodates fire-resistive construction less than 10 persons. may use fire-retardant treated wood within the Group B - Group B Occupancies shall be framing assembly. Residentials, multiple dwelling units including Hotels and boarding or lodging houses, Type V Similar to type IV exempt the Apartments hotels, apartment buildings, row entire structure must be houses, convents, monasteries incombustible and fire and other similar building each of resistive. which accommodates more than shall be four-hour 10 persons fire-resistive throughout and the structural elements shall Group C - Group C Occupancies shall be be of steel, iron, concrete, or Education and buildings used for school or masonry construction Recreation day-care purposes, involving assemblage for instruction, education, or recreation, and not UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 10  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER classified in Group I or Group H liquids. Occupancies Group F - Group F Occupancies shall Group D - Division 1 – Mental Industrial include: ice plants, power plants, Institutional hospitals, mental sanitaria, pumping plants, cold storage, and jails, prisons, reformatories, creameries, factories and and buildings were personal workshops using incombustible liberties of inmates are and non-explosive materials, and similarly restrained storage and sales rooms for Division 2 – Nurseries for incombustible and nonexplosive full-time care of children materials under kindergarten age, hospitals, sanitaria, nursing Group G - Division 1 – Storage and homes with non-ambulatory Storage and handling of hazardous and patients, and similar Hazardous highly flammable material buildings each Division 2 – Storage and accommodating more than handling of flammable five persons. materials, dry cleaning Division 3 – Nursing homes plants using flammable for ambulatory patients, liquids; paint stores with bulk homes for children of handling, paint shops and kindergarten age or over, spray painting rooms each accommodating more Division 3 – Wood working than five persons: Provided, establishments, planning that they do not include mills and box factories, buildings used only for shops, factories where loose private or family group combustible fibers or dust dwelling purposes are manufactured, processed or generated; Group E - Division 1 – Gasoline filling warehouses where highly Business and and service stations, storage combustible materials is Mercantile garages and boat storage stored structures where no work is Division 4 – Repair garages done except exchange of Division 5 – Aircrafts repair parts and maintenance hangars requiring no open flame, welding, or the use of highly Group H - Division 1 – Any assembly flammable liquids Assembly Other building with a stage and an Division 2 – Wholesale and than Group 1 occupant load of less than retail stores, office buildings, 1000 In the building. drinking and dining Division 2 – An assembly establishments having an building without stage and occupant load of less than having an occupant load of one hundred persons, 300 or more in the building. printing plants, police and Division 3 – An assembly fire stations, factories and building without a stage and workshops using not highly having an occupant load of flammable or combustible less than 300 in the building. materials and paint stores Division 4 – Stadia, without bulk handlings. reviewing stands, Division 3 – Aircraft hangars amusement park structures and open parking garages not included within Group I where no repair work is done or in Division 1, 2, and 3 of except exchange of parts this Group. and maintenance requiring no open flame, welding, or Group I - Group I Occupancies shall be any the use of highly flammable Assembly assembly building with a stage UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 11  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER Occupant Load and an occupant load of 1000 or on at least one of its sides. 1000 or More more in the building. The center line of an adjoining street or alley shall Group J - Division 1 – Agricultural be considered an adjacent Accessory structures property line. Division 2 – Private Eaves over required garages, carports, fences windows shall not be less over 1.80 meters high, tanks, than 750 millimeters from the swimming pools and towers. side and rear property lines. Division 3 – Stages, Exterior walls shall have fire platforms, pelota, tennis, resistance and opening badminton or basketball protection. Projections courts, tombs, mausoleums, beyond the exterior wall shall niches, aviaries, aquariums, not exceed beyond a point zoo structures, banks and onethird the distance from record vaults Other an assumed vertical plane subgroupings or divisions located where the fire within Groups A to J may be resistive protection of determined by the Secretary. openings is first required to Any other occupancy not the location on property mentioned specifically in this whichever is the least Section, or about which restrictive. there is any question, shall Distance shall be measured be included in the Group at right angles from the which it most nearly property line. When resembles based on the openings in exterior walls existing or proposed life and are required to be protected fire hazard. due to distance from property line, the sum of the areas of such openings in any story shall not exceed 50 percent of the total area Section 702. No change shall be made in the of the wall in that story. Change in Use character of occupancy or use of any building which would place Section 705. The allowable floor areas for the building in a different division Allowable Floor one-story building and buildings of the same group of occupancy Area over one-story shall not exceed or in a different group of the limits prescribed by the occupancies, unless such building Secretary for each occupancy is made to comply with the groups and/or types of requirements of this Code for construction. such division or group of occupancy. The character of Section 707. The maximum height and number occupancy of existing buildings Maximum of stories of proposed building may be changed subject to the Height of shall be dependent upon the approval of the Building Official Buildings character of use or occupancy and the building may be occupied and the type of construction, for purposes set forth in other considering end user population Groups: Provided the new or density, light and ventilation, width proposed use is less hazardous, of RROW/streets particularly of its based on life and fire risk, than roadway/carriageway component, the existing use. building bulk, off-street cum off-site parking requirements, etc. Section 704. No building shall be and in relation to local land use Location of constructed unless it adjoins plan and zoning regulations as Property or has direct access to a well as other environmental public space, yard or street considerations, e.g., UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 12  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER meteorological, geological, leaders, wall copings, sills, or steel fire escapes topographical, hydrological, not exceeding 1.20 meters in width. prevailing traffic conditions, the Mezzanine floors shall have a clear ceiling height availability and capacity of public not less than 1.80 meters above and below it. utility/service systems, etc. Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation shall have ceiling heights not less than 2.40 Section 708. Every dwelling shall be so meters measured from the floor to the ceiling; Minimum constructed and arranged as Provided that for buildings of more than one Requirements to provide adequate light and story, the minimum ceiling height of the first story for Group A ventilation. shall be 2.70 meters and that for the second Dwellings Every dwelling shall be story 2.40 meters and succeeding stories shall provided with at least one have an unobstructed typical head-room sanitary toilet and adequate clearance of not less than 2.10 meters above the washing and drainage finished floor. facilities. Above stated rooms with a natural ventilation Footings shall be of sufficient shall have ceiling heights not less than 2.70 size and strength to support meters. the load of the dwelling and shall be at least 250 millimeters thick and 600 MINIMUM SIZES OF ROOMS AND THEIR LEAST millimeters below the surface HORIZONTAL DIMENSIONS of the ground. The live load of the first floor Rooms for 6.00 square meters with a least shall be at least 200 Human dimension of 2.00 meters kilograms per square meter Habitations and for the second floor, at least 150 kilograms per Kitchens 3.0 square meters with a least square meter. dimension of 1.50 meters The wind load for roofs shall be at least 120 kilograms per Bath and Toilet 1.20 square meters with a least square meter for vertical dimension of 0.90 meter projection. Stairs shall be at least 750 MINIMUM AIR SPACE millimeters in clear width, with a rise of 200 millimeters School Rooms 3.00 square meters with 1.00 and a minimum run of 200 square meter of floor area per millimeters. person There shall be at least one entrance and another one for Workshops, 12.00 cubic meters of air space exit. Factories, and per person All electrical installation shall Offices conform to the requirements of the Philippine Electrical Habitable 14.00 cubic meters of air space Code. Rooms per person Mechanical systems and/or equipment installation shall be subject to the requirement of the Philippine OTHER COMPONENTS Mechanical Engineering Code. Chapter 9 – Sanitation Chapter 10 - Building Projection over public streets Chapter 8 – Light and Ventilation Chapter 11 - Protection of Pedestrian during Construction or Demolition Courts, yards, and light wells shall be measured Chapter 12 - General Design and Construction clear of all projections from the walls enclosing Requirements such wells or yards with the exception of roof Chapter 13 - Electrical and Mechanical Regulations UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 13  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER Chapter 14 - Photographic and X-Ray Films Chapter 15 - Pre-fabricated Construction Chapter 16 - Plastics Chapter 17 - Sheet Metal Paint Spray Booths Chapter 18 - Glass and Glazing Chapter 19 - The Use of Computers Chapter 20 - Signs MODULE 4: LIFE SAFETY magnitude or nature of Hazard A hazard poses the threat that an loads and the properties unwanted event, possibly a and behavior of building catastrophe, may occur. A components. potential to cause harm. Load Factor a multiplication factor for service Risk Risk is the probability/likelihood load condition, offers flexibility in that the event or harm will occur. the design of a system for a - Threat (or Hazard) + combination of different loadings. Vulnerability + Exposure = Risk PROTECTION AGAINST WIND - Threat - a new incident that has potential to harm Pressures Considered positive when they a system tend to push a building - Vulnerability - A known component toward the building weakness of an asset interior. They are treated as that hackers could exploit negative for suctions or uplifts, - Exposure - Check the which tend to pull components subject where he/she is outward. exposed, like his/her environment Failure Modes Consideration of the ways in - Risk - the potential for which winds may damage or loss or damage when destroy buildings suggests threat exploits a provisions that should be vulnerability made to prevent failures. Past experience with building damage by winds DESIGN LIFE OF BUILDINGS indicates buildings are likely Design of for both normal and emergency to fail by overturning; sliding; Buildings conditions should always separation of components; incorporate a safety factor against excessive sway, or drift; or failure. structural collapse. Light-weight and open-sided The magnitude of the safety structures may be subject to factor should be selected in failure either partially, or accordance with: wholly, due to uplift. - the importance of a building PROTECTION AGAINST EARTHQUAKES - the extent of personal injury or property loss that Buildings should be designed to withstand minor may result if a failure earthquakes without damage, because they may occurs; occur almost everywhere. - and the degree of uncertainty as to the For major earthquakes, it may not be economical to UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 14  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER prevent all damage but collapse should be precluded. NSCP 2015 on Section 208 Earthquake Soil Profile Type Earthquake Earthquakes are produced Loads Seismic Parameters Characteristics by sudden release of - Zone tremendous amounts of - Near Source energy within the earth by a Factor sudden movement at a point - Seismic called the hypocenter. (The Coefficients point on the surface of the Active Faults earth directly above the Irregularities hypocenter is called the epicenter.) Accelerations are recorded in accelerograms, which are PROTECTION AGAINST WATER a plot of the variation with time of components of the Whether thrust against and into a building by a flood, ground accelerations. driven into the interior by heavy rain, leaking from plumbing, storm surge, or seeping through the exterior Seismic Scales For study of the behavior of enclosure, water can cause costly damage to a buildings in past building. Consequently, designers should protect earthquakes and application buildings and their contents against water damage. of the information collected to contemporary seismic Protective measures may be divided into two classes: design, it is useful to have flood proofing and waterproofing. some quantitative means for Floodproofing provides protection against comparing earthquake flowing surface water, severity. commonly caused by a river Two scales, the Modified overflowing its banks. Mercalli and the Richter, are Buildings must be built on commonly used. higher areas, on an earth Modified Mercalli scale filled with embankments compares earthquake protected against erosion by intensity by assigning values water. to human perceptions of the No basements allowed severity of oscillations and because of costly protection extent of damage to against water pressure. buildings. Raising on stilts (columns in Richter scale assigns an unenclosed space); stilts numbers M to earthquake may be used for parking. intensity in accordance with Impervious exterior: windows the amount of energy above flood stage, doors released. seal tightly against their Soil Occurs when a saturated or frames, walls. Liquefaction partially saturated solid Mechanical and electrical substantially loses strength and equipment must be located stiffness above floor level. Auxiliary electric generators Landslides A landslide is the movement of can be provided during rock, earth or debris down a emergencies. sloped section of land Emergency water supply should be stored above flood PEIS (Phivolcs A scale used in the Philippines to level. Earthquake measure the intensity of Intensity Scale) earthquake. It is almost the same Waterproofing provides protection against with Modified Mercalli scale. penetration through the exterior enclosure of UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 15  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER buildings of groundwater, Fire Suppresion Fire Extinguishers rainwater, and melting snow. Systems Automatic Sprinklers Buildings adjacent to large Standpipes water bodies may also require protection from Smoke and Heat Ventilation facilities should be undermining due to erosion Venting provided in addition to the and impact from storm protection afforded by automatic driven waves. sprinklers and hose stations. Leakage may be prevented by use of weather stripping around windows and doors. CLASSES OF FIRES Impervious water stops in joints. Calking of cracks and other openings ROOF DRAINAGE Flat Roofs Ponding of rainwater causes structural members to deflect, additional weight of water. Roofs should be sloped toward drains and pipes according to plumbing codes. PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE There are two distinct aspects of fire protection: life FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS safety and property protection. Fire Extinguisher Absolute safety from fire is not attainable. It is not possible to eliminate all combustible materials or all potential ignition sources. The standards most widely adopted fire protection design parameter are those published by the National Fire Protection Associations (NFPA) Underwriters UL publishes testing laboratory Laboratories, approvals of devices and systems Inc (UL) in its “Fire Protection Equipment List,” updated annually and by bimonthly supplements. Republic Act Responsibility for the No. 9514 - Fire Reinforcement of Code - Code of the BFP Automatic Sprinklers Philippines of Inspections, Safety Standpipes 2008 Measures, Constructions and Warning Systems SMOKE AND HEAT VENTING Prohibited Acts, Violations, Penalties Ventilation facilities should be provided in addition to the protection afforded by automatic sprinklers National Building Code of the Philippines Section and hose stations 603 - Fire Resistive Standards UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 16  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER EMERGENCY EGRESS CONSTRUCTION SAFETY Emergency The arrangement of exit Safety Management is required by DOLE Egress facilities should permit RA 11058 - Occupational Safety and Health occupants to move freely Standards Law toward exits that they can see clearly and that can be reached by safe, unobstructed, uncongested paths. The paths should be accessible to and usable by handicapped persons, including those in wheelchairs, if they may be occupants. Egress Many building codes define an Components exit as a safe means of egress from the interior of a building to an open exterior space beyond - PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) the reach of a building fire or give an equivalent definition. RA 11058 - An Provides Filipino workers are Act of given better protection in the A mean of egress is a continuous, Strengthening workplace; safe and unobstructed path for evaxuees Compliance with healthful workplace; from any point in a building to a Occupational protection for hazards public way. Safety and Applied to all contractors and Health sub-contractors except Exit access That portion that leads to an Standards public sector entrance to an exit. (OSHS) and Providing Exit The portion that is separated from Penalties for all other building spaces by Violations or construction or equipment OSHS Act required to provide a protected path. Occupational a set of rules issued by Safety and Department of Labor and Exit discharge The portion that connects the Health Employment (DOLE) which termination of an exit to a public Standards mandates appropriate practices, way. (OSHS) methods, operations or processes and working conditions necessary Types of Exits Building codes generally to ensure safe and healthful recognize the following as environment acceptable exits when they meet the codes' safety requirements: Employer's 1. Provide a workplace that - Exit passageways responsibilities is free from hazardous - Exit Doors conditions - Horizontal Exits 2. Give complete job - Interior stairs instructions regarding - Exterior stairs type of work, hazards - Smokeproof tower/stair associated with work, use vestibule of PPEs (toolbox - Escalators meetings) - Moving Walks 3. Provide safety signage and devices 4. Assignment of safety officer, physicians, UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 17  CE2211: BUILDING SYSTEM DESIGNS - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS REVIEWER medical team Protecting lightning away from a building is 5. Mandatory training of Againts an air terminal or lightning rod, a OSHS Lightning conductor that projects into the air at least 12 in above the roof. Safety officer 1. Trained by DOLE - OSH Program: 2-hr to 80-hr trainings PROTECTION AGAINST INTRUDERS 2. Overall management of Protection Prevention of illegal entry into the safety program Against buildings by professional 3. Frequently monitor and Intruders criminals determined to break in inspect during operations is not practical. Hence, the prime 4. Issue stoppage of work objective of security measures is when hazard is identified to make illegal entry difficult. or present Security Center The security center may be LIGHTNING PROTECTION equipped with or connected to electronic devices that do the Lightning Lightning, a high-voltage, following: Protection high-current electrical 1. Detect a break-in attempt discharge between clouds and sound an alarm and the ground, may strike 2. Identify the point of and destroy life and property intrusion anywhere thunderstorms 3. Turn on lights have occurred in the past. 4. Display the intruder on Buildings and their closed-circuit television occupants can be protected and record observations against this hazard by on videotape. installation of a special 5. Notify the police. electrical system. 6. Limit entry to specific spaces only to approved Objectives of lightning protection personnel and only at are life safety, prevention of permitted times. property damage, and 7. Change locks maintenance of essential automatically. services, such communication systems. as electrical and Methods of The key element in diverting MODULE 5: VERTICAL CIRCULATION I-A Comprises subsystems that can Vertical Vertical circulation comprises be used by people under normal Circulation major subsystems that provide a conditions and as a means of means in multistory buildings for egress under emergency movement of people and goods conditions, such as fire. This between floors. class includes ramps, stairs and escalator. CLASSES OF VERTICAL I-B Subsystems not acceptable as a means of egress that may be Circulation For movement of people and used in emergencies for Class I goods. Includes ramps, stairs, evacuation of building occupants. escalators, elevators UST ACES ‘24-’25 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE PROJECT ASSIST 2.0 18