Hong Kong Urban Planning Notes PDF

lee Pa th ) Sc hoo l ( G a l s ri l e mo a Delia M Indi v id u S o c ie t ie s and S.2 Sustainable Development Designing a Sustainable City Study Package Name: Class: ...

lee Pa th ) Sc hoo l ( G a l s ri l e mo a Delia M Indi v id u S o c ie t ie s and S.2 Sustainable Development Designing a Sustainable City Study Package Name: Class:  Content Chapter 1 Urban plariing in Hong Kong 3 1.1 Land use in Hong Kong 4 1.2 Urban planning in Hong Kong 10 Chapter 2 Smaoo city development in Hong Kong 18 2.1 Hong Kong Smart City Blueprint 18 2.2 Smart City at Kowloon East 25 Chapter 3 Green policies in Hong Kong and China 41 3.1 Greening in Hong Kong 41 3.2 Case Study: Roof greening project in Hong Kong – the 46 largest Sky Woodland in Hong Kong 3.3 Greening in China 50  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong Chapter objectives: After studying this chapter, you will be able to 1. Learn the types of land use and the major types of urban land use. 2. Have a brief understanding of urban planning and to have an idea of the urban planning in Hong Kong. 3. Explore the greening and green-roof project in Hong Kong. Kahoot! Let’s have a test on your Hong Kong geological knowledge! https://create.kahoot.it/details/ b2899489-2147-46b0- ae08-388ba5701841 3  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong 1.1 Land use in Hong Kong What is land use? Land use is the way we use the land. The land area in Hong Kong is about 1,110 square kilometers. In general, there are two types of land use — urban land use and rural land use. In the urban areas of Hong Kong, land is used in different ways. 4  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong (*the words in red color are the answers → no need to make it red in the student ver) Complete the table below to show the difference between two types of land use. Types of Urban/ Rural land use Urban/ Rural land use land use Distributio The New Territories and the Northern part of Hong Kong n outlying islands Island, Kowloon and the new towns in the New Territories Example Farmland / Country park Built-up area Height of Lower / Higher Lower / Higher buildings Population Lower / Higher Lower / Higher density Transport More / Less More / Less facilities Green More / Less More / Less areas 5  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong What are the major types and distribution of urban land use in Hong Kong? Types of The land Examples Distribution land use used mainly for Residential people to Houses Widely live on distributed over the territory Industrial industrial Factories At the edge activities and of urban warehouses areas Kwun Tong, Chai Wan and San Po Kong Commercial commercial Office In the core of and business buildings urban areas activities and shops such as Central, Admiralty and Tsim Sha Tsui 6  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong Mixed more than Shops and In old urban one type of flats areas such land use as Sham Shui Po, Yau Ma Tei and Wan Chai Recreational leisure and Parks and Large recreational sports recreational purposes ground areas can be found in Tung Chung, Sai Kung and Tin Shui Wai Institutional public Hospitals Spread out purposes and schools over the territory or other organization al uses Transport transport Roads and A large piece facilities ferry piers of transport land use is located on Lantau Island and Kwai Tsing area 7  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong Hong Kong Land Utilization in 2020 Planning department. (2021). Land Utilization in Hong Kong 2020. Retrieved from., https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html 8  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong ! Test yourself! Let’s distinguish the types of land use in the following cases. (*the words in red color are the answers →leave it blank in the student ver) What happens in this area? What type of land use is it? 1. People go shopping in the many shopping malls Commercial and eat in restaurants and fast food shops. 2. Many children go to school here, as there are Institutional many primary and secondary schools in this area. 3. We live in our apartment and we can see many Residential other apartment buildings when we look out the window. 4. There are a couple of factories here, but there are Mixed also lots of shops and residential buildings. It’s an old urban area. 5. We go there to play football in the evenings and Recreational on weekends. Some of my friends play badminton or go swimming there. 6. There is an MTR station and a bus terminus there. Transport You can also take the old Star Ferry if you have plenty of time 7. There are some workers working in the textile Industrial industry and manufacturing clothes. 9  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong 1.2 Urban plariing in Hong Kong Purpose of urban (town) planning (城市規劃): Urban planning aims at shaping a quality living and working environment, facilitating economic development, and promoting the health, safety, convenience and general welfare of the community by guiding and controlling development and the use of land. Based on the principle of sustainable development, town planning seeks to bring about an organized, efficient and desirable place for the community to live and work in. Recap! The definition of sustainable development Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Three dimensions Sustainable development includes economic, environmental and social domains. Their interactions are emphasized so as to determine the mode of development which takes all these dimensions into equal consideration. 1. Environment 環境 Environmental protection must be considered in the course of development. The consumption of natural resources should not exceed the ecosystem’s carrying capacity. Besides, socio- economic activities should stress resource protection and pollution alleviation. 2. Society 社會 The ultimate goal of development is the maintenance of social justice and equality. The essential tasks include poverty alleviation, establishment of fair social and political systems and improvement of educational and healthcare standards. 3. Economy 經濟 When maximizing economic gains, consideration should not be given to immediate or figural returns only. The after costs (such as the cost of clearing pollutants) and benefits (such as the goodwill obtained through performing corporate social responsibility) should also be considered. 10  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong Given the limited land resources in Hong Kong, there is a need to strike a balance in land utilization to meet the competing demand for housing, commerce, industry, transport, recreation, nature conservation, heritage preservation and other community needs. In Hong Kong, the Planning and Lands Branch of the Development Bureau （規劃地政科）is in charge of the policy portfolios of planning, land use, buildings and urban renewal.Taking directives from the Development Bureau （發展局）, the Planning Department (PlanD) is responsible for formulating, monitoring and reviewing land uses at the territorial and district/local level. It also carries out topical studies and undertakes actions against unauthorized land uses. Planning Department. (2021). Fact Sheet: Town Planning. Retrieved from https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/press/publication/hkfacts/index.html Land distribution in Hong Kong 1. Developed Area The population of Hong Kong in 2022 was 7.76 million. With the adoption of a high-density development strategy, we are able to effectively utilize the land. The developed area i.e. 268 square kilometers accounts for not more than 25% of the total land area in Hong Kong. Among the developed area of, the land used for infrastructure and supporting facilities covers about 37% of the developed land, which is more than that of for residential use 11  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong (about 29%), while the land for “government, institution and community facilities" and "open space" uses covers about 19%. To meet the public aspiration for improving the quality of life, more land will be required for provision of more open space and supporting facilities. New town development in Hong Kong EBD Education Bureau. (2017). Supporting Learning Material:Enhancing Land Supply Strategy: Module 1: Land Demand and Usage in Hong Kong. Retrieved from https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/kla/pshe/ references-and-resources/geography/Enhancing_Land_Supply_Strategy/ module1_e.pdf 2. Protected Area About 700 square kilometers (63%) land area falls within the protected area such as country parks, marine parks, wetland, sites of special scientific interest, and water gathering grounds. These 12  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong areas are either statutorily protected or highly restricted from development. Since we focus on urban development without disturbing the countryside in large extent, the public can still enjoy the nature while the wildlife can also continue to survive in this city. Relevant Ordinances include: ‣ Country parks and special areas: Country Parks Ordinance (Chapter 208) ‣ Marine parks: Marine Parks Ordinance (Chapter 476) Wetland: Ramsar ‣ Convention Control Area: Wild Animals Protection Ordinance (Chapter 170) ‣ Sites of special scientific interest, conservation or coastal protection areas: Town Planning Ordinance (Chapter 113) ‣ Water Gathering Grounds: Waterworks Ordinance (Chapter 102) At present, there are 24 country parks and 11 special areas outside country parks in Hong Kong with a total area of 443 square kilometers, accounting for about 40% of the total land area in Hong Kong. A total of 7 marine parks and 1 marine reserve have been designated. Marine parks are created for the purpose of conservation, education, scientific studies and recreation. Activities compatible with the objectives of marine parks are generally allowed. On the other hand, recreational activities are prohibited in marine reserves and the area is protected for nature conservation, education and scientific studies. 13  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. (2022). The Facts – Marine Parks and Marine Reserve. Retrieved from https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/country/cou_lea/the_facts_mar.html Civil Engineering and Development Department. (2014). Land Usage Distribution in Hong Kong. Retrieved from https://www.cedd.gov.hk/filemanager/eng/content_954/Info_Sheet2.pdf 14  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong 3. Remaining Area The remaining areas include rural areas, slopes, woodlands and fish ponds, which are subject to various development constraints, such as multiple ownerships, lack of infrastructure and poor connectivity. That said, sites of relatively high potential have already been reserved for development in order to meet the needs for development. Examples include New Territories North and Hung Shui Kiu New Development Areas, green belts areas or agricultural land that are without vegetation, deserted or formed and quarry sites. Suriary 1. Land use is the way we use the land. There are two types of land use — urban land use and rural land use. 2. In the urban areas of Hong Kong, land is used in different ways. There are 7 types of major land use: a. Residential land use b. Industrial land use c. Commercial land use d. Mixed land use e. Recreational land use f. Institutional land use g. Transport land use 3. Urban planning aims at shaping a quality living and working environment, facilitating economic development, and promoting the health, safety, convenience and general welfare of the community by guiding and controlling development and the use of land. 15  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong 4. With limited land, population growth, and economic development, we are facing a shortage of land. Therefore, urban planning is necessary and it also helps to improve the quality of life. 5. The land distribution in Hong Kong includes the developed area (land used for infrastructure and supporting facilities, residential use, government, institution and community facilities and open space uses covers about), protected area (country parks, marine parks, wetland, sites of special scientific interest, and water gathering grounds. ) and the remaining area (The remaining areas include rural areas, slopes, woodlands and fish ponds). Gloriary 1. Sustainable development 可持續發展: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 2. New towns 新市鎮: The basic concept for developing a new town is to provide a balanced and self-contained community as far as possible in terms of the provision of infrastructure and community facilities. For major developments, new land will be formed and infrastructure will be provided to tackle population growth, to decant existing population and to provide or upgrade facilities. The functional, environmental and aesthetic aspects of the developments are given priority consideration. 3. Industrial land use (⼯業⽤地): It refers to any premises or place, in which articles are manufactured, altered, cleansed, repaired, 16  Chapter 1 Urban planning in Hong Kong ornamented, finished, adapted for sale, broken up or demolished or in which materials are transformed. 4. Commercial land use (商業⽤地) :Some areas in Hong Kong are used for commercial activities, such as shops, offices and banks. This type of land use is called commercial use. Central district, Tsim Sha Tsui and Causeway Bay are the major commercial areas in Hong Kong. There are also some places for shops and offices in the new towns, such as the New Town Plaza in Sha Tin. 5. Residential land use (住宅⽤地): In some areas, many houses and buildings are built for people to live in. This type of land use is called residential use. Housing estates in Tuen Mun and Tin Shui Wai are examples. 6. Institutional land use (社團⽤地): There is also land for public use, such as post offices, police stations, schools and libraries. This is called institutional use. The Hong Kong Central Library in Causeway Bay is an example. 7. Recreational land use (康樂活動⽤地): It is important to have places for people to relax. Playgrounds, gardens and parks are examples of this type of land use. Victoria Park is the largest recreational area on Hong Kong Island. 8. Mixed land use (混合⽤地) :In some areas, there is more than one type of land use. We called them mixed land uses. Mixed land use is common in old urban areas, such as Wan Chai, Mong Kok and Yau Ma Tei. This is because land use planning was not good in the past. 17  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong Chapter 2 Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong Chapter objectives: After studying this chapter, you will be able to 1. Able to under the concept on “smart city”. 2. Have a brief understanding on the six smart areas in Hong Kong. 3. Case study on the smart city development of Kowloon West in Hong Kong. 2.1 Hong Kong Smari City Bluepoont In the 2015 Policy Address, the Chief Executive announced that the Government would use Kowloon East as a pilot area to explore the feasibility of developing a Smart City. In the pilot study, the Government would examine the feasibility of, among other things, using technology to enhance pedestrian and vehicular accessibility, manage district facilities, and disseminate information to the public in digital format with a view to making the area a better place for work and play. 18  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong Definition of a "Smart City" There is no universally adopted definition of "Smart City". However, based on the definitions adopted by different places and institutions, two common features of a "Smart City" are observed as follows: (a) being a city that leverages on the information and communication technology ("ICT") infrastructure and uses innovative solutions to address issues in one or more aspects of the city including governance, economy, mobility, environment, living and people; and (b) aiming at improving the quality of life of the citizens and enhancing the sustainable growth and competitiveness of the city through the "smart" initiatives. Many major cities around the world such as Seoul, Singapore, Tokyo, New York, London and Amsterdam have introduced smart city projects with different objectives and priorities. Some cities, like Seoul, aim to make a broad range of city functions smart while some other cities, like Amsterdam, focus on particular aspects such as achieving greater environmental sustainability. Ivy CHENG (2015). What is a "Smart City"?. Retrieved from https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/essentials-1415ise08- what-is-a-smart-city.htm 19  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong Mission of developing Smart City in Hong Kong To make people happier, healthier, smarter and more prosperous, and the city greener, cleaner, more livable, sustainable, resilient and competitive To enable the business to capitalise on Hong Kong’s renowned business-friendly environment to foster innovation, transform the city into a living lab and test bed for development To provide better care for the elderly and youth and foster a stronger sense of community. To make the business, people and Government more digitally enabled and technology savvy To consume fewer resources and make Hong Kong more environmental friendly, while maintaining its vibrancy, efficiency and livability Technology and Industry Bureau. (2022). HKSmartcity Blueprint Vision and Mission. Retrieved from https://www.smartcity.gov.hk/vision-and-mission.html 20  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong Six Smart Areas in Hong Kong (1)Smart Mobility People will be able to: ★enjoy more environmental friendly transport modes, including use of cleaner energy to improve air quality and address other environmental concerns ★plan their journeys more efficiently with real-time traffic information ★obtain better traffic planning and management services through data analytics ★enjoy easy and efficient travel with smart airport ★enjoy a pedestrian-friendly environment (2)Smart Living People will be able to: ★more conveniently access free public Wi-Fi service provided by both public and private sector organisations ★enjoy convenient mobile payments anytime and anywhere 21  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong ★access e-services and conduct e-transactions more conveniently and extensively with a single digital identity for e- government services and commercial services ★adopt more technology applications to support the elderly ★enjoy healthcare services supported by new technology applications ! How does Hong Kong use innovation technology in combating COVID-19? Discuss with your groupmates. (*the words in red color are the answers →leave it blank in the student ver) Apps Continue to deploy home quarantine system “StayHomeSafe” to support home quarantine for people arriving in Hong Kong Deploy the exposure notification system and mobile app “LeaveHomeSafe” for different trades and premises Continue to expand the functions of Hospital Authority’s “HA Go” mobile app Enhance “iAM Smart” applications to promote wider use of digital payments and remote on-boarding in the financial and other industries Robots and machines Use of robots and advanced technologies for airport terminal patrol, cleansing, disinfection and environmental monitoring Technology Develop health codes to facilitate orderly resumption of travel between Hong Kong and other places Encourage wider application of anti-microbial technology in public transport Continue to promote use of contactless payments in public markets Technology and Industry Bureau. (2022). Use Of I&T In Combating Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.smartcity.gov.hk/i%26t_to_combat_epidemic.html 22  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong (3)Smart Environment People will be able to: ★enjoy better indoor and outdoor air quality ★live in greener buildings with various smart and energy saving features ★use technology applications in efficient power consumption and energy conservation ★reduce daily waste at home and workplace (4)Smart People Hong Kong will be able to: ★have more students selecting STEM as their education and professional careers ★have a local supply of technology professionals and practitioners to support I&T development ★have more successful entrepreneurs in their new ventures 23  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong (5)Smart Government people will be able to: ★enjoy a much broader scope of user-friendly and more responsive public services delivered digitally ★build more innovative applications and services using open data ★enjoy higher efficiency and innovation (6)Smart Economy Hong Kong will be able to: ★position itself as a viable and attractive location to fully develop innovative business ideas ★become a preferred location for consideration of technology investment ★be perceived as an innovative and technologically advanced tourist destination 24  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong 2.2 Smari City at Kowloon East Video: Let’s watch a video to learn about the smart city project - Kowloon East in Hong Kong https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcVilh2dvvU (*the words in red color are the answers →leave it blank in the student ver) 1. Why does the government transform the Kowloon East into the second core business district (CBD2) in Hong Kong? Support the economic growth and enhance the global competitiveness 2. What are the main areas in Kowloon East ? Kai Tai Development Area, Kwun Tong Business Area and Kowloon Bay Business Area, San Po Kong 25  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong 3. The three key strategic areas in the Smart City Framework include: I. Governance and socio-economic vibrancy II. Resources management and urban environment III.Mobility and walkability Mobility and walkability 4. What are the aims for the government to improve the mobility and walkability in KE? Improve road traffic conditions, enhance pedestrian connectivity, reduce carbon emissions, and alleviate traffic congestion 5. What are the purposes to use the video analytic and deep learning technologies? To monitor roadside loading and unloading activities and illegal parking The functions of the My Kowloon East application include: a. Easy parking for drivers : deliver real-time information on parking availability and obtain real-time roadworks information to help plan trips more efficiently b. Easy walking for pedestrians: to select covered or barrier-free walking routes according to their personal needs and preferences & Positioning devices helps pedestrians to get to their destination 26  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong c. Personalized Tour function: use artificial intelligence to recommend walking routines to individual users and introducing points of interest via augmented and virtual reality. d. Estimated arrival time of buses: Encourage public transport use and help passengers plan their trips Resources management and urban environment Blue-green concepts has been adapted to improve both resources management and the urban environment for a healthy and sustainable community Drainage improvement projects will enhance flood discharge capacity and transform two major stormwater channels into urban green rivers- Kai Tak River and Tsui Ping River Energy-saving District Cooling System has already providing air- conditioning to non-domestic developments in the Kai Tai Development Area 6. How many green buildings do we have in Kowloon East and San Po Kong? 29 Green building in Kowloon East and 3 in San Po Kong Energy efficiency data system: monitor how much electricity separate home appliances consume in the participating household. It helps the residents keep track consumption and waste less power 27  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong Smart recycling bin system: use an artificial intelligence system and fill level sensors in recycling bins to plan more efficient collection routes Governance and socio-economic vibrancy Innovative technology helps us to improve urban efficiency, and public assents to enhance urban resilience and socio-economic vibrancy Multi-purpose lamp post: provide ideal locations for a variety of sensors and communication devices that can collect and share real-time city data. Smart crowd management system: use video analytic technology to help manage the movement of individuals and traffic Background Kowloon East (KE) is an area comprising the former Kai Tak Airport, the Kwun Tong Business Area and the Kowloon Bay Business Area. This area witnessed the rapid growth of an important industrial base in the heyday of Hong Kong's manufacturing industries, creating some hundred thousands of jobs and propelling Hong Kong's prosperity. Following relocation of the Airport to Chek Lap Kok and our manufacturing base to the Mainland, this area's function has become very different, and as a consequence, the uses of the original industrial buildings also changed. 28  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong With the continuous growth in Hong Kong's financial and service sectors as well as large numbers of regional headquarters and regional offices of multi-national companies setting foot in Hong Kong, the demand for quality office space can no longer be met by our traditional Core Business District (CBD). In the 2011-12 Policy Address, the Chief Executive announced the adoption of a visionary, coordinated and integrated approach to transform Kowloon East into an additional attractive CBD to sustain Hong Kong's economic development. This initiative was reiterated in the subsequent Policy Addresses. Specifically, this involves land use reviews, enhanced urban design, and improvement to connectivity and the associated infrastructure. As promulgated in the 2017 Policy Agenda, the Energizing Kowloon East initiative was extended to San Po Kong, with particular focus on enhancing connectivity, improving the environment, and promoting vibrancy and diversified development. Development Bureau (2021). Hong Kong's CBD2. Retrieved from https://www.ekeo.gov.hk/en/about-ekeo/background/index.html 29  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong The Vision and Mission of the Kowloon East Vision: Kowloon East (KE) will become another premier CBD (CBD2) of Hong Kong to support our economic growth and strengthen our global competitiveness. Mission 1. Focusing on enhancing Connectivity, Branding, Design and Diversity a. Connectivity – A Walkable CBD: ‣ Aim at creating a pedestrian environment at Kowloon East (KE) that is "walkable", "stayable" and "sittable" and easily accessible by vehicular traffic, in order to facilitate the transformation of KE into a convenient and attractive CBD2. 30  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong b. Branding - Another Premier CBD of Global Significance: ‣ To promote this premier business area locally and overseas, changing people's perception of an old industrial area through good urban design, restructuring of land uses, streetscape enhancement as well as introduction of art, culture and creativity. c. Design - Quality Public Space, Attractive Waterfront ‣ Innovative and low carbon design with green features ‣ Promoting the “Spirit of Creation” d. Diversity – Opportunities for Business and Jobs, Destination for Leisure and Entertainment (provide signature tourism, sports and leisure facilities) 2. Promoting place-making for our citizens 3. Re-inventing mechanism and process for quality and efficient delivery of results 31  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong Enhancing Connectivity, Walkability and Mobility 1. Walkable KE The Government has carried out comprehensive studies and taken forward the short to medium-term improvement proposals. The Government has also introduced policy to incentivize the private sectors to construct pedestrian links at their own cost to enhance connectivity and walkability in Kowloon East. ‣ Comprehensive Pedestrian Networks ‣ Improvements on Pedestrian Environment ‣ Subways, Elevated Walkways and Travellators 2. Green Mobility Adhering to the vision of shaping Kowloon East into a green community, the Government will implement a multi-modal Environmentally Friendly Linkage System, which comprises green and smart public transport interchanges at Tourism Node site, Kowloon Bay Action Area (KBAA) and Kwun Tong Action Area (KTAA), travellators network linking the former runway of Kai Tak, KBAA and KTAA, and a 13-kilometre long GreenWay network for shared use by pedestrians and cyclists. 3.Enhanced Walking and Mobility Experience We have launched a mobile app "My Kowloon East" (MyKE) including "Easy Parking" function to disseminate real-time parking vacancy data and "Easy Walking" function to suggest personlised walking paths, which aims at promoting the smart city initiatives and the concept of "Walkable Kowloon East". 32  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong Developing a Smart, Green and Resilient CBD To facilitate the co-creation of Kowloon East into a vibrant, smart and sustainable CBD2 of Hong Kong. 1. Green Buildings and Smart Infrastructure To transform Kowloon East into a green community and promote sustainable development, low-carbon and environmentally friendly designs in buildings and to consider incorporation of smart, green and resilient infrastructures into the design at the early planning stage. ‣ Green Buildings in Kowloon East ‣ Tsui Ping River and Tsui Ping River Garden 2. Green Environment To enhance the place through quality urban design, land use restructuring and streetscape enhancement to transform Kowloon East into an attractive CBD2. ‣ Energizing Hoi Bun Road ‣ Kwun Tong Promenade ‣ InPARK 33  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong ‣ Lam Wah Street Playground ‣ Green Spine and Green Link 3. Smart City Co-Lab To establish an innovation-oriented platform to encourage co- creation and cross-sector collaboration among the Government, the industry, academia, research institute, other stakeholders and the general public. 34  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong Ensuring Sustainable Growth To provide a steady supply of commercial floor space and integrate a multitude of land uses bring work and play, locals and visitors together. 1. Supply of Commercial Floor Space A steady and adequate supply of quality office space is pivotal to the transformation of Kowloon East into another Core Business District (CBD). ‣ Existing and Planned Supply ‣ Revitalization Scheme for Industrial Buildings 2. Unleash Development Potential To review land uses and to release government land for comprehensive development, so as to unleash the potential of Kowloon East to become a vibrant and innovative commercial hub. Promoting the "Spirit of Creation" In the transformation of Kowloon East (KE), the industrial culture of the district will be respected and inherited, and the "Spirit of Creation" will be extended into the future. 35  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong 1. Promote Vibrancy Facilitate, support and co-organize various events to bring vibrancy to KE. ‣ Vibrant Waterfront: hosting of various events and activities such as marathons and carnivals along the waterfront and at Fly the Flyover sites ‣ Typhoon Shelter Co-use and Water Sports Activities 2. Innovative Place Making and Urban Design In line with the strategy on "diversity", the government leverages the synergy of planning, design, community engagement, implementation and management in improving venues and turning them into places for all. ‣ Study on Industrial Culture of Kowloon East (The Study recorded the industrial development history and stories of Kwun Tong and Kowloon Bay) 36  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong ‣ Tsun Yip Street Playground ‣ Fly the Flyover Operation - https://youtu.be/3cKYdQbU5E4 37  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong 3. Co-creation The government has taken opportunities to involve various stakeholders in co-creating places, including partnering with artists and designers. ‣ KaiTak Fantasy ‣ Back Alley project ‣ Design Competition for the Transformation of Sensory Garden at Kwun Tong Promenade Suriary 1. Based on the definitions adopted by different places and institutions, two common features of a "Smart City" are observed as follows: (a) being a city that leverages on the information and communication technology ("ICT") infrastructure and uses innovative solutions to address issues in one or more aspects of the city including governance, economy, mobility, environment, living and people; and (b) aiming at improving the quality of life of the citizens and enhancing the sustainable growth and competitiveness of the city through the "smart" initiatives. 2. The mission of developing smart city in Hong Kong is to embrace innovation and technology to build a world-famed Smart Hong Kong characterised by a strong economy and high quality of living. 3. The six smart areas of Hong Kong smart city include: “Smart Mobility”, “Smart Living”, “Smart Environment”, “Smart People”, “Smart Government” and “Smart Economy”. 38  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong 4. Kowloon East (KE) is the smart city project and the government aims to transform it to become another premier CBD (CBD2) of Hong Kong to support our economic growth and strengthen our global competitiveness. 5. The mission of the Kowloon East are: a. Focusing on enhancing Connectivity, Branding, Design and Diversity b. Promoting place-making for our citizens c. Re-inventing mechanism and process for quality and efficient delivery of results 6. In order to enhance the connectivity, walkability and mobility in the KE, the government has constructed comprehensive pedestrian networks, subways, elevated walkways, travellators, implement smart transports and promote the use of “My Kowloon East” mobile app. 7. Green buildings and smart infrastructure are the focuses in the KE as they help to achieve a sustainable developed CBD. 8. In the transformation of Kowloon East (KE), the industrial culture of the district will be respected and inherited, and the "Spirit of Creation" (water sports, innovative urban designs and co- creation)will be extended into the future. 39  Chapter 2 Smart city development in Hong Kong Gloriary 1. Core business district (核⼼商業區): A central business district is the commercial and business center of a city. It contains commercial space and offices. 2. Global competitiveness (全球競爭⼒): the ability of a country to achieve sustained high rates of growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita 3. Muti-national companies (跨國企業): multinational corporation (MNC), also called transnational corporation, any corporation that is registered and operates in more than one country at a time 4. 4. Smart city (智能城市): Two common features of a "Smart City" are observed as follows: (a) being a city that leverages on the information and communication technology ("ICT") infrastructure and uses innovative solutions to address issues in one or more aspects of the city including governance, economy, mobility, environment, living and people; and (b) aiming at improving the quality of life of the citizens and enhancing the sustainable growth and competitiveness of the city through the "smart" initiatives. 40  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Chapter objectives: After studying this chapter, you will be able to 1. To understand the importance and benefits of greening. 2. To explore some of the greening policies in Hong Kong. 3. To investigate the green-roof project in Hong Kong. 4. To have a brief understanding on the green policies in China. 3.1 Grrining in Hong Kong In a city like Hong Kong with a high density of population, buildings and roads, how should we do a good job of sustainable greening? Greening plays an important role in building an environmentally friendly society. Move the elements of nature into the urban area, so that people can breathe and live together with nature. Urban greening will not only beautify the environment, but will also help to moderate temperature and improve air quality. The Government is striving to uplift the quality of our living environment through active planting, proper maintenance and preservation of trees together with other vegetation. The target is to bring about noticeable improvements in urban greenery, to enhance existing green areas, and to enhance opportunities for 41  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China quality greening during the planning and development of public works projects. Benefits of Greening: Establishment of urban greening through thoughtful planning of rich and colorful trees, shrubs, flowers among various shades of green plants, can create a fresh, beautiful, comfortable and elegant environment to improve the urban living conditions and enhance the quality of our lives. Green landscapes are an important means of improving our urban environment. The tree and flora planting form a complete greenery system which can help to purify air, moderate temperature, reduce soil erosion, improve water and soil quality and enhance the visual appeal and biodiversity of our city. Development Bureau. (2021). Benefits of Greening. Retrieved from https://www.greening.gov.hk/en/greening-landscape/benefits-of-greening/ index.html 42  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Greening projects in Hong Kong 1. Skyrise greening Skyrise greening represents a new concept of greenery in urban landscape. In a broad sense, it encompasses all greening at the buildings or other structures beyond the ground level, including roof greening, vertical greening, sky gardens, terrace planting, etc. Skyrise greening provides environmental benefits as well as enhances the aesthetic quality of our urban environment. For implementation of skyrise greening, there are two main approaches: roof greening and vertical greening. Roof greening is characterized by planting works on structural slabs, with main focus on the horizontal dimension. It is formed on rooftop and/or other parts of buildings or structures by means of intensive green roof and/or extensive green roof. Vertical greening is formed by either planting at-grade or planting on elevated planters, aiming at creating greenery mainly on the vertical surface of associated structures. Typical 43  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China examples of vertical greening include planting of climbing and/or weeping plants along the edges of buildings or structures, planting of other suitable plants on stacks of modular planters or panels, or combination of both. Major considerations: ‣ Key factors for planning ‣ Structural loading ‣ Accessibility ‣ Waterproofing ‣ Drainage ‣ Maintenance ‣ Climatic factors: ๏ Typhoons: strong wind might blow away the vegetation and soil ๏ Heavy rainfalls: hold and drain the rainwater without creating pools of stagnant standing water ๏ High temperature: affect some plant species ๏ Strong sunlight: solar and UV radiation 44  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Hui C.M.(2017). Green Roof Development in Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://ibse.hk/cmhui/170215_IMechE%20YMS%20Greenroof%20Talk.pdf Development Bureau.(2021).Skyrise Greenery. Retrieved from https://www.greening.gov.hk/en/greening-landscape/right-plant-right-place/ skyrise-greenery/index.html 2. "Right Plant, Right Place" The Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Section of the Development Bureau strives to uplift the quality of our living environment through quality landscape and planting. For planting, they advocate that plants should be selected based on the principle of "Right Plant, Right Place", i.e. to select suitable plants for planting in appropriate places, with due consideration of various factors prior to planting (such as the planting objective, site and spatial constraints, surrounding landscape character, microclimate, etc.) to ensure sustainable plant growth. Proper Planting Practices ‣ Design For Tree Protection Zone ‣ Do Not Plant Too Deep ‣ Keep Sufficient Space Clear of Vegetation at the Base of Trees ‣ Provide Adequate Growing Space For Future Growth Of Canopy ‣ Provide Sufficient Growing Space Between Trees and Adjacent Buildings/Structures ‣ Select and Plant Good Specimens ‣ Staking and Guying of Trees 45  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China 3.2 Case Study: Rrif grooning project in Hong Kong – the largest Sky Wridland in Hong Kong Let’s watch a video to understand how Professor C Y Jim uses green roofs to create oases in our city! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjq9snSXkDU&t=48s (1:39- 4:50) 46  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Features of the Sky Woodland The CLP Chui Ling Road Substation in Tseung Kwan O is close to a number of major residential areas, tertiary institutions and community facilities. The Sky Woodland has been planted on the rooftops of two substation blocks, covering areas of 520m2 together with 500m2 of vertical greening on the substation walls. The Sky Woodland is home to 80 trees made up of 32 native species and is the largest project of its kind in Hong Kong. The Sky Woodland is far more than just a rare stretch of urban greenery. It is a slice of genuine woodland in the heart of the city, replicating a natural woodland environment that nourishes wildlife and enriches native biodiversity. In the two years since its launch, it has attracted an abundance of birds and insects and serves as a habitat, offering food and shelter to wildlife and bringing life and beauty to the city skyline it has transformed. Indigenous species were chosen for the Sky Woodland as they adapt better to local climate and environment. CLP specially selected colorful species to showcase the beauty of nature in different seasons and to beautify the surrounding environment. 47  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Benefits of the Sky Woodland Maintenance of the Sky Woodland CLP carefully considered maintenance and management issues during the design stage of the Sky Woodland. Suitable species were collected and grown in a nursery for more than two years before being moved to the rooftops when the substation was completed. The soil on the rooftops is about one metre in depth, providing excellent drainage and waterproofing while preventing flooding and mosquito breeding. Small to medium sized trees, which are shorter than 10 metres in height with a slow growth rate, are suitable for rooftop setting. Root barriers are installed to prevent over growing roots from damaging the buildings’ structure. 48  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China To make the substation operate in a greener way, automated irrigation systems have been put in place, collecting rainwater for irrigation. Evaporation is minimised by the planting of Ophiopogon japonicas (a grass species)in the woodland. The substation makes good use of natural ventilation and natural light to save on power consumption through lighting and ventilation. Solar panels have also been installed to power the irrigation system with renewable energy. CLP. (2015). CLP Creates Hong Kong’s Largest Sky Woodland to Promote Green Rooftops. Retrieved from https://www.clpgroup.com/content/dam/clp-group/channels/media/document/ 2015/20150914_en.pdf.coredownload.pdf ! Discussion: Do we have any greening areas in our school? Discuss with your groupmates and make suggestions on how the school should build a greening environment for students! 49  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China 3.3 Grrining in China China’s rapid economic growth since 1978 has been fueled mainly by coal. Combined with poorly regulated impacts of industrial production, this led to severe environmental damage to air, land and water. China overtook the US as the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gasses in 2006. Today, it is the source of over a quarter of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. China’s government acknowledges the unsustainability of this development path and has started to attach greater importance to green growth and climate action, especially with regard to pollution. Domestic sustainability targets have been included in China’s Five- Year Plans (FYPs) for social and economic development since 2001 (the 10th FYP). Since then, targets for the environment, energy transition and resource efficiency have proliferated (exhibit 2). Concepts promoting sustainability have become intrinsic parts of national policymaking (exhibit 3). Environmental regulations and emission standards are becoming stricter, and fighting pollution has become a top-level priority. 50  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Green drive in China Chinese Government has made its self-action target for 2030, i.e. to have CaO2 emission reach the peak by 2030 and try to achieve it as early as possible, CaO2 emission per unit of GDP decrease 60-65% based on 2005, non-fossil energy takes about 20% in 51  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China energy consumption forest reserve areas increase about 450 million M3. State leader Xi Jinping declared a carbon-neutral China by 2060 when he addressed the United Nations General Assembly. 52  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Anna Holzmann & Nis Grünberg. (2021). “Greening” China: An analysis of Beijing’s sustainable development strategies. Retrieved from https://merics.org/sites/default/files/ 2021-01/210107_MERICSChinaMonitor_GreeningChina_1.pdf Green technology in China China is already leading in renewable energy production figures. It is currently the world’s largest producer of wind and solar energy, and the largest domestic and outbound investor in renewable 53  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China energy. Four of the world’s five biggest renewable energy deals were made by Chinese companies in 2016. As of early 2017, China owns five of the world’s six largest solar-module manufacturing companies and the world’s largest wind turbine manufacturer. Investing in renewable energy primarily, China is able to tackle problems of air and water pollution, and mitigate risks of socio-economic instability. It also helps to clean up China’s environment without foregoing growth, with the added benefit of establishing China as a globally competitive innovator and high-tech superpower. Chiu. D. (2022). The East Is Green: China’s Global Leadership in Renewable Energy. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/east-green-chinas-global-leadership-renewable- energy#:~:text=China%20is%20already%20leading%20in,by%20Chinese%20com panies%20in%202016. 54  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Suriary 1. Greening plays an important role in building an environmentally friendly society. Move the elements of nature into the urban area, so that people can breathe and live together with nature. Urban greening will not only beautify the environment, but will also help to moderate temperature and improve air quality. 2. Greening is beneficial to the living environment (improve air and water quality, moderate temperature and conserve energy, reduce soil erosion, prepare for climate change, enhance ecological environment, enhance visual environment and provide shade) and social health (promote physical and mental health, enhance quality of outdoor spaces and connect community). 3. Skyrise greening encompasses all greening at the buildings or other structures beyond the ground level, including roof greening, vertical greening, sky gardens, terrace planting, etc. 4. The common greening project in Hong Kong are mainly skyrise greening and planting. 5. Roof greening is characterized by planting works on structural slabs, with main focus on the horizontal dimension. It is formed on rooftop and/or other parts of buildings or structures by means of intensive green roof and/or extensive green roof. 6. Vertical greening is formed by either planting at-grade or planting on elevated planters, aiming at creating greenery mainly on the vertical surface of associated structures. 55  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China 7. Key factors for planning, structural loading, accessibility, waterproofing, drainage, maintenance and climatic factors are the major considerations of building a green rooftop. 8. The Sky Woodland is the largest sky woodland in Hong Kong. It is a slice of genuine woodland in the heart of the city, replicating a natural woodland environment that nourishes wildlife and enriches native biodiversity. It also improves the environment, lower the temperature and extend the lifespan of the rooftop. 9. To achieve a rapid and fast-growing economic development, China has put economic development at the first priority and this led to environmental damage. 10.There are three concepts in China’s green drive: circular economy, ecological civilization and beautiful China. The government has made targets and policies to acquire the green transformation. 11. The greening policies in China are mostly successful even under the pandemic. Many targets were achieved and are even leading the development of green technology in the world. Gloriary 1. Greening (綠化): the process of becoming more active about protecting the environment. 2. Skyrise greening(⾼空綠化): skyrise greening represents a new concept of greenery in urban landscape. In a broad sense, it encompasses all greening at the buildings or other structures 56  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China beyond the ground level, including roof greening, vertical greening, sky gardens, terrace planting, etc. 3. Roof greening (屋頂綠化): roofs bearing vegetation ( “Living vegetation installed on the roofs”/ “Vegetated roof”_ 4. Vertical greening(垂直綠化): Vertical greening refers to vegetation that grows directly onto a building's facade or on a separate structural system that can be freestanding or wall mounting. 5. Biodiversity (⽣物多樣性): The term biodiversity (from “biological diversity”) refers to the variety of life on Earth at all its levels, from genes to ecosystems, and can encompass the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural processes that sustain life. 6. Ecosystem (⽣態系統): An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life. Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or nonliving parts. Biotic factors include plants, animals, and other organisms. Abiotic factors include rocks, temperature, and humidity. 7. Circular economy (循環經濟):The circular economy is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. 8. Renewable energy (可再⽣能源): Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, water (rain, tides, waves), and geothermal heat. 57  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China References Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. (2022). The Facts – Marine Parks and Marine Reserve. Retrieved from https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/country/cou_lea/the_facts_mar.html Anna Holzmann & Nis Grünberg. (2021). “Greening” China: An analysis of Beijing’s sustainable development strategies. Retrieved from https://merics.org/sites/default/files/ 2021-01/210107_MERICSChinaMonitor_GreeningChina_1.pdf Aristo Educational Press LTD. (2017). Unit 1 Urban Land Use. Using urban space wisely. Interactive Geography. Cheng Ivy (2015). What is a "Smart City"?. Retrieved from https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/essentials-1415ise08- what-is-a-smart-city.htm Chiu. D. (2022). The East Is Green: China’s Global Leadership in Renewable Energy. Retrieved from https://www.csis.org/east-green-chinas-global-leadership-renewable- energy#:~:text=China%20is%20already%20leading%20in,by%20Chinese%20com panies%20in%202016. Civil Engineering and Development Department. (2014). Land Usage Distribution in Hong Kong. Retrieved from https://www.cedd.gov.hk/filemanager/eng/content_954/Info_Sheet2.pdf CLP. (2015). CLP Creates Hong Kong’s Largest Sky Woodland to Promote Green Rooftops.Retrieved from https://www.clpgroup.com/content/dam/clp-group/channels/media/document/ 2015/20150914_en.pdf.coredownload.pdf CLP. (2016, September 6). Green Roofs Create Oases in the City [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjq9snSXkDU&t=48s 58  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Constitutional and Mainland Affairs Bureau. (2018). No Title. Retrieved from bayarea.gov.hk/en/about/hongkong.htm Devb, E. W. B. (2020, March 31). Fly the Flyover 02 & 03 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cKYdQbU5E4&feature=youtu.be Development Bureau. (2021). Benefits of Greening. Retrieved from. https://www.greening.gov.hk/en/greening-landscape/benefits-of-greening/ index.html Development Bureau (2021). Hong Kong's CBD2. Retrieved from https://www.ekeo.gov.hk/en/about-ekeo/background/index.html Development Bureau.(2021).Skyrise Greenery. Retrieved from https://www.greening.gov.hk/en/greening-landscape/right-plant-right-place/ skyrise-greenery/index.html Education Bureau. (2017). Supporting Learning Material:Enhancing Land Supply Strategy: Module 1: Land Demand and Usage in Hong Kong. Retrieved from https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/kla/pshe/ references-and-resources/geography/Enhancing_Land_Supply_Strategy/ module1_e.pdf EKEO WB DEVB. (2019, February 12). Smart City @Kowloon East [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcVilh2dvvU Hui C.M.(2017). Green Roof Development in Hong Kong. Retrieved from http://ibse.hk/cmhui/170215_IMechE%20YMS%20Greenroof%20Talk.pdf Legco.(2015). An old farmer sitting next to an active plot of farmland which is surrounding by fenced-off, non-arable concrete-paved areas; some land lots in this area are occupied by Small Houses. Retrieved from https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr14-15/english/panels/fseh/papers/ fseh20150609cb2-1621-16-e.pdf Planning Department. (2021). Fact Sheet: Town Planning. Retrieved from https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/press/publication/hkfacts/index.html 59  Chapter 3 Green Policies in Hong Kong and China Planning department. (2021). Land Utilization in Hong Kong 2020. Retrieved from https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html Technology and Industry Bureau. (2022). HKSmartcity Blueprint Vision and Mission. Retrieved from https://www.smartcity.gov.hk/vision-and-mission.html Technology and Industry Bureau. (2022). Use Of I&T In Combating Covid-19. Retrieved from https://www.smartcity.gov.hk/i%26t_to_combat_epidemic.html Kay, P. (2021, December 24). How Hong Kong protects its Sea Sanctuaries. Environment. Retrieved February 17, 2023, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/ article/paid-content-how-hong-kong-protects-its-sea-sanctuaries Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park: Tickikids ⾹港. Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park | Tickikids ⾹港. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2023, from https://tickikids.com/zht-hk/hoi-ha-wan-marine-park/ HKPA: Scenic: Main. (n.d.). Retrieved February 17, 2023, from https://www.ibiblio.org/hkpa/ Scenic/ Energizing Kowloon East - Comprehensive Pedestrian Networks (25). (n.d.). Www.ekeo.gov.hk. Retrieved February 21, 2023, from https://www.ekeo.gov.hk/en/walkability-and- mobility/walkable-ke/comprehensive-pedestrian-networks/index.html Energizing Kowloon East - Key Themes – CBD2 (9). (n.d.). Www.ekeo.gov.hk. https:// www.ekeo.gov.hk/en/about-ekeo/key-themes/index.html Millions of PNG Images, Backgrounds and Vectors for Free Download. (n.d.). Pngtree. https:// pngtree.com Lovepik: Free PNG, Stock Images & Graphic Templates Download. (n.d.). LovePik. https:// lovepik.com 60