Environmental Issues PPT 22447 PDF

Program – CIVIL ENGINEERING Program Code – CE MSBTEs E-CONTENT Expert-Dr. B. R. Ambade, LCE, G P Bramhapuri 06/07/2020 MSBTE LEAD- STUDY AT YOUR DOORSTEP  Course- ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Course Code – 22447 Topic – 1 CO-a: Dev...

Program – CIVIL ENGINEERING Program Code – CE MSBTEs E-CONTENT Expert-Dr. B. R. Ambade, LCE, G P Bramhapuri 06/07/2020 MSBTE LEAD- STUDY AT YOUR DOORSTEP  Course- ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Course Code – 22447 Topic – 1 CO-a: Develop Public Awareness Environment about Environment. Unit Outcome- UO 1a,1b, 1c, 1d, MSBTE 1e STUDY AT YOUR LEAD- DOORSTEP Written by Br. B. R. Ambade Course Expert and Coordinator  What we will learn today Understand about environment 1. Agenda point – and its segments. Environment , its need and Scope. Content 2. Agenda point – 1.1 Definitions. need of Segments of environmental studies. Environment 1.2 Segments of environment-Atmosphere, Dr. B. R. Ambade Hydrosphere Lithosphere, Biosphere. Course Expert and Coordinator Page 3 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Learning Objective/ Key learning  1a. Discuss the scope of environment.  1b. Describe various types of environment 1c. Describe the importance of environmental studies. Dr. B. R. Ambade Course Expert and Coordinator Page 4 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Concept Map of Environment Page 5 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  UNIT 1: ENVIRONMENT Environm ent  The word environment is derived from the French verb ‘enviro’ which Biotic means ‘surrounding’. Thus, our Abiotic Compone environment can be defined as the Components nts Living Non- physical, chemical and biological Thing Living world that surround us. s  In Simple way the Environment is A place Things e.g. People, e.g. Play ground, around us includes people, children, benches, Children, Trees, Benches, Swings, ground, grass, trees, insects, birds, sunlight, air, Grass, Plants, Slide, Air, Water, land, water, mountain etc. insects, Birds etc. Mountain etc.  Biotic components constantly interact and exchange things with each other as well as with an A biotic components for their survival and existence [2; 4; 5]. Footnotes Page 6 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025 Types of Environment Natural Man-made Social Psychologi Environm Environme Environme cal ent nt nt Environme The environment Social Every individual has his The nt changed or Environment own psychological environment includes an environment, in which he modified by the in its original individual’s lives. form without interference of human beings is social, The Psychological the economic and environment enables us to interference of called man made political understand the human beings environment. condition personality of an is known as e.g., wherein he individual. Both the natural Infrastructure, lives. person and his goal from environment. Utilities, e.g., Customs, psychological All living and Institutions, Traditions, environment ethics, nonliving housing, industries Language, things , parks, buildings, Culture, occurring Page 7 energy networks, Professions, Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025 STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT : Physical Biological Environment Environment (i) Solid - The lithosphere (solid i) Plants (flora): trees, grass, shrubs etc. earth) : Soil / land and Mountain (ii) Animals (fauna) : domestic and wild Environment animals, humans, birds, insects etc [2; (ii) Liquid - The hydrosphere (water 4]. component) : River, Reservoir, Oceans and Glacier Environment (iii) Gas - Various gases (oxygen, carbondioxide, nitrogen, méthane etc. present in atmosphere. Page 8 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES  This subject educates the students, citizens and experts to understand the complexity of environmental issues.  Experts having knowledge in the environmental fields that enables them to facilitate the solution of environmental problems.  The current trend of environmental degradation can be reversed if people of educated communities are organized and empowered.  By knowing this subject we can develop eco-friendly new technologies for various developments which can save the natural resources as well as reduces environmental pollutions and public health impacts.  As, the new earth is not discovered till now we have no other option except to maintain the ecological balance on the planet Earth so that the liveable environment should be kept for our future generations.  The major areas in which the role of environmental scientists are of vital importance are natural resources, ecosystems, biodiversity and its conservation, environmental pollution, social issues , human population and environment [2; 4; 5]. Page 9 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES: Public awareness. Environment issues being of international importance. Problems cropped in the wake of development. Conserve energy. For an alternative solution. Save species from extinction. Save the natural resources. Reduce the pollution. Wise planning of development. Sustainable development [2; 4; 5] Page 10 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  SEGMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT The atmosphere is composed of nitrogen and oxygen. Besides, argon, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases. Biosphere: Biosphere Hydrosphere: The indicates the realm of living Hydrosphere comprises all organisms and their types of water resources interactions with oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, environment, viz streams, reservoir, polar atmosphere, hydrosphere icecaps, glaciers, and and lithosphere. ground water. Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth. It consists of minerals occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic matter, air and water. Page 11 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  SEGMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT Atmosphere: The atmosphere implies the protective blanket of gases, surrounding the earth: (a) It sustains life on the earth. (b) It saves it from the hostile environment of outer space. (c) It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the electromagnetic radiation from the sun. (d) It transmits only here ultraviolet, visible, near infrared radiation (300 to 2500 nm) and radio waves. (0.14 to 40 m) while filtering out tissue-damaging ultra violate waves below about 300 nm [2; 4] Source: vectorstock.com Page 12 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  SEGMENTS OF ENVIRONMENT Hydrosphere: The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, reservoir, polar icecaps, glaciers, and ground water. 71 % of earth area is covered by water. (i) Nature 97% of the earth’s water supply is in the oceans, (ii) About 2% of the water resources is locked in the polar icecaps and glaciers. (iii) Only about 1% is available as fresh surface water-rivers, lakes streams, and ground water fit to be used for human consumption and other uses. Lithosphere: Lithosphere is the outer mantle of the solid earth. It consists of minerals occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil e.g. minerals, organic matter, air and water. Biosphere: Biosphere indicates the realm of living organisms and their interactions with environment, viz atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere [2; 5]. Page 13 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Revision ► What we have leaned today? ► Environment its definition and scope. ► Types of environment. ► Structure of environment. ► Needs and importance of environment. ► Segments of environment. Now let’s have a Quiz...... Page 14 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  References 1. Dr Prabhu Prasadini and Dr G. Swarajya Lakshmi, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, BIRM 301 Study Material. 2. Dr. Y. K. Singh, 2006. Environmental Science. NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS, New Delhi, India. 3. Rokonuzzaman M. S., 2014. Types of Environment, Department of Geology and Environment, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 4. Prof. Erach Bharucha, 2004. Textbook for Environmental Studies. University Grants Commission, New Delhi. India. 5. Michael Aaleby, 2000. Basics of Environmental science, 2nd Edition, Taylor & Francis Group, New York. 6. www.vectorstock.com, Accessed on 02/07/2020. Page 15 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  What we will learn today Understand about 1. Agenda point – environmental issues and Environmental Public awareness about Content issues environment. 1.3 Environmental issues 2. Agenda point – Concept - Ozone layer of 4Rs depletion and Nuclear 3. Agenda point – Public accidents. awareness 1.4 Concept of 4Rs – about Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Dr. B. R. Ambade environment Course Expert and and Recover Coordinator 1.5 Public awareness about environment. Page 16 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Learning Objective/ Key learning ► 1d. Discuss the need of public awareness about environment. ► 1e. Describe various environmental issues. Page 17 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Concept Map Green Global House Warmin Effect g Nuclear Environment Climate Acciden al Change ts Issues Ozone Acid Layer Rain Depletion Page 18 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: 5. Ozone Layer  Depletion Troposphere:  The lowest layer (about 15 km from the ground)  Contains normal air composition of N2, O2, water vapour, CO2, etc.  Temperature decreases with altitude.  Stratosphere:  Above the troposphere  Temperature increases with altitude  Contains a lot of ozone (ozone layer): Found in the stratosphere between 10 - 50km above the ground Protects us from the harmful effects of UV of certain wavelengths. Decrease in ozone concentration  Increase in UV-B radiation reaching the earth surface.  Formation of ozone layer O2 + sunlight  O + O O + O2  O3 Page 19 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: 5. Ozone  Layer Depletion Ozone layer in the atmosphere protects life on earth from the dangerous UV radiation from the sun.  Destruction of ozone Layer Chlorine atoms from CFCs attack the ozone, taking away ozone and forming chlorine monoxide (ClO). O3 + Cl  O2 + ClO Chlorine monoxide then combines with another Source: https://www.studyadda.com/ oxygen atom to form a new oxygen molecule and a chlorine atom. ClO + O  Cl + O2 The chlorine atom is free to destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules Footnotes Page 20 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: 5. Ozone  Layer Depletion IMPACTS OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION  Sunburn.  Reduce our immune system.  Skin Cancer.  Cataracts and Other Eye Damages.  Reduce photosynthesis and crops yield affected.  Damage the plants.  Reduces plankton population.  Reduces penguin population.  Reduces the percentage of hatching of frog eggs.  Forming photochemical smog.  Degrades building materials. Page 21 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: 6. Nuclear  Accidents When safety measures and principles are ignored by nuclear plant operators, a nuclear accident can occurred with serious consequences for the environment, and human health. Now, efforts are made to prevent the radiation during accidents.  Since 1957, ten major nuclear accidents have been reported by five countries: ► Fukushima, Japan - March 2011; ► Kashiwazaki, Japan - July 2007; ► Mihama, Japan - August 2004; ► Blayais, France - December 1999; ► Tokaimura, Japan - September 1999; ► Tokaimura, Japan - March 1997; ► Chernobyl, Ukraine - April 1986; ► Three Mile Island, USA - March 1979; ► The Urals, USSR - October 1958; ► Windscale, UK – October 1957. Page 22 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: 6. Nuclear Accidents  Impacts of Nuclear Accidents ► develop cancer , ► deaths , ► Species extinction, ► Alteration of DNA, ► Residual radioactivity in environment (environmental Source: Pedraza , 2013 pollution), ► High fever, diarrhoea, fatigue, mortality, infection bleeding etc., ► Skin diseases, ► Disturb aquatic life, Page 23 ► Long term effects on Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  HOW TO AVOID THIS ? What are the solutions to all these problems? Page 24 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Management: Sustainable Hazards Development Solid waste mitigation Management Energy World conservation Conservation strategy HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT Pollution Environmental control Laws Water Rain water Resources Biodiversity Harvesting conservation Page 25 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: HOW IT CAN BE ACHIEVED ? ? Page 26 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Concept of 4R’s ►Reduce: Prevent generation of waste in the first place; by eliminating waste at source through better planning and design. Don’t use a resource if there is an alternative. (Donate old things; Take good care of your things; choose walking / cycling than driving; Use glassware than paper wares). ►Reuse: Use a resource again and again without changing it or reprocessing it for different functions than what they are intended. (Old news papers used for packing; Plastic and steel containers used for plantation etc). ►Recycle: Reproduce / remanufacture the new material by using recyclable waste as raw material in its parent industry. (Paper, Glass, Plastic, Metal, Rubber etc). ►Recover: Producing usable products or energy by processing / treating the waste. (biogas, fertilizer, Waste to energy etc). Page 27 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Public awareness about ► environment Educate the people about environmental studies. ► Participation of people in environmental issues. ► Implementation of principle of 4Rs. ► Adoption of eco-friendly technology. ► Conserve the resources. ► Follow various acts on environment. ► Practice and promote good civic sense and hygiene. ► Practice and promote to Reduce pollution. ► Join local movements that support activities like saving trees in your area, go on nature treks, recycle waste, buy environmentally friendly products. ► Join a group to study nature, such as WWF-1 or another environmental group. Page 28 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025 Public awareness about environment Let‘s Together Build a World In Which Every Person Has……. …… And Lives in Safe Adequate water Sanitation Hygienic Environment Page 29 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Public awareness about environment WHEN WILL WE START FOR OUR FUTURE ? NOW ? OR LATER ON ? Page 30 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025 Revision ► Whatwe have learned today? ► Ozone layer depletion and its effects. ► Nuclear accidents and its effects. ► Concepts of 4R’s. ► Public awareness about environment. Let’s Have a Quiz…….. Page 31 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  What we will learn today Understand about 1. Agenda point – environmental issues and their Environmental issues impacts. Content 1.3 Environmental issues –Green house effects, Global Warming, Climate change and Acid rain. Dr. B. R. Ambade Course Expert and Coordinator Page 32 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Learning Objective/ Key learning ► 1e. Describe various environmental issues. Page 33 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Concept Map Green Global House Warmin Effect g Nuclear Environment Climate Acciden al Change ts Issues Ozone Acid Layer Rain Depletion Page 34 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: 1. Green  TheHouse phenomenonEffect: of increase in temperature of the earth as in artificial greenhouse is called green house effect.  The gases which are responsible for the greenhouse effect are called greenhouse gases.  A warming of Earth’s surface and troposphere (the lowest layer of the atmosphere) caused by trapping the heat in the form of infra red radiation near the earth surface by atmospheric constituents such as water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides and Chloro Fluro ► Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2012 Carbons.  Environmental scientists estimated that the green house effect of carbon dioxide was 57%, chlorofluorocarbon was 25%, methane was 12% and that of the oxides of nitrogen was 6% [1; 2]. Footnotes Page 35 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: 1. Green House Effects Effect: on animals:  It has a role in spreading different types of diseases like malaria, filariasis, cholera, and diarrhoea etc due to rise in temperature.  It has a role in increasing the number of vectors like insects transmitting diseases. Effects on plants:  It affects water cycle, soil moisture and soil composition. As a result, there is a change in cultivation and harvesting periods of crops.  Tropical plants are seen at the temperate region.  It affects on yield of crops. Effects on climate:  It increases the temperature of earth.  It brings about the melting of ice in the Polar Regions, which increases the sea level due to which the low land coastal areas may sink and go underwater.  It also changes the pattern of rainfall and weather conditions [1; 2; 3]. Page 36 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: 2. Global  Warming: Global warming is the phenomenon of rise in temperature of the earth by accumulation of green house gases.  About 75% of the solar energy reaching the Earth is absorbed on the earth’s surface which increases its temperature. The rest of the heat radiates back to the atmosphere. Some of the heat is trapped by greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide this responds to keep the temperature warmer [2; 3; 4].  Effects : Temperature increases Glaciers melt Rising ocean levels Alter forests, crop yields Affect human health Affect ecosystems Season changes Page 37 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Global Warming Potential (GWP): ► Global warming potential (GWP) for the 6 primary GHGs are summarized below: Source: https://iasmania.com/greenhouse-effect-greenhouse-gases/  GWP is the global warming impact that a GHG would have over a 10-year timeframe.  By definition, CO2 is used as the reference benchmark. Page 38 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: 3. Climate Change Climate is the average weather at a given point and time of year, over a long period (typically 30 years). We expect the weather to change a lot from day to day, but we expect the climate to remain relatively constant. If the climate doesn’t remain constant, we call it climate change [2; 4]. Changes in: – Sun’s output (Solar radiation) – Earth’s orbit – Drifting continents – Volcanic eruptions – Greenhouse gases Page 39 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Environmental Issues: 4. Acid  Rain Acid rain is basically rain that has a low pH.  When fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are burned, chemicals like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are produced. These chemicals react with water and other chemicals in the air to form sulfuric acid, nitric acid and other harmful pollutants like sulfates and nitrates. These acid pollutants spread upwards into the atmosphere, and finally return to the ground in the form of acid rain [2; 4].  EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN Acid rain is an extremely destructive form of pollution, and the environment suffers from its effects. Land, Buildings, Forests, trees, lakes, aquatic life, animals, and plants suffer from acid rain. Page 40 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  Revision ► What we have learned today? ► Green house effect and its impacts. ► Global warming and its impacts. ► Climate change and its impacts. ► Acid rain and its impacts. Let’s Have a Quiz…… Page 41 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025  References 1. Dr Prabhu Prasadini and Dr G. Swarajya Lakshmi, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, BIRM 301 Study Material. 2. Dr. Y. K. Singh, 2006. Environmental Science. NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS, New Delhi, India. 3. Prof. Erach Bharucha, 2004. Textbook for Environmental Studies. University Grants Commission, New Delhi. India. 4. Michael Aaleby, 2000. Basics of Environmental science, 2nd Edition, Taylor & Francis Group, New York. 5. www. Britanica.com 6. www. Onlinesciencenote.com Page 42 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education February 4, 2025