Population Dynamics PDF

POPULATION DYNAMICS Dr. Romel C. Mutya ǀ Instructor Cebu Technological University-Danao Campus  Intended Outcome: The student will investigate and understand dynamic equilibrium within populations, communities, and ecosystems. Key concepts include: interactions within and among...

POPULATION DYNAMICS Dr. Romel C. Mutya ǀ Instructor Cebu Technological University-Danao Campus  Intended Outcome: The student will investigate and understand dynamic equilibrium within populations, communities, and ecosystems. Key concepts include: interactions within and among populations including carrying capacities, limiting factors, and growth curves;  Population Dynamics the study of how populations change in size, structure, and distribution over time, as a result of various factors such as birth, death, immigration, and emigration a field that examines the interactions between individuals within a population and their environment Birth rate, Death rate, immigration, emigration, Population density, age structure, carrying capacity  Population Dynamics Population: all the individuals of a species that live together in an area Demography: the statistical study of populations, make predictions about how a population will change  Importance of Studying Population Dynamics Understanding Demographic Trends Economic Implications Healthcare and Public Health Planning Environmental Impact Social and Cultural Implications Predicting and Responding to Challenges Conservation and Resource Management  Population Dynamics Three Key Features of Populations Size Density Dispersion (clumped, even/uniform, random)  Three Key Features of Populations 1. Size: number of individuals in an area  Three Key Features of Populations Growth Rate: Birth Rate (natality) - Death Rate (mortality) How many individuals are born vs. how many die Birth rate (b) − death rate (d) = rate of natural increase (r).  POST- REPRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTIVE PRE- REPRODUCTIVE Population of a Stable Country You decide!  Three Key Features of Populations 2. Density: measurement of population per unit area or unit volume Formula: Dp= N S Pop. Density = # of individuals ÷ unit of space https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/ https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/ https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/ https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/philippines-population/  4 Factors that affect density 1. Immigration- movement of individuals into a population 2. Emigration- movement of individuals out of a population  4 Factors that affect density 3. Density-dependent factors- Biotic factors in the environment that have an increasing effect as population size increases Ex. disease competition parasites  4 Factors that affect density 4. Density-independent factors- Abiotic factors in the environment that affect populations regardless of their density Ex. temperature storms habitat destruction drought  Factors That Affect Future Population Growth Immigration + + - Natality Population Mortality - Emigration  Three Key Features of Populations 3. Dispersion:describes their spacing relative to each other clumped even or uniform random clumped even (uniform) random Population Dispersion  Other factors that affect population growth Limiting factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment. EX.- Amount of water Amount of food Temperature  Limiting Factor- Zone of Tolerance None Few Few None organisms organisms present present Many organisms present  Other factors that affect population growth Carrying Capacity- the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources There can only be as many organisms as the environmental resources can support  Carrying Capacity J-shaped curve N (exponential growth) u Carrying Capacity (k) m b S-shaped curve e (logistic growth) r Time  2 Life History Patterns 1. R Strategists  short life span  small body size  reproduce quickly  have many young  little parental care  Ex: cockroaches, weeds, bacteria  r-selected Reproductive Strategy r-selected Species: have high reproductive rates tend to occur in unpredictable environments typically have type III survivorship curves 2. K Strategists  long life span  large body size  reproduce slowly  have few young  provides parental care  Ex: humans, elephants  K-selected Reproductive Strategy K-selected Species: occur near carrying capacity experience effects of population density have low reproductive rates, high parental care have type I survivorship curves. Human Population Growth Human Population Growth  Models and Theories Exponential Growth Model this model describes population growth in an ideal, unlimited environment, where populations grow at a constant rate without limitations like resource scarcity or competition for space  Models and Theories Logistic Growth Model Unlike exponential growth, the logistic growth model accounts for limiting factors such as resource availability, competition, and carrying capacity predicts a population reaching a stable equilibrium once it reaches the environment's carrying capacity  Models and Theories Predator-Prey Dynamics this model explores the relationship between predator and prey populations, demonstrating how fluctuations in one population affect the other  Models and Theories Life History Strategies these strategies examine how different species allocate energy for growth, reproduction, and survival, impacting population dynamics based on their life cycle