21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World PDF

21st Century Literature from the Defining Literature: Philippines and the World Literature - Written works, Top 10 Most Read Books (Last 50 years) especially those considered of 1. The Holy Bible...

21st Century Literature from the Defining Literature: Philippines and the World Literature - Written works, Top 10 Most Read Books (Last 50 years) especially those considered of 1. The Holy Bible superior or lasting artistic merit. 2. Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-Tung Etymologically, the term is derived 3. Harry Potter from the Latin word 4. The Lord of The Rings litaritura/litteratura which means 5. The Alchemist “writing formed with letters,” 6. The Da Vinci Code Although, some definitions include 7. Twilight Saga spoken or sung texts (Lumen 8. Gone With the Wind Learning, n.d.). 9. Think and Grow Rich 10. The Diary of Anne Frank It is not written to communicate information but to communicate and 21st Century Skills participate in significant human 1. Critical Thinking - the ability to experiences. engage with 21st-century issues 2. Self-reflexivity - high degree of Encyclopedia Brittanica - body of awareness written works. 3. Creativity - ability to adapt, face F. Scott Fitzgerald - Part of the value of text beauty of all literature. 4. Research - the ability to go beyond Maya Angelou - It has life-giving the givens, gathering data power. - NCTE (National Council of Teachers of Why 21st Century Literature? English) Isagani Cruz - SHS students Virginia Woolf - December 1910 - The 21st century demands that a literate December 2000. person possess a wide range of abilities and competencies, many literacies. CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERATURE These literacies, from reading online It stands the test of time newspapers to participating in virtual It has a universal appeal classrooms – are multiple, dynamic, and It offers insights into human nature malleable. and experiences It offers relief from pent-up emotions - “It is through literacy that one is (catharsis) empowered to interact in his community It involves a conscious effort on the and realizes his worth, what he can do part of the writer to choose his words and eventually make him do things that discriminately in order to make his contribute in the sustainable work creative and imaginative. development of his society”- DepEd LCC OIC Dina Ocampo 21st CENTURY LITERATURE 4. Manga - “comics” in Japanese. Graphic novels from Japan. New literary works created within the last decade EX. Naruto (Shonen - Boys Manga) Imaginative writing Sailor Moon (Shoujo - Girls Manga) Deals with current themes and Akira (Seinen - Mens Manga) reflects technological culture Loveless (Josei - Womens Manga) Often breaks traditional writing Doraemon (Kodomo - Kids Manga) Traces artistic representations of shared and familiar experiences Ameri-manga (Comics by Americans in Manga Style) 21st CENTURY READERS AND WRITERS NEED TO: 5. Doodle Fiction - doodle writing and drawings that enhances humorous Develop proficiency with the tools of elements. technology Ex. Diary of a Whimpy Kid Build relationships with others to 6. Text-Talk Novels - written in pose and solve problems cellphones via text, originated from collaboratively and cross-culturally Japan. Per Chapter (70-100 words). Design and share information for Cliffhangers are common. global communities to meet a variety 7. Chick Lit - features women and of purposes addresses the issues of modern Manage, analyze, and synthesize womanhood. multiple streams of simultaneous Ex. When life gives you lululemons information 8. Flash Fiction - style of fictional lit of Create, critique, analyze, and extreme brevity, could range from evaluate multi-media texts word to a thousand. 9. Six-word Flash Fiction 21st Century Literature Content 10. Science Fiction - imaginative 1. Illustrated Novel - a story through concepts, “literature of ideas” texts and images with 50% of the Ex. Percy Jackson narrative presented without words. 11. Blog - website with short articles Ex. Alamat ng Gubat (posts), written by one person 2. Digital Fiction - Triple Media containing own perspectives. Literature (book, movie, web). To Not displayed in order understand the full story by viewing 12. Creative Non-Fiction - uses literary all three formats. styles and technique to create Ex. Ghost in the Machine, Skeleton factual accurate narratives Creek 13. Hyper Poetry - works of verse, 3. Graphic Novels - Narratives in digital, includes verse with links Comic book formats 14. Spoken Poetry - writing mean to be Ex. Trese read out loud, rich with imagery Ex. monologues Advantages of 21st-Century Literature 3 Types of Poetry 1. Catch interests easily a. Narrative Poetry – tells a story 2. Cope with easily in terms of Epic – extended narrative of meaning, structure and content. heroic adventures 3. Creating and accessing literary Ballad – shortest and simplest works became easy narrative poem. It is used to be a 4. 90-95% of the authors are still alive song and is accompanied by a dance. Has a 4-3-4-3-foot line. b. Lyric Poetry – expresses feelings What is Genre and emotions and is meant to be -is a type of art, literature, or music that is sung. characterized by a specific form, content, ★ Folk song - a song that and style. originates in traditional -all these have features and functions that popular culture or that is distinguish them from one another. It is a written in such a style. broad term that translates from the ★ Ode – the most majestic French to mean 'kind' or 'type. type of lyric poetry, praises a -In entertainment, this can translate to person, place, object, or horror, romance, science fiction, etc. event; stanza forms vary -readers need to know what types of ★ Psalm – song praising God genre to have certain expectations ★ Elegy – expresses lamentation or mourning; 2 Major Genres according to content: can also be redemption 1. Fiction - Literary narratives that ★ Sonnet – lyric poem of 14 portray imaginary people caught in iambic pentameter line with imaginary situations. Came from the a formal rhyme scheme. Latin word fictio meaning “to invent c. Dramatic Poetry – poetry that is or make-up” meant to be performed on stage. 2. Non-Fiction - Literary narratives ★ Comedy that relate actual facts and factual ★ Tragedy ★ Melodrama – or soap opera Information. Examples of nonfiction ★ Farce – exaggerated literature are memoirs, biographies, comedy personal essays. Three general elements of poetry: 3 Major Genres according to form and ★ Imagery - symbols, structure: 1. Poetry - one of the oldest among figurative language, to the literary forms. The best words represent objects ideas and are in their best order. Poetry came actions through words that from the Latin word poema which create visual representation means “something composed or ★ Sound - rhyme and rhythm created”. A composition ★ Theme - Insight about life, characterized by compact language underlying message that the in which the words are well-chosen artist want to convey. for their sound and their suggestive power, as well as their meaning. 2. Prose - verbal or written language c. Settings - refers to the place, time, that follows the natural flow of and environment of the story the speech. It is the most common form details of the setting can be either of writing, used in both fiction and stated or implied. non-fiction. Prose comes from the Purpose of setting in a story: Latin “prosaoratio”, meaning ★ To serve background or “straightforward”. Prose is divided physical into two sub-genres: Fiction and ★ context for action Nonfiction. ★ To reveal character and shape events Elements of Prose: ★ To create the atmosphere a. Plot - the framework of fiction, from which the story evolves which consists of a causally related d. Conflict - Any struggle between sequence of events. opposing forces, drives the story forward. Kinds of Conflict: ★ Character vs. Self ★ Character vs. Character ★ Character vs. Nature ★ Character vs. Supernatural ★ Character vs. Technology ★ Character vs. Society e. Point of View - The angle of vision b. Characters - the “subject” of the from where and how the story is story. They influence the events in told. the story and the events are Basic types of pov: influenced by them. ★ Omniscient - the narrator is all-knowing and Basic types of characters (in ever-present; can tell the terms of prominence): Protagonist, reader all the characters’ Antagonist feelings, thoughts, and Basic types of characters (in actions. terms of character development): ★ First person - the narrator ★ dynamic – characters who is one of the characters in develops the story ★ static – characters who stay ★ Second person - Rarely the same throughout the used POV. The narrator can story either be a character or an ★ flat - Doesn’t change invisible character that throughout the course of a directs the main character work on what to do. ★ round - complex and f. Theme - A specific statement that undergo development, the author is advancing about life, sometimes sufficiently to society, and the human condition. surprise the reader It can be expressed or implied. 3. DRAMA - a form of literature that is LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES meant to be staged or performed in Oral Tradition ( --- - 1564) a theatre. The story, conflict, and Spanish Colonization emotions are expressed through (1564–1897) dialogue and action. American Colonization (1898–1945) Trivia: The longest-running drama, Literature under the Republic performed by the 27 O’Clock (1946 – 1985) Players in New Jersey, USA on July Literature after EDSA (1986 to 27, 2010, was ‘The Bald Soprano’ present) which lasted 23 hrs 33 mins and 54 secs. Oral Tradition ( --- - 1564) - refers to the body of literary works that have been Types of Drama: preserved and handed down from a. Comedy - A type of drama that generation to generation by word of mouth. ends in a high note or plays with happy endings. Characteristics of Oral Tradition b. Musical - The dramatists not only 1. It has a communal relationship. tell their story through acting and 2. One story may have many versions dialogue but also by dance as well because of its oral beginnings; does as music. Generally, the story may not have a concrete basis be comedic, though it may also 3. Narratives have flat or static involve serious subjects. characters. c. Farce - Preposterous genre of 4. Stories usually have a didactic drama, which often overacts or framework (gives instructional engages clowning humor. values). d. Melodrama – An extravagant 5. Conclusions usually have poetic drama, which is sensational and justice closure: a type of appeals straight to the senses of an conclusion where the good ones audience. Just like charade. The are rewarded and the evil ones are characters are of single dimension punished and simple, or maybe stereotyped. e. Tragedy - A type of drama based Spanish Colonization (1564–1897) on human suffering. Normally, ➔ Spain imposed on Filipino people tragedies do not end in a high note the Spanish monarchy and the or do not have happy endings. Roman Catholic religion. f. Fantasy – It is a complete fictional ➔ Authority of the Spanish colonial work where characters virtually rule is in the union of Church and display supernatural skills. Use of State. magic, pseudo-science, horror, and ➔ Priests are the only Spaniards spooky themes through various with direct contact with the kinds of technical devices create a Filipinos. They became the perfect world of fantasy. embodiment of Spanish powers and culture.  American Colonization (1898–1945) ➔ The literature of the entire period Two significant developments was mainly created and was under during the American period: the supervision of the friars and the - Free public school Church. - English as the medium of ➔ It was only during the last instruction in all levels of half-century of Spanish rule that the education in public schools Filipinos, particularly those who Printing presses were freed from received a university education in religious censorship. Europe, challenged this kind of Universities started publishing literature. works of young writers. ➔ Class distinctions: Newspapers and magazines using taga-bayan (urban and civilized), local language proliferated. taga-bukid/taga-bundok (indio) Literary awards also were given during this time. Notable works of the Spanish Period Birth of Philippine Literature in 1. Doctrina Christiana (1593) - the English - Birth of new literary first book ever published in the forms: free verse poetry, modern Philippines, printed by the short story, and critical essay Dominican Press Group of writers; English, Filipino, 2. Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Florante and Spanish at ni Laura sa Cahariang Albania Traditional Filipino art form of (1838) debate done in verse.(Balagtasan 3. Noli Me Tangere (1887) by Francisco Baltazar) 4. El Filibusterismo (1891) Zarsuwela also started to become a popular form of theater. Writers during Spanish Colonial Rule Famous zarsuwelistas: 1. Emilio Jacinto (‘Brain’ of the ★ Juan Abad Katipunan) - wrote Katipunan’s ★ Aurelio Tolentino Kartilya ★ Juan Matapang Cruz 2. Pedro Paterno - “the greatest ★ Severino Reyes turncoat of Phil. history”; wrote ★ Juan Crisostomo Sotto Ninay(1885) Some notable writers and their works 3. Francisco “Kikong” Baltazar - during this period: Florante at Laura TAGALOG FICTIONISTS Philippine Literature during Spanish Lope K. Santos - Banaag at Sikat Colonial Era (1906) ★ Awit - metrical romance in Lazaro Francisco - Ama (1929) , 20-syllable form Bayang Nagpatiwakal (1948) ★ Korido - metrical romance in Liwayway Arceo - “Uhaw ang 8-syllable form Tigang na Lupa” ★ Zarzuela - spanish play that has a Genoveva Edroza Matute o “Ako’y combination of song and speech Isang Tinig” ★ Komedya - a play that focuses on socio-political and religious issues TAGALOG AND ENGLISH POETS Under the Republic (1946 – 1985) Alejandro Abadilla - “Ako ang ★ Post-WWII. Manila is in ruins. Daigdig” (1932), free-verse poem; Massive rebuilding efforts are From Rosario, Cavite needed. Jose Garcia Villa - Used the ★ Culture during this period developed pseudonym Doveglion, Known for according to the ideological direction comma poems like “Have Come, Am set by the U.S. Here” (1942) ★ The cultural scene in the Philippines was an extension of the cultural ENGLISH FICTIONISTS scene in the U.S. ★ 1970 was a turning point for the Paz Marquez Benitez - “Dead nationalist movement. Dramatic Stars” (1925) performances were effective in Francisco Arcellana - “The Mats”; raising the political won an award for literature ★ Dramatic performances were Manuel Arguilla -“How My Brother effective in raising the political Leon Brought Home a Wife” (1940) ★ Dramatic performances were N.V. M. Gonzalez- “Bread of Salt” effective in raising the political consciousness of the urban and ESSAYISTS rural masses. ★ Writing under the Martial Law regime Salvador P. Lopez - “Literature and was characterized by militancy and Society (1940) belligerence. Carlos P. Romulo - I Saw the Fall of the Philippines (1942), Mother Some notable writers and their works America (1943), My Brother during this period: Americans (1945), I See the Philippines Rise (1946) Fictionists PLAYWRIGHTS ★ Amado V. Hernandez ★ Edilberto Tiempo Wilfrido Maria Guerrero- Wanted a ★ Bienvenido N. Santos Chaperone, The Forsaken House ★ Nick Joaquin ★ F. Sionil Jose ★ Ninotchka Rosca ★ Rogelio Sikat ★ Efren Abueg Poets ★ Virgilio Almario - Makinasyon (1968), Perigrinasyon (1970) ★ Edith L. Tiempo - “Bonsai”, The Native Coast (1979), novel Famous Works It is jointly administered by the ★ “Bata, Bata… Paano Ka Ginawa” National Commission for Culture -Lualhati Bautista and the Arts (NCCA) and the ★ “Impeng Negro” -Rogelio Sikat Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and is conferred by the ★ “Ang Larawan” -Nick Joaquin Philippine President. Ever since the National Artist Award Post EDSA (1986 to present) was first given in 1972, the government has already named 16 Marked by being adventurous, a National Artists for Literature up willingness to gamble on until the latest conferment in 2014. non-traditional projects The first writers to receive the title Developing thrust towards the National Artist for Literature were retrieval and the recuperation of Amado V. Hernandez and Jose writing in the Philippine languages Garcia Villa in 1973. other than Tagalog. BAYAN KO was published by The award is given to the following Project 28 Days LTD. In June 1986 fields: in Kowloon, Hong Kong, and co-published in the Philippines by ★ Music ★ Dance Veritas Publications and ★ Theater Communications Foundation. ★ Visual arts The song continued to be sung ★ Literature throughout the trying period of the ★ Film and broadcast arts Revolution, almost like a second ★ Architecture and allied arts national anthem and which gave fire to the Filipino spirit was BAYAN KO. Its lyrics were written by Jose Corazon de Jesus way back in 1928. It is originally written in Spanish by General Jose Alejandro and translated into Tagalog From 2000-present Order of National Artist The Order of National Artists (Orden ng Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining) is the highest honor a Filipino artist can receive from the government. It is given to outstanding Filipinos who have greatly contributed to the development of the Philippine arts and letters. LITERARY CONTEXTS - Context is defined characters display that the as the social, cultural, political, historical, author wants us to think is and other related circumstancces that "right"? surround the text and form the terms from ★ What behavior is wrong? which it can be better understood and How can one tell? evaluated. 6. Sociological context ★ What sort of society does the 1. Biographical context writer describe? ★ What biographical facts has ★ What does the writer seem to the author used in the text? like/dislike about this ★ What insights do readers society? acquire about the author's life ★ What changes do you think by reading the text? the writer would like to make 2. Historical context in the society? Evidence? ★ What specific historical ★ What sorts of pressures does events were happening when the society put on its the work was being members?How do members composed? respond? ★ What historical events does 7. Psychological context this work deal with? ★ What theories of human ★ In what ways did history behavior does the writter influence the writer's seem to believe? outlook? ★ What theories of human 3. Geographical context behavior does the writer ★ Is this author a regionalist seem to reject? writer? ★ How do people's minds work ★ How does dialect influence in the text? the text? ★ In what ways does the 4. Political context structure and organization of ★ What political events are the story indicate the writer's significant to the text? beliefs about the workings of ★ What political events were the mind? occurring at the time the work was written? WHO IS BOB ONG? ★ What political beliefs does the author seem to vote WHY DO YOU PREFER TO BE have? "MYSTERIOUS?" WHY BOB ONG AS 5. Philosophical/religious context PENNAME? ★ Are any religions or philosophies mentioned "There was never an intention to be specifically in the text? 'mysterious.'It was probably just the ★ What concept of not embracing celebrity religious/ethical/philosophical which is foreign to most people, beliefs does the author seem given the chance, and that makes to favor? me a little unusual. A follower of my ★ What behavior do the satire website from the 90s called  'Bobong Pinoy' mistook me for a certain 'BobOng.'Bob Ong. BobOng Pinoy. It was uncanny." WITHOUT REVEALING MUCH OF YOURSELF, DESCRIBE YOURSELF FOR THE BENEFIT OF YOUR THOUSANDS OF FOLLOWERS WHOM YOU HAVE BEEN KEEPING "IN THE DARK." I am no more ordinary than the next Juan. I probably just give more damn. IN THIS AGE OF SOCIAL MEDIA, HOW DO YOU MANAGE TO "HIDE?" ANY REASON WHY YOU'RE "HIDING?" "I wouldn't have online presence if I were seriously in the business of 'hiding.'I started out anonymous for reasons that are all outdated now, but I'm staying as is because I am territorial with my time and space and have always sought the virtues of a private life." IN WHAT MEDIUM ARE YOU MORE EFFECTIVE, SOCIAL MEDIA OR PRINT? "I started online, but print is my battleground. Print requires discipline, dedication and deep convictions. We all tend to just be reactive and whiny online." "MY REAL NAME AND MY LOOKS DON'T HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH MY BOOKS. VULNERABLY EXPOSED IN ALL MY BOOKS IS MYSELF."- BOB ONG Crocodile: extorts bribe before giving help (corrupt officials) Frog: forces himself to be with Duck just because the latter is rich (Womanizer) Lion: good at first but used Tong to track the other animals whos scared of her Ant & Grasshopper: argues abt rebellion (activists) Lobster: assumes that he’s being paid just by doing nothing, who later died bc of inactivity (sloth, dont let life revolve around resting) Chicken & Tortoise: whom Rat stole eggs from that Tong returned (robbery) Dog: who’s known to vomit and eats his vomit and repeats the cycle and the one who helped Tong to look for the cure Rabbit: challenged Tong Books: Dog & Tortoise: getting bud for personal use ★ The Princess Saves Herself Katang: tong brother who betrayed in a in this one form of revenge bc of unresolved issues ★ The Mermaid’s voice returns Monkey: eyeopener of tong about the in this one fathers ailment and change the society ★ The Witch Doesn’t burn on this one WOMEN IN 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Award: 1. Lang Leav She is a novelist and poet ★ 2016 Goodreads Choice She was born in a refugee camp Award for Best Poetry when her family were fleeing the Khmer Rouge Regime. 3. J.K Rowling She spent her formative years in French and Classics at the Sydney, Australia, in the University of Exeter. predominantly migrant town of Her Classics studies would Cabramatta. come in very handy later Her first book, Love & Misadventure when she was thinking up all (2013) was a breakout success, and the spells in Harry Potter, her subsequent poetry books have some of which are based on all been international bestsellers. Latin! She wrote her first book at Books: the age of six – a story about a rabbit called ‘Rabbit’. At ★ Love & Misadventure, just eleven, she wrote her ★ Memories first novel – about seven ★ The Universe of Us cursed diamonds and the ★ Lullabies people who owned them. ★ Sea of Strangers The “K” stands for Kathleen, ★ Love Looks Pretty on You her paternal grandmother’s ★ Sad Girls name. It was added at her publisher’s request, who Awards: thought a book by an obviously female author ★ Qantas Spirit of Youth Award might not appeal to the target ★ Churchill Fellowship audience of young boys. ★ Goodreads Reader’s Choice J.K. Rowling has been Award married to Dr Neil Murray 2. Amanda Lovelace since 2001. They live in American poet, November 13, 1991 Edinburgh with their son, She obtained a bachelor's degree in David (born 2003) and English literature. daughter, Mackenzie (born She married fellow poet Cyrus 2005). Parker in 2017.  Books: Harry Potter Series Awards: Awards: ★ Commonwealth Writers’ Prize in 2005 for Best First ★ Nestlé Smarties Book Prize Book (Africa) and that year’s 1997 Gold Medal 9–11 years Commonwealth Writers’ ★ FCBG Children’s Book Prize for Best First Book Award 1997 Overall winner in (overall) Longer Novel Category ★ 2004 Orange Prize (later ★ Birmingham Cable Children’s called the OrangeBroadband Book Award 1997 Prize and now the Baileys ★ Young Telegraph Paperback Women’s Prize for Fiction of the Year 1998 ★ “Best of the Best” Baileys Women’s Prize for Fiction, a 4. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie special award for the “best” She was born on September 15, prizewinner from the 1977, in Enugu, Nigeria. previous decade Her work drew extensively on the Biafran war in Nigeria during the late 5. Suzanne Collins 1960s. She was born on August 10, 1962, After studying medicine for a time in (Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.) Nsukka, in 1997 she left for the American author and screenwriter, United States, where she studied best known for the immensely communication and political science popular Hunger Games series of at EasterConnecticut State young-adult novels. University (B.A., 2001). After studying theatre and She received a master’s degree in telecommunications at Indiana creative writing from Johns Hopkins University (B.A., 1985), Collins University and studied African received an M.F.A. in dramatic history at Yale University. writing from New York University (1989). Books: In the 1990s she wrote primarily for television, first for the short-lived ★ Purple Hibiscus (2003) sitcom Hi Honey, and Clarissa ★ Half of the Yellow Sun (2006; Explains It All on the Nickelodeon film 2013) network. She later served as head ★ Americanah (2013) writer of the PBS animated ★ We Should All Be Feminists children’s show Clifford’s Puppy (2014) Days. Books: 7. Alice Malsenior Walker ★ The Hunger Games (2008) She was born on February 9, 1944, ★ Catching Fire (2009) Eatonton, Georgia, U.S. ★ Mockingjay (2010) American writer whose novels, short ★ The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes stories, and poems are noted for (2020) their insightful treatment of African ★ When Charlie McButton Lost Power American culture. (2005) Her novels, most notably The Color ★ Year of the Jungle: Memories from Purple (1982), focus particularly on the Home Front (2013) women. Awards: Books: ★ Kids' Choice Awards ★ The Color Purple (1982) ★ USA Favorite Book: The Hunger ★ Meridian (1976) Games series ★ The Temple of the Familiar ★ Teen Choice Awards (1989) ★ Now Is The Time to Open 6. Veronica Roth Your Heart (2004) ★ Taking the Arrow Out of the She was born on August 19, 1988, Heart (2018) in New York, New York, U.S. American writer known for her Awards: Divergent trilogy of science-fiction novels for young adults, which ★ Pulitzer Prize for Fiction unfolds as a coming-of-age story set (1983) in a postapocalyptic Chicago. ★ National Book Award for She studied creative writing at Fiction for The Color Purple Northwestern University. (1983), and more Books: Women in the 21st Century Philippine Literature ★ Divergent ★ Insurgent 1. Lualhati Torres Bautista ★ Allegiant a Filipino novelist born: 2 December 1945 (age 74 years), Tondo Awards: Education: Florentino Torres High School (1962), Lyceum of the ★ 2013 Goodreads Choice Award -- Philippines University Young Adult Fantasy ★ 2012 Georgia Peach Book Award for Books: ★ Teen Readers -- Young Adult ★ 2012 RT Reviewers Choice Award -- ★ Dekada‘70 (1983) ★ Young Adult Futuristic and more ★ Bata, Bata, Pa'no Ka Ginawa? (1988 ★ GAPÔ (1988), and Desparisidos (2007)  Awards: 4. Genevieve L. Asenjo A Filipino poet, novelist, translator ★ Carlos Palanca Memorial and literary scholar in Kinaray-a, Awards for Short Story in Hiligaynon and Filipino. Filipino ★ Carlos Palanca Memorial Books: Awards for Novel in Filipino ★ Lumbay ng Dila 2. Benilda Santos ★ Always Beloved The Rain a retired Filipino professor at the Ateneo de Manila University. She is Awards: a poet, essayist and author. ★ Carlos Palanca Memorial Her expertise includes film criticism, Awards for Short Story in literary history, literary criticism, Hiligaynon poetics and Philippine feminism. ★ Citation for the Juan C. Laya Books: Prize for Excellence in Fiction in a Philippine ★ KuwadroNumero Uno (1996) Language in the National ★ Alipato, and Ruta (2016) Book Award Awards: 5. Jessica Zafra She is a fiction writer, columnist, ★ Carlos Palanca Memorial editor, publisher, and former Awards for Poetry in Filipino television and radio show host. She is known for her sharp and witty 3. Maria Felisa H. Batacan writing style. a Filipino journalist and a writer of crime and mystery fiction. Her work Books: has been published in the Philippines and abroad under the ★ Twisted Series name F.H. Batacan. ★ Jocks vs Geeks, 2014 She was born in Manila and graduated from the University of the Awards: Philippines with a BA in ★ Carlos Palanca Memorial communications and an MA in art Awards for Essay history. ★ Carlos Palanca Memorial After ten years of working in the Awards for Short Story Philippine intelligence community, she turned to broadcast journalism. Book: Smaller and Smaller Circles Award: National Book Award  6. Lakambini A. Sitoy 3. Synecdoche - a part of something is A Filipino writer, teacher and a used to refer to its whole journalist Ex. No busy hand provoke a tear Sitoy also served as a lifestyle and 4. Metonymy - Using another word cultural section editor and columnist which is clearly identifiable or for the Manila Times. associated with the idea referred to She was an MA guest student at Ex. I wish he would keep his nose Roskilde University in Denmark in out of the plans. 2006. 5. Hyperbole - exaggeration statement 6. Paradox - A phrase or statement Books: that on the surface seems contradictory but makes some kind ★ Sweet Haven of emotional sense; a longer version ★ Mens Rea and Other Stories of an oxymoron. (1998) Ex. You must die to live. ★ Jungle Planet (2005) 7. Allusion - Refers to any scientific, historical, mythological, literary or Awards: biblical event or figure. Ex. The rise in poverty will unlock ★ Manila Critics Circle National the Pandora's box of crimes. Book Award 8. Litotes - Giving an assertion by ★ MCC National Book Award means of negation/understatement. ★ David TK Wong Fellow for Ex. It was not that bad Fiction, 2003 9. Apostrophe - A direct address to ★ University of East Anglia, something inanimate or dead or Norwich, United Kingdom absent. LITERARTY DEVICES - typical structures Ex. O Wind, if Winter comes, can used by writers in their works to convey his Spring be far behind? or her messages in a simple manner to the 10. Oxymoron - using contradictory readers. When employed properly, the terms. different literary devices help readers to Ex. Magical realism, Friendly fight appreciate, interpret, and analyze a literary 11. Irony - Expresses meaning in a work. word or words which are the opposite of the thing meant. Figures of Speech - a form of expression 12. Personification - An idea, object, or used to convey meaning or heighten effect animal given characteristics of a often by comparing or identifying one thing person with another that has a meaning or connotation familiar to the reader or listener. Sound Devices 1. Simile - Compares two different 13. Onomatopoeia - imitate the sound things by using the words like or as 14. Alliteration - repetition of initial 2. Methapor - A direct comparison of consonant sounds. two unlike things or ideas without 15. Assonance - repetition of vowel using a word of comparison such as sounds like or as 16. Rhyme - repetition of sounds at end  ★ Internal Rhyme - rhyme It is also an incident or pattern of within a line incidents of controlling, coercive, ★ Impure Rhyme - inaccurate threatening, degrading and violent rhyming behavior, including sexual violence, ★ Eye Rhyme - similar spelling in most cases by a partner or but doesn't rhyme sounds ex-partner, but also by a family 17. Consonance - The identity of member or carer. It is very common. consonant sounds in words without In most cases, it is experienced by the identity of vowel sounds (tongue women and is perpetrated by men. twister) Domestic abuse can include, but is BITA AND THE BOTFLIES - Bita and the not limited to, the following: Botflies is a Filipino band signed under VIVA ★ Coercive control (a pattern Records. of intimidation, degradation, isolation and control with the ★ SofyAldeguer (vocals) use or threat of physical or ★ Rebel Aldeguer (guitar) sexual violence) ★ Kevin Novenario-Navea (guitar) Psychological and/or ★ Rheymon Concepcion (bass) emotional abuse ★ Mark Lincallo (drums) ★ Physical or sexual abuse ★ Financial or economic Botflies – parasites within the body; their abuse songs talk about parasites inside the ★ Harassment and stalking society. ★ Online or digital abuse DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 1 in 4 women and 1 in 7 men have According to Lexico.com, domestic been victims of severe physical violence is a violent or aggressive violence (e.g. beating, burning, behavior within the home, typically strangling) by an intimate partner in involving the violent abuse of a their lifetime. spouse or partner. The Existence of Non-existent Domestic violence is not physical The Philippines has a long and rich violence alone. Domestic violence is oral literature even before the any behavior that purposes to gain Spanish negators set foot on its power and control over a spouse, shores. partner, girl/boyfriend or intimate Variations of these family member. Abuse is a learned phantasmagorical stories appear in behavior; it is not caused by anger, different regions. mental problems, drugs or alcohol, Some are old legends, passed or other common excuses. through generations by word of mouth. Philippine Folklore 1. Folk Narrative -These are stories ”Folklore” was coined in 1846 by handed down from the remote past English antiquary, William John by word of mouth from one Thoms, to replace the term "popular generation to another, reflecting the antiquities". people’s traditions, feelings, beliefs, and judgments. Folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, music, Folk narratives are divided into four dance, legends, oral history, (4) sub-categories: proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, ​ Myths (prose) customs, and so forth within a ​ Legends (prose) particular population comprising the ​ Folktales (prose) traditions (including oral traditions) of ​ Epics (verse) that culture, subculture, or group. Gods & Goddesses (Myths) Philippine Folk Literature refers to the traditional oral literature of the 1st Generation Kaluwalhatian (Heaven) Filipino people. Covers the ancient a. Bathala folk literature of the Philippines' Supreme God, Bathalang various ethnic groups, as well as Maykapal various pieces that have evolved Creator of man and earth since the Philippines became a Has three daughters (Tala, single ethno-political unit. Mayari, and Hanan) & a son In a major article published in 1954, (Apolaki) Bascom argued that folklore can b. Amanikable serve four primary functions in a The ill-tempered God of the culture: sea. ○ Folklore lets people escape He was never married after from repressions imposed his love was spurred by a upon them by society ○ Folklore validates culture, beautiful mortal maiden justifying its rituals and Maganda. institutions to those who Other sources: referred to as perform and the sea deity of the Manobo observe them. tribe. ○ Folklore is a pedagogic c. Idiyanale device that reinforces morals Goddess of labor and good and values and builds wit. ○ Folklore is a means of deeds/agriculture/animal applying social pressure and husbandry exercising social control. Married to Dimangan Has two offsprings A renowned Filipina folklorist, Dr. d. Dimangan Damiana Eugenio, classifies God of a good harvest. Philippine Folk Literature into three major groups: Folk narratives, Married Idiyanale and they Folk speeches, and Folk songs. had two offspring.  e. Lakapati Idiyanale Goddess of fertility, also ★ Sister of Dumakulem. called Ikapati. f. Anagolay Most understanding and kind ★ Goddess of lost things of all deities ★ Daughter of Lakapati and Married to Mapulon Mapulon Other sources: said to be a ★ Married to Dumakulem hermaphrodite 3rd Generation Kaluwalhatian (Heaven) f. Mapulon a. Apolaki The God of seasons ★ Belongs either on the second Husband of Lakapati of or third generation whom they had a daughter ★ God of the sun and chief patron of warriors 2nd Generation Kaluwalhatian (Heaven) ★ Son of Anagolay and a. Mayari Dumakulem ★ Goddess of the moon ★ In some stories, he is the son ★ daughter of Bathala from a of Bathala. mortal woman b. Diyan Masalanta ★ a one-eyed goddess, most ★ Goddess of lovers, charming of all goddesses conception, and childbirth. ★ Some sources: sister of ★ Protector of lovers. Apolaki ★ Daughter of Anagolay and b. Tala Dumakulem. ★ Goddess of stars ★ Youngest of all deities. ★ Daughter of Bathala from a ★ In Christian terms, she is mortal woman known as “Maria Makiling” c. Hanan Kasamaan (Hell) ★ Goddess of the morning, c. Sitan dawn, as well as childbirth ★ Guardian of kasamaan. ★ Keeper of all souls in Hell. and represents a new ★ The counterpart of Satan in beginning. Christianity. ★ Daughter of Bathala from a ★ Has four agents to lead man mortal woman. to sin and destruction d. Dumakulem d. Manggagaway ★ God of mountains ★ First agent of Sitan ★ Strong and agile ★ Blamed as the cause of diseases ★ Son of Idiyanale and ★ Changes herself into human Dimangan form ★ Brother of Anitun Tabu ★ False healer ★ Married to Anagolay ★ Uses a magic wand to kill e. Anitun Tabu someone ★ The fickle-minded goddess of e. Manisilat the wind and rain ★ Second agent of Sitan. ★ She is tasked to destroy and ★ Daughter of Dimangan and break every happy and  united family. LEGENDS f. Mangkukulam These are prose narrative accounts ★ Third and the only male of an extraordinary happening agent of Sitan a.k.a witch believed to have actually occurred. ★ Emits fire at night and when They may encounter marvelous there was a bad weather creatures which the folks still believe ★ Changes to human form. in – fairies, ghosts, water spirits, the g. Hukluban devil, and the like (Thompson, ★ Last agent of Sitan 1946). ★ Changes into any form she They may also deal with stories that desires explain the origin of things, places, ★ Can kill someone by simply and their names, plants, animals, raising her hand and others. ★ Can heal someone as she ​ wished 1. Folktales ★ Her name literally means ★ These are prose narratives “crone” or “hag” primarily told for amusement Others and individual entertainment a. Ulilang Kaluluwa and instructional value, ★ Serpent God who rules the dealing with events set in an sky indefinite time and place. ★ He is killed by Bathala after a ★ Classified into animal tales or violent duel fables, magic tales or b. Galang Kaluluwa (numskull tales and trickster ★ Winged God tales), novelistic tales, ★ Loves to travel religious and didactic tales. ★ Identified as a close friend of ​ 2. Epics Bathala ★ Epics are long heroic c. Lakambakod narratives in verse that ★ The protector of the growing recount the adventures of crops and healer of diseases. tribal heroes and in the ★ Some sources claim him to process express the be a protector of houses. customs, beliefs, and ideals d. Lakambuwi of the people who sing them. ★ God of gluttony, food, and ​ 3. Proverbs eating ★ They have didactic value. ★ The Spanish called him as ★ Also called "salawikain", and “Abogado de la Garganta” use metaphors drawn from (The throat advocate) the surrounding nature and e. Aman Sinaya everyday life. ★ The primordial goddess of ★ Embody general truths or the ocean and protector of observations on human fishermen nature, rules of conduct, or ★ One of the three original morals. deities along with Bathala ​ 4. Riddles and Amihan. ★ The most amusing form of ★ She sent tempests into the folk speech heavens, to which Bathala ★ Use one or more images as responded by throwing metaphor to refer to an boulders which would object to be guessed become the Philippineislands  ★ They enrich the imagination by mouth, as the music of the and sharpen the senses lower classes, and as music ★ Use of nonsense words or with unknown composers. phrases is another style in Phil. Riddles for purposes of Examples are Bahay Kubo, rhyme and meter and Leron Leron Sinta, onomatopoeic effect Dandansoy, etc. (Eugenio,1994) SO WHY WOULD OUR ANCESTORS 2. Folk Songs CREATE THESE KINDS Songs that have been OF FOLK STORIES? handed down orally through 1. Environmental (people create generations. stories that reside in their own Filipino folks clearly and environment, and most of these lucidly express their mythical creatures reside in nature – experiences and dreams either in trees, mountains, forests, through folk songs. rivers, rocks), Life cycle songs, work songs, 2. Spiritual (animism dictates that all activity songs, ritual and things have a spirit, and are, religious songs, songs about therefore, alive, especially nature), nature. 3. Philosophical (making meaning out 3. Folk Ballad of the world’s phenomena, the Songs that tell a story, which deepest questions about life, and are rare in Philippine folk interpreting it using one’s judgment) literature. 4. Evolutionary (stories imported from Ballad stanza: four-line other nations were given a local stanza, known as a quatrain, context),and of alternating lines of iambic 5. Moral reasons (preserving a certain tetrameter (eight syllables) way of action or code of conduct). and iambic trimeter (six syllables), known as ballad Philippines Mythology: Mythical meter. Creatures Originated from Filipino Sarswela. Similarly, stories of mythical beings abound The popularity stems from in the oral tradition, steeped in the animist electronic media exposure practices of early Filipinos - the belief that and its ability to be living and non-living things have a spirit, and performed by both are therefore, part of both visible and professionals and amateurs. invisible worlds. Folk Music It includes both traditional They are the mythical beasts, music and the genre that monsters, and enchanted beings of evolved from it during the more than 140 ethnic groups in the 20th-century folk revival. Philippines. The term originated in the Each ethnic people has its own 19th century but is often unique set of belief systems, which applied to music that is older includes the belief in various than that. mythical creatures raditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted OTHER CHARACTERS IBWA  English and works of old writers were translated into language that was easier to understand Mythology was converted into graphic novel form to build interest among young readers. Alfred Nobel - Swedish inventor, Nobel Prize in Literature was named after him Nobel Prize - a set of annual international awards given to an author who has “the most outstanding work in an ideal direction.” It is one of the most prestigious international literary awards giving bodies The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to Sully Prudhomme, a French poet, in 1901. The latest laureate is an American poet and essayist, Louise Glück, which was awarded on December 20, 2020. The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 113 times to 117 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2020. Authors from Asia 1. Haruki Murakami ★ Japanese writer ★ His books have been translated into 50 languages ★ Family plays a significant role in 21ST CENTURY traditional Japanese literature, any main character who is independent the current century of the Anno becomes a man who values freedom Domini era or Common Era and solitude over intimacy it began on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 2100. It is the 2. Khaled Hosseini first century of the 3rd millennium With the advanced technology of this ★ Author of the New York Times new era, most of the themes are bestsellers: The Kite Runner (2003), youth-oriented A Thousand Splendid Suns (2007), Blogging (for instance) has been & And the Mountains Echoed (2013) invented as an online/digital form of journaling topics, events, and experiences. Some books were written in simple 3. Vikas Swarup ★ a crucial situation, where right and wrong are put to the test and where ★ He is a member of the Indian people’s weaknesses and defeat Foreign Service become fundamental to the story’s ★ Q & A (2005) was his first novel development. ★ SLUMDOG MILLIONAIRE was its movie adaptation 4. Kopano Matlwa ★ Q&A, tells the story of how a penniless waiter in Mumbai ★ Known for her novel Spilt Milk (2010) becomes the biggest quiz show about South Africa's "Born Free" winner in history. generation, or those who became adults in the post-Apartheid era 4. Budjette Tan ★ Coconut (2007), her debut novel, which addresses issues of race, ★ Filipino writer class and colonization in modern ★ Trese (2005-present), co-creating it Johannesburg with artist Kajo Baldisimo ★ began writing in 2004 when HIV was ★ this was a chance to introduce to the devastating South Africa world the magical side of being a Filipino. Authors from Europe 1. Carlos Ruiz Zafón Authors from Africa 1. Mark Winkler ★ Published “La Sombra Del Viento” The Shadow of the Wind, his first ★ A writer of literary fiction 'adult' novel, (2001) ★ An Exceptionally Simple Theory of Absolutely Everything (2013) has 2. J.K. Rowling been described as “an intensely absorbing and unapologetically ★ Author of Harry Potter & the apolitical tale” Sorcerer’s Stone (1998) adapted in ★ Wasted (2015) has been described 2001 as “tense, darkly humorous, ★ Followed by Fantastic Beasts & unpredictable and Where to Find Them and Quidditch thought-provoking”. Through the Ages. ★ She wrote her first book at the age 2. Taiye Selasi of six – a story about a rabbit, called ‘Rabbit’. ★ A British-American writer and ★ At just eleven, she wrote her first photographer of Nigerian and novel –about seven cursed Ghanaian origin diamonds and the people who ★ Ghana Must Go - published in 2013 owned them and nominated for an NAACP Image Award 3. Cecelia Ahern 3. John Maxwell Coetzee ★ P.S. I Love You (2004) & Love, Rosie originally written as “When ★ A novelist, essayist, linguist, Rainbows End” translator and recipient of the 2003 ★ She obtained a degree in Journalism Nobel Prize in Literature and Media Communications, but ★ Diary of a Bad Year (2007), The withdrew from a Master's Degree Childhood of Jesus (2013), etc. Course to pursue her writing career. 4. Neil Gaiman 5. Yann Martel ★ Author of short fiction, novels, comic ★ Life of Pi books, graphic novels, nonfiction, ★ more than 50 territories audio theater, and films ★ The Sandman and novels Stardust, American Gods (2001), Coraline (2002), and The Graveyard Book Reasons For Reading 21st Century (2008) World Literature ★ Described himself as a feral child 1. It is timeless who was raised in libraries," he credits librarians with fostering a ★ It stands on the shoulders of life-long love of reading. the literature of past centuries; Authors from Australia ★ And there is an ongoing 1. Paulo Coelho conversation with texts and authors of the past. ★ The Alchemist ★ The Archer (latest) and Eleven 2. It is limitless Minutes (2003) ★ "If I see a white feather today, that is ★ From pure text to different a sign that God is giving me that I forms of creative and have to write a new book. "Seeing imaginative literary texts. one in the window of a shop, he began writing that day.” 3. It is timely 2. Mark Manson ★ The preoccupations or ideologies are ★ a self-help author and blogger. quintessentially modern ★ The Subtle Art of Not Giving a Fuck ★ These are texts that seem to (2016), and Everything Is Fucked speak to the modern reader's (2019): A Book About Hope, were preoccupations and ideology. The New York Times bestsellers ★ His writing is often described as MITCHELL DAVID ALBOM ‘self-help for people who hate self-help’ 3. Suzanne Collins ★ The Underland Chronicles (2010) and The Hunger Games (2008). ★ In 1991, she began her professional career writing for children's television. 4. James Proimos ★ creator of the WB children's program Generation O!, who urged her to try writing books.