Vaccines and Antibiotics Explained PDF

VACCINE/ ANTIBIOTICS Nurhusna Samsudin Definition Vaccines are biological preparations containing weakened or killed pathogens, antigens, or toxoids that stimulate the immune system to recognize and respond to specific pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, without causing the...

VACCINE/ ANTIBIOTICS Nurhusna Samsudin Definition Vaccines are biological preparations containing weakened or killed pathogens, antigens, or toxoids that stimulate the immune system to recognize and respond to specific pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, without causing the actual disease.. In agriculture, vaccines are used to prevent infectious diseases in livestock and poultry, reducing the risk of disease outbreaks and improving animal health and welfare.  Activation of Adaptive Recognidtion of Pathogen Immune Response Cell-Mediated Immunity components Antigen-presenting cells Reaction mechanism Antigens-proteins, migrate to nearby lymph nodes, where they present vaccines also induce cell- mediated immune responses, polysaccharides, or other the antigen fragments to T involving the activation of molecular structures cells and B cells, two types cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T characteristic of the of lymphocytes involved in cells). pathogen. adaptive immunity. Cytotoxic T cells recognize The antigens recognized T cells play a central role in and destroy cells infected coordinating the immune with the pathogen, thus by specialized cells of the response. They help activate preventing its replication immune system, such as and spread within the body. antigen-presenting cells other immune cells, such as (APCs), including dendritic cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. cells and macrophages. STEP 2 STEP 4 STEP 3 STEP 5 STEP 1 Resolution of Immune Production of Antibodies Response Activation of Innate Immune Response: Plasma cells secrete Regulatory mechanisms antibodies that circulate help regulate and resolve Antigen-presenting cells throughout the body, phagocytose (engulf) the the immune response to binding to the specific prevent excessive antigens and process them antigen present in the into smaller fragments. inflammation and tissue vaccine. damage. The antigen fragments are Antibodies recognize and bound to major Once the pathogen is neutralize the pathogen by cleared from the body, the histocompatibility complex preventing its attachment (MHC) molecules, to immune response subsides, to host cells, promoting its but memory cells remain, activate other immune destruction by immune cells. providing long-lasting cells. immunity Vaccination in poultry Disease Prevention Vaccines play a critical role in disease prevention by priming the immune system to recognize and neutralize pathogens before they can cause infection. Vaccination programs are tailored to the specific disease risks and epidemiological conditions prevalent in the region or production system, targeting diseases such as Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, foot-and-mouth disease, and avian influenza in poultry, and diseases like bovine respiratory disease, clostridial infections, and brucellosis in livestock. Herd Immunity Vaccination of a significant portion of the animal population confers herd immunity, reducing the overall prevalence and transmission of infectious diseases within the herd or flock. Herd immunity protects susceptible individuals, including young animals and those with compromised immune systems, by reducing their exposure to infectious agents and lowering the risk of disease transmission.  Vaccine Efficacy and Safety The efficacy and safety of vaccines are evaluated through rigorous testing and regulatory approval processes to ensure their effectiveness and minimal risk of adverse reactions. Vaccines should be administered according to manufacturer recommendations, dosage guidelines, and administration routes to optimize immune response and minimize potential side effects. Vaccination Protocols Compliance and Monitoring Vaccination protocols are developed Compliance with vaccination based on factors such as species, age, schedules and protocols is essential to breed, production system, disease maximize vaccine effectiveness and prevalence, and vaccination history. disease control outcomes. Protocols outline the timing, frequency, Monitoring vaccine coverage, immune and sequence of vaccinations, as well response, and disease incidence helps as the choice of vaccine formulations assess the impact of vaccination and delivery methods (e.g., injection, programs and identify areas for oral, intranasal, or spray vaccination). improvement or adjustment. Halal compliance Vaccination is generally considered permissible (Halal) in Islam, especially when it serves the purpose of preventing disease and promoting animal health and welfare. The primary objective of poultry vaccination in Halal production is to protect birds from infectious diseases, reduce suffering, and maintain the overall health and productivity of the flock. Halal compliance When selecting vaccines for poultry, producers should ensure that the vaccine VACCINE formulations comply with Halal standards and do not contain any prohibited INGREDIENTS substances or Haram ingredients. Vaccines should be free from non-Halal components, such as gelatin derived from non-Halal sources, porcine-derived products, or alcohol-based stabilizers. Vaccination programs in Halal poultry production should be implemented Veterinary under the guidance and supervision of qualified veterinarians. Veterinarians play a crucial role in selecting appropriate vaccines, Oversight administering them according to manufacturer recommendations, and monitoring vaccine efficacy and safety. Vaccination contributes to animal welfare by preventing the occurrence of Animal Welfare infectious diseases and reducing the need for antibiotic treatments. Considerations By protecting poultry from diseases, vaccination helps minimize suffering, mortality, and production losses associated with disease outbreaks, promoting ethical and humane treatment of animals in Halal production systems.  Antibiotics Antibiotics are antimicrobial drugs used to treat and prevent bacterial infections in animals. In farm management, antibiotics are commonly used in veterinary medicine to control and treat bacterial diseases, manage bacterial infections, and promote animal health and productivity.  MODE OF ACTION Inhibition of Cell Wall Inhibition of Protein Synthesis: Synthesis interfere with the assembly of target bacterial protein synthesis. peptidoglycan, a crucial component of the bind to ribosomes, the cellular bacterial cell wall, by inhibiting enzymes machinery responsible for protein involved in peptidoglycan cross-linking or synthesis, and interfere with the disrupting the synthesis of peptidoglycan elongation or termination of protein precursors. translation bacteria become susceptible to osmotic prevent bacteria from producing pressure, leading to cell lysis and death. essential proteins necessary for their survival, growth, and reproduction.  MODE OF ACTION Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Disruption of Cell Membrane Synthesis Function Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA interact with lipopolysaccharides and gyrase or topoisomerase IV enzymes, which phospholipids in the bacterial outer are involved in DNA supercoiling and membrane, causing disruption of relaxation during replication and membrane structure and leakage of transcription. intracellular contents. By interfering with DNA gyrase or By compromising cell membrane topoisomerase IV activity, fluoroquinolones function, polymyxins render bacteria induce DNA damage, strand breaks, and susceptible to osmotic stress and inhibition of DNA synthesis, ultimately membrane damage, resulting in cell leading to bacterial cell death. death. Selectivity and Specificity Resistance Mechanisms Antibiotics exhibit selective Bacteria can develop resistance to toxicity, meaning they target and antibiotics through various mechanisms, inhibit the growth of bacteria such as enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, alteration of antibiotic targets, while sparing host cells. reduced drug uptake or increased efflux, The selectivity of antibiotics is and biofilm formation. attributed to differences in the Antibiotic resistance genes may be structure, metabolism, and acquired through horizontal gene transfer, physiology of bacterial cells mutations, or selection pressure exerted by compared to eukaryotic cells. antibiotic use, leading to the emergence Antibiotics exploit unique bacterial and spread of resistant bacterial strains. Combatting antibiotic resistance requires targets or metabolic pathways prudent antibiotic use, development of that are absent or different in new antibiotics, surveillance of resistance eukaryotic cells, ensuring their patterns, infection control measures, and specificity for bacterial public health interventions. pathogens. Halal compliance In Halal poultry production, antibiotics should be used judiciously and only LIMITED USE AND when necessary to treat bacterial infections and alleviate animal suffering. use of antibiotics solely for growth promotion or routine disease prevention is PRUDENT PRACTICES discouraged in favor of promoting natural immunity and implementing preventive measures. Antibiotic treatments in Halal poultry production require veterinary prescription and oversight to ensure appropriate diagnosis, selection of Veterinary effective antibiotics, and adherence to treatment protocols. Prescription and Veterinarians are responsible for evaluating the health status of poultry, diagnosing bacterial infections, prescribing antibiotics as needed, and Oversight monitoring treatment outcomes to minimize the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and residues in poultry products. Halal compliance Antibiotics used in poultry should adhere to prescribed withdrawal periods, the time interval between antibiotic administration and slaughter, to WITHDRAWAL PERIODS ensure that antibiotic residues in poultry products comply with regulatory limits and food safety standards. AND COMPLIANCE Compliance with withdrawal periods and residue monitoring programs is essential to safeguard consumer health, uphold Halal integrity, and prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Halal poultry producers may explore alternative strategies and preventive measures to reduce reliance on antibiotics, such as vaccination, biosecurity Alternatives and practices, hygiene management, and dietary modifications. Preventive Emphasizing preventive health management and natural disease resistance Measures mechanisms helps minimize the need for antibiotic treatments and supports sustainable and responsible poultry production practices.  VACCINE ANTIBIOTICS Biological preparations that stimulate the immune system to recognize and remember specific Antimicrobial drugs used to treat bacterial pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, without infections by inhibiting the growth or killing causing the disease. bacteria. The primary purpose of vaccines is to prevent The primary purpose of antibiotics is to cure infectious diseases by inducing immunity against bacterial diseases and control bacterial infections specific pathogens. PURPOSE VACCINE Vaccines work by introducing antigens derived from VACCINE pathogens into the body to stimulate an immune response. Vaccines target pathogens, such as viruses or The antigens in vaccines trigger the production of bacteria, against which immunity is desired. antibodies and memory cells, which provide protection against subsequent infections by the same pathogen. Vaccine Vs. Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells that Vaccines do not directly kill pathogens but rather prepare the immune system to recognize and neutralize Antibiotics recognize and respond to specific pathogens upon exposure, providing protection against them. future infections. MOA TARGET ANTIBIOTICS ANTIBIOTICS Antibiotics work by inhibiting the growth or killing bacteria through Antibiotics target and act against bacteria, inhibiting their growth or killing them. various mechanisms, such as disrupting cell wall synthesis, protein Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, fungi, parasites, or other non-bacterial synthesis, nucleic acid replication, or cell membrane function. pathogens. Antibiotics target specific bacterial structures or metabolic They work by disrupting essential bacterial functions, such as cell wall synthesis, processes essential for bacterial survival, thereby eradicating protein synthesis, nucleic acid replication, or cell membrane integrity. bacterial infections.  Conclusion In summary, vaccines and antibiotics are important tools in farm management for preventing, controlling, and treating infectious diseases in livestock and poultry. When used responsibly, vaccines and antibiotics contribute to animal health, welfare, and productivity while minimizing the risk of disease outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance, and food safety hazards. Veterinary oversight, adherence to treatment protocols, and continuous monitoring are essential for ensuring the efficacy, safety, and sustainability of vaccination and antibiotic use in agriculture.