Skeletal System PDF

Skeletal System Monday, September 25, 2023 9:05 PM...

Skeletal System Monday, September 25, 2023 9:05 PM PART 7: PELVIC GRIDLE AND LOWER LIMB PART 4: THE SKULL PART 5: THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS AND STERNUM PART 6: PECTORAL GRIDLE AND UPPER LIMB PELVIC GRIDLE - makes a full ring/ belt PART 1: BONES : THE BASICS PART 2: CARTILAGE IN THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THE HUMAN SKEELTON THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN APPENDICULAR SKELETON → Consists of: → Bones are ORGANS CARTILAGE IN THE SKELETON ○ 2 ilium ○ Made up of more than one tissue → 7 cervical - in the neck → Pectoral / shoulder gridle ○ 2 ischium ( The organ ) → Highly resilient and good at resisting compression AXIAL SKELETON → 12 thoracic - shoulders to ribs → Pelvic gridle ○ 2 pubis → Has lots of water → 5 lumbar - lower back → Upper limbs → remember that the sacrum and coccyx ( The tissue ) → Forms longitudinal axis of the body → Supports head, neck and trunk → 5 sacral ( fused together so it makes 1 bone called the sacrum) → Lower limbs aren’t part of the pelvic bones but help in Three types: connecting the pelvic bones → Protects the brain, spinal cord and thoracic organs → 4 coccygeal ( also fused to make the coccyx) 1. Hyaline ○ Has 4 bones, called co1-co4 PECTORAL / SHOULDER GRIDLE → The pubis 2. Elastic ○ Tail bone ○ Is joined by fibrocartilage called the BONES OF THE SKULL 3. Fibrocartilage → Total amount: 33 w Technically a pair of gridles (belt): clavicle and scapula pubis symphysis → Form framework of face → Not a complete gridle bc it doesn't wrap around all the way → The acetabulum FUNCTIONS OF BONE → Hyaline cartilage provide support with flexibility and resilience due to the amount of water in it → The medial boarder of the scapula is not connected to anything ○ is made up of all 3 pelvic bones → Contains cavities for special sense organs (taste, smell, sight ) → The lower you go the bones get wider b/c the vertebrae needs → Most abundant of the skeletal cartilages Provide opening for air and food passage To support more weight ○ Jus sits on top of the ribcage and is held in place by muscle → Obturator foramen → → Support : forms the supportive framework of our entire body → Good at resisting and absorbing compression → Provides attachment for upper limbs ○ Allows for vessels like arteries, veins → Secure the teeth → Protection : protects important organs: lungs, heart, brain → Locations: Anchor muscles of facial expression, which we use to show our feelings INTERVERTEBRAL DISC → Provides muscle attachment and nerves to pass b/w the interior → → Anchorage : provide anchorage for other structures - muscle attaching to bone ○ Articular / joint, where two bones meet → Is connected anteriorly not posteriorly pelvic cavity → Mineral / growth factor storage : calcium stored in bone , for safe keeping used by the body the bone is a dynamic structure ○ Costal / means rib → Annulus fibrosus ○ Makes the overall weight lighter → Blood cell formation ○ Respiratory ( Brain ) ( Face ) occur in the Marrow: place inside the bone to store fat (adipose), or make blood cells ○ The outer area → Triglyceride / adipose (fat) storage ○ Made up of fibrocartilage rings, like the inside of a tree trunk → Hormone production : helps wit brain / nerve communication → Elastic cartilage have more elastic fibers compared to Hyaline ○ Strong HIP ( COXAL ) BONES → Better able to stand up to repeated bending ○ Circular bc it helps distribute weight evenly across the intervertebral disc BONE CLASSIFICATION → Locations: ○ Can tear if too much weight impact or pressure is applied ○ External ear § Can cause nucleus pulposus to leak out = herniated disc 1) Location ○ Epiglottis → Center - Axial : main axis = contains the skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum § Inside the neck, bends down and rises to keep food out of the lungs ○ Gel like consistency - Appendicular : appendages, attaches to the axis = upper limbs, shoulder gridles, lower limb, pelvis ○ Water and protein → Fibrocartilage has great tensile strength (lots of thick collagen fibers) ○ Called the nucleus pulposus → Located in sites that are subject to both pressure and stretch § Main objective : shock absorption to protect bones Additional notes → Found in: → Vertebrae ○ Menisci of knee ○ C1 and C2 don't have a disk → The arm refers to the elbow to fingers ○ Intervertebral discs - in the spine to allow for bending ○ Combination of cartilage and a more gelatinous disc interior → The upper limb refers to the shoulder to fingers ○ Pubic symphysis = birth giving → The key refers to the knee to toes CARTILAGE IN THE GROWING SKELETON → The lower limb refers to the thigh to toes VERTEBRAL COLUMN → Hyaline Cartilage makes up most of the fetal skeleton → Resilient and elastic ( lots of water ) SKELETON OF THE RIGHT UPPER LIMB CLAVICLE → How the vertebrae's connect to each other: → Ideal for fast growth ○ Superior and inferior articular process → No nerves or blood vessels - avascular → Costal facets ○ Damaged cartilage is slow to heal ○ Found on the body and transvers process → Cartilage in the skull is important b/c the bones need to be squashed a bit for the baby to come out FALSE AND TRUE PELVES (plural) ○ Is where the ribs will connect → Ossification / growth of the bone happens in the fetus at about 8 weeks → Newborns have cartilage in the areas of joints 2) Shape - Long : wide end and narrow shaft - Short : usually cubed - Flat : sometimes curved PART 3: FRACTURE AND BONE DISORDERS - Sesamoid - shaped like a sesame seed ( round and small ) - not directly connected to other bone REGIONAL CHARACTERISTCS OF VERTEBRAE § Can be sand in places where there is a lot of wear and tear FRACTURES = a break in the bone - Irregular : don't fit into other categories Region Notes Image COMPACT AND SPONGY BONE Cervical - Bifod process - means split into two Is split for a ligament in the spine → Compact bone: - Have holes in their transverse process called - Dense outer layer, strong and solid transverse foramen / foramina → 'S' shaped - Appears smooth and solid Acromial end connects to scapula Are there bc two arteries that go → → Spongy bone → Sternal end connects to the manubrium → Everything above the brim = false pelvis through to connect to the brain - Internal layer - Looks like an elephant → False pelvis is part of the lower abdomen - Trabeculae ( strips of bone ) form honeycomb-like structure with holes in the middle - Smallest in size - Contains marrow → Wrist joint lies b/w the radius and ulna and carpal bones - Has no facets STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES RIGHT SCAPULA, ANTERIOR VIEW AND POSTERIOR VIEW SECTIONS OF THE BONE Thoracic - Have costal/ rib facets - Looks like a giraffe → Diaphysis Types of Notes Pictures Type of Notes Picture - Has a long spinous process (anteriorly) - Thick compact bone wall Fracture Fracture - Contains spongy bone and medullary ( contains more openings due to marrow storage Comminuted - When bone is Pott - Ankle fracture → Epiphysis - When a fracture splintered, crushed - Thinner compact bone or broken into affects both bones - Lots of spongy bone inside pieces that are together → Metaphysis - Small bone ( forearm or leg ) - The area b/w the epiphysis and the diaphysis fragments Lumbar - Doesn't have a bifid process, no transverse - Important for when bones grow in length foramen, or costal facets Ilium is More broader and open Has more weight § Occurs here - From a side view looks like a moose → Medullary cavity - Contains spongy bone but has more openings b/c a lot of marrow is stored there PARTS OF THE BONE → Articular cartilage - Hyaline Greenstick - Only occurs in Colles - Fracture of the → Acromion - where the clavicle and scapula joint occurs § Adds softer, shock absorbent surface → Glenoid cavity - where upper limb attaches UPPER LIMB children b/c their distal and of the § Found at the ends bones haven't fully radius → Subscapular fossa - the surface that is right up against the rib SPEACILIZED CERVCAL VERTEBRAE § Softer edge b/c these bones connect to other bones and we don't want them rubbing ossified - Is a break n the against each other - One side is broken radius → From where the scapula connects to the Epiphyseal line Special Cervical Notes Image → but the other side humerus down to tips of finger - Strip of compact bone Vertebrae bends → 30 bones - Divides the epiphysis and diaphysis Atlas - C1 - No vertebral body or spinous process → Arm (shoulder - elbow) - Called the epiphyseal plate during childhood / adolescent years. Is made of cartilage not bone - Connect to the skull → Forearm (elbow - wrist) MARROW this is called ossification - the turning of cartilage to bone - Has transverse foramina → Wrist - carpals - Cartilage cells divide until turned into bone and that's how bones get longer - No vertebral body → Hand - metacarpals and phalanges → Red marrow - No spinous process - Blood cell production - Lateral mass is what connects to the LOWER LIMB - Located in trabecular cavities of long and flat bones b/c there isn't enough spongy bone in the other kinds of bones, occipital condyle of the occipital bone Impacted - One end of the bone spongy bone and the medullary cavity is forcefully driven Consists of: - All red in babies ( no yellow) into the other end → Thigh (hip - knee) - In adults red marrow in flat bones and epiphysis of long bone of the same bone Axis - C2 - Only one with a dens → Leg (knee - ankle) → Yellow marrow Sticks though C1’s vertebral foreman HUMERUS → Ankle - Turns into red marrow when there is a decrease in red blood cells or decrease oxygen delivery to cells ( anemia) - Transverse ligament holds atlas in place and → Foot - Fat storage allows rotation movement for the C1: § Fat is used for energy, make cell membranes atlanto axial joint → Carries weight of entire body - Can turn back into red marrow n adults in severe anemia - Has a transverse foramina → Subject to exceptional force ( ie. During running / jumping ) - Is seen in adult bones b/c there is a not of red marrow when your born since you need to mate all year RBCs from - Has a bifid spinous process scratch RADIUD AND ULNA PATELLA → Location : anterior to the femur - Over time the red morrow will turn into yellow marrow → Held in place by muscle → This joint b/w the humerus and the radius Vertebral - The most inferior of the cervical vertebrae is quite loose FRACTURE REPAIR - DISPLACED BONES Prominens C7 - Spinous process is NOT bifid ○ The capitulum and head of the radius - DOES have transverse foramina sit next to each other and have → Closed (external) Reduction: physician manually coaxes bone ends back into position - Only cervical vertebra without a bifid muscles and ligaments that hold → Open (internal) Reduction: bone ends are secured surgically (put back into alignment) with ins or wires process bc the ligament stops there them in place → When we flex the head of the radius it will FRACTURE HEALING fit into the radial fossa on the humerus → The importance of the radius and the humerus allows for pronation and 1. Bunch of blood, blood rushes to area of injury supination 2. Fibrocartilage will replace the blood and form a fibrocartilaginous callus → In pronation the radius crosses over the 3. Fibrocartilage will get replaced with bone ulna therefore needs to be loose RIGHT FRMUR 4. Special cells will remove anything that isn't needed TIBIA AND FIBULA → Head ○ Connects to the glenoid fossa / cavity of the SACRUM AND COCCYX Scapula = glenohumeral joint → Intertubercular sulcus (groove) ○ In between the tubercules BONE DISORDERS → There are nerves that are → Deltoid tuberosity connected to the spinal cord that ○ Rough deltoid, has a muscle attachment → Osteomalacia passes through the sacral foramen → Radial, coronoid, Olecranon fossa ○ Soft / weak bones due to poor mineralization ○ All components of the elbow joint § Due to calcium or vitamin D deficiency → Capitulum and Trochlea → Rickets ○ bones of attachment for the forearm ○ analogous disease in children § Poor mineralization of the bone effects how it grows ELBOW ○ Epiphyseal plate cannot calcify so long bones become enlarged ○ Bones will not support child's weight b/c cartilage is not as solid as actually bone ○ Too many cartilage not enough bone → Osteoporosis ○ Bone resorption (breakdown of bone) > deposition (laying down new bone) ○ Common in older adults (decreased sex hormones) mainly women FOOT - SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VIEW § In women estrogen is responsible for making sex hormones - responsible for making deposition of new bone § Affects women past menopause ( 50-60 years) THE RIBS → 12 pairs total - all connect to thoracic vertebrae → The knee joint is between the lateral and medial condyles of the femur → 7 pairs of true ribs and the lateral and medial condyles of the tibia ○ 1-7 Connect to the sternum by costal cartilage → When you flex your arm, → Interosseous membrane → 5 pairs of false ribs the forearm reaches ○ Connective tissue ○ 8-10 connect to rib 7 costal cartilage closer to your humerus. ○ Adds support ○ Within these, 2 are floating : 11-12 To get full flexion the ○ Spot for muscle attachment § Allow more mobility around the waist ( better ROM ) coronoid process will tuck into the coronoid fossa → fibula DEMIFACETS ON THORACIC VERTEBRAE Picture notes: -> → The trochlear notch wraps ○ Lateral around the trachea of the ○ Does not connect correctly to the femur → The rib connects to the humerus ○ Head of the fibula connects to the tibia that's called your proximal thoracic vertebrae in 2 → When you fully extend tibiofibular joint year elbow the olecranon → The styled process forms part of places ® 2 places ( top and bottom ) process of the ulna will fit the wrist joint 1. The head of the rib ® Don't allow for a lot of movement