20250402_155145.heic

# MIKROELEKTRONIKA ## PROGRAMMING ### INTRO TO ARDUINO #### BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT ### INPUT/OUTPUT Digital I/O pins are the simplest form of communication between the Arduino and the outside world. They can be configured as either INPUT or OUTPUT. When configured as INPUT, the pin can read the sta...

# MIKROELEKTRONIKA ## PROGRAMMING ### INTRO TO ARDUINO #### BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT ### INPUT/OUTPUT Digital I/O pins are the simplest form of communication between the Arduino and the outside world. They can be configured as either INPUT or OUTPUT. When configured as INPUT, the pin can read the state of a sensor or a switch. When configured as OUTPUT, the pin can control an LED, a relay, or other external devices. Arduino UNO has 14 digital I/O pins, labeled from 0 to 13. ### DIGITAL OUTPUT In digital output mode, the pins can be set to either HIGH or LOW. Setting a pin to HIGH will output 5V, while setting it to LOW will output 0V. Here's how to control digital output: ```c++ int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13 void setup() { pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // configure the digital pin as an output } void loop() { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) delay(1000); // wait for a second digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW delay(1000); // wait for a second } ``` * `pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT)`: This line configures the digital pin as an output. * `digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH)`: This line sets the digital pin to HIGH (5V), which turns on the LED. * `digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW)`: This line sets the digital pin to LOW (0V), which turns off the LED. ### DIGITAL INPUT In digital input mode, the pins can read either HIGH or LOW. Here's how to read digital input: ```c++ int buttonPin = 2; // pushbutton connected to digital pin 2 int ledPin = 13; // LED connected to digital pin 13 int buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton status void setup() { pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); // configure the digital pin as an input pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // configure the digital pin as an output } void loop() { buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin); // read the state of the pushbutton value: if (buttonState == HIGH) { // check if the pushbutton is pressed. If it is, the buttonState is HIGH: digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn LED on: } else { digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn LED off: } } ``` * `pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT)`: This line configures the digital pin as an input. * `digitalRead(buttonPin)`: This line reads the digital value at the specified pin, either HIGH or LOW. ### ANALOG INPUT The Arduino UNO has six analog input pins, labeled from A0 to A5, which can read analog voltages from 0V to 5V with a resolution of 10 bits. This means that the analog voltage is converted into a digital value between 0 and 1023. Here's how to read analog input: ```c++ int sensorPin = A0; // select the input pin for the sensor int ledPin = 13; // select the pin for the LED int sensorValue = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor void setup() { pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare the ledPin as an OUTPUT: Serial.begin(9600); // opens serial port, sets data rate to 9600 bps } void loop() { sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor: digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the ledPin on delay(sensorValue); // stop the program for some time digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the ledPin off delay(sensorValue); // stop the program for some time Serial.println(sensorValue); // prints the sensor value to the serial monitor } ``` * `analogRead(sensorPin)`: This line reads the analog value at the specified pin, and returns a value between 0 and 1023. * `Serial.begin(9600)`: This line initializes serial communication at a baud rate of 9600 bits per second, allowing the Arduino to communicate with a computer or other devices. * `Serial.println(sensorValue)`: This line prints the value of the sensor to the serial monitor, which can be viewed on the Arduino IDE.