Chapter 6: Worlds Entangled, 1600-1750 PPT PDF

Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries From Ming to Manchurian Qing in China ▪ Although China prospered in 17th & 18th centuries, growing wealth & climate change undermined central control & contributed to fall of long lasting dynasty (Ming Dynasty colla...

Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries From Ming to Manchurian Qing in China ▪ Although China prospered in 17th & 18th centuries, growing wealth & climate change undermined central control & contributed to fall of long lasting dynasty (Ming Dynasty collapsed in 1644) ▪ As in Mughal India, local power holders/leaders in China defied Ming government because the central Ming government discouraged overseas commerce (law abiding merchants were not reaping rewards of long distance exchange) & forbade travel abroad (people could not benefit from travel, cultural exchange) ▪ Traders & adventurers (Smugglers), or those who evaded imperial edicts/broke the law, were the ones making the money (**profits attract resources even when activity is illegal-perception: risks are worth it) Ming Dynasty: Administrative & Economic problems ▪ Ming Dynasty had governed the world’s most economically advanced society and about 1/3 of the world’s population; but, as in Ottoman Empire, rulers inadequately responded to economic & environmental change ▪ Vast bureaucracy (many governmental departments & employees) was beyond control of Ming emperors, despite elaborate arrangements & ritual performances done to convince subjects of and affirm their position as Son of Heaven  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries From Ming to Manchurian Qing in China Ming Dynasty: Administrative & Economic problems ▪ As administration was breaking down/becoming more weak, many were breaking trading laws; the most successful pirates (whether Chinese or not) took advantage of expanding & lucrative trade opportunities due to their ability to mix with various Asian cultures & trade with all ▪ Like Islamic empires, influx of silver from New World (via Europeans from whom Chinese would only accept precious metals) led to economic and political problems ▪ Silver stimulated Chinese economy at first, became ubiquitous, then negatively affected peasants (lots of silver caused inflation, led to peasants not being able to pay taxes or purchase goods) ▪ Many peasants took up arms & rebelled (political consequences)  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries From Ming to Manchurian Qing in China Collapse of Ming Authority ▪ By 1600s/17th century, Ming administrative, economic & political difficulties were affecting their ability to solve problems affecting subjects’ daily lives; ▪ EX: Dropping temperatures (Little Ice Age) in NW led to devastation; Ming regime failed to cope (raised taxes while people were going hungry) ▪ Peasants vented anger at local tax collectors & officials ▪ decreased military spending meant less forces to fight rebel groups, which grew under charismatic leaders; ex: Li Zicheng, captured Beijing easily in 1644; Ming Dynasty fell ▪ Ming military leader on border with Manchuria was caught between rebel army and threatening neighbor (Manchus in Manchuria); accepted Manchu alliance  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries From Ming to Manchurian Qing in China Manchu Qing (“pure”) Dynasty Asserts Control ▪ By 1630s, rising Manchurian population sought to breach/cross the Great Wall due to shortage of food ▪ Once Manchus defeated Li Zicheng (charismatic & successful anti-Ming rebel who was important in fall of Ming Dynasty) & seized power in Beijing, they found Chinese government (Ming) in disarray from warfare and fiscal (financial) crisis & central authorities overwhelmed by roving bands of peasant rebels ▪ Manchus were minority (1 million Manchus in China vs 250 million non Manchu Chinese) ▪ Manchus incorporated new territories, seeing population & significant economic growth  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries From Ming to Manchurian Qing in China Manchu Qing (“pure”) Dynasty Asserts Control ▪ Manchu Emperors were able administrators who knew they had to adapt to local/ethnically Chinese ways to govern a diverse/mostly ethnic Chinese population; Manchu Qing leaders were determined to convey a clear sense of their majesty & legitimacy: ▪ Accepted local/ethnically Chinese ways (promoted patriarchal values, praised chaste widows & virtuous women, focused on Han/Chinese “family values” & traditional Chinses civilization) ▪ Conveyed sense of their/Manchu majesty & legitimacy via measures emphasizing their authority, distinctiveness & the expectation of submission of Han Chinese subjects ▪ Financed their administrative structure through taxes on peasant households (peasants cultivated new lands & introduced New World crops-corn, sweet potatoes-that changed Chinese diets)  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries From Ming to Manchurian Qing in China x̅ Manchu Qing (“pure”) Dynasty Asserts Control ▪ Sea Trade between Chinese & others flourished (textiles, ceramics, medicine were exchanged for spices & rice) ▪ Manchu Qing Dynasty vacillated/was indecisive over allowing maritime trade with foreigners at first; eventually, once it solidified its rule, restrictions were put in place (European trade was restricted to Canton; Canton System officially established 1759-European traders needed Chinese merchants to act as guarantors) ▪ During 18th century, Qing Dynasty forced Korea, Vietnam, Burma & Nepal to pay tribute & expanded territory far into central Asia, Tibet, Mongolia ▪ Despite political upheaval & climate change, Qing created stability in China (Chinese peasants continued practicing popular faiths, cultivated crops, remained close to fields & home villages)  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries From Ming to Manchurian Qing in China Manchu Qing (“pure”) Dynasty Asserts Control ▪ Manchu Qing believed prosperity & tranquility depended more on agrarian/agricultural than commercial health of the empire due to steady financial support from peasant farmers (**historically, Chinese have negative attitudes towards business people, seeing them as money hungry, selfish) ▪ Manchu Qing Dynasty felt they could squeeze merchants when they needed funds (**some historians see this as a failure to adapt to changes & believe it left China vulnerable to outsiders, ie: Europeans) ▪ Chinese could not conceive of a superior model of belief, politics or economics than their own as China enjoyed prosperity into the mid 18th century/1700s  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries Tokugawa Japan -Japanese dealt with pressures of economic integration better than other Asian empires (ex: in Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal & Ming empires, political fragmentation & overthrow of ruling dynasties occurred) -Tokugawa Shogunate-single ruling family that emerged after economic integration in Japan -Tokugawa Shogunate regulated foreign intrusion, which most other regimes did not -Japan played modest role in expanding global trade, but remained free of outside exploitation Unification of Japan 1500s/16th century-Japan suffered from political instability due to crime/banditry & civil strife in the countryside Because the Japanese emperor’s authority did not extend beyond Kyoto, where government officials/”court” were, local, regional ruling families (daimyos) commanded private armies of warriors (samurai) & brought order to their domains (areas), but no one family dominated & daimyos fought each other (similar to feudalism) 1603-after military leaders moved to unite Japan, one daimyo, Tokugawa Ieyasu, seized power; assumed title of shogun (military ruler) & declared that rulership would be hereditary Admin authority shifted to Edo/Tokyo, Ieyasu’s domain; Tokugawa shogunate lasted until 1867  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries Tokugawa Japan Unification of Japan Tokugawa: Ensured flow of resources from working population to rulers & from provinces to capital as villages paid taxes to daimyos, who transferred resources to shogunate authority (daimyos were monitored & under control) Samurai stopped fighting on behalf of rival daimyos; peace brought prosperity Foreign Affairs & Foreigners Initially, Japanese welcomed Europeans because they were eager to get European exports like muskets, gunpowder, other technologyx as more Japanese converted to Christianity Japanese authorities realized Christians were intolerant of other faiths as they believed Christ to be superior to any authority The Japanese government suppressed Christianity & drove out European missionaries Tokugawa Shogunate/Japanese govt restricted trade to ports under their tight control, expelled European merchants (only non proselytizing Protestant Dutch were permitted to remain under strict supervision by Japanese authorities)  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Asia in the 17th & 18th centuries Tokugawa Japan Foreign Affairs & Foreigners Despite restrictions to trade which limited exchange of ideas with outside world, trade with China and Korea flourished Dutch & Chinese monks, physicians, painters provided connection to the outside world Some Japanese were permitted to learn Dutch & study European technology, shipbuilding, medicine (Japanese were impressed with European technology, architecture) Japanese authority limiting entry to European traders & missionaries ensured they would not threaten Japan’s security  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe 1600-1750, religious conflict and consolidation for dynastic power brought about by long distance trade & climate change, transformed Europe Commercial centers shifted north, England and France became more dominant, Portugal & Spain lost ground In the east, the state of Muscovy expanded dramatically and became the Russian Empire Expansion and Dynastic Change in Russia o Russian empire expansion: o Gained positions on Baltic Sea and Pacific Ocean o Established political borders with Chinese (Manchurian) Qing Dynasty/Empire & Japan o Russia is both European and Asian o Russian expansion eliminated steppe nomads as an independent force who could threaten Russian Empire  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe Expansion and Dynastic Change in Russia o Steppe: dry, grassy plain, occurs in temperate climates, which lie between tropics & polar regions; cold winters, warm summers; semi-arid-receive 10-20 in of rain/year (Miami gets 59 in/US gets 38 in per yr), which is enough rain to support short grasses, but not enough for tall grasses or trees to grow. o Eurasian Steppe: largest temperate grassland in the world, extending from Hungary to China; reaches almost one-fifth of the way around the Earth.  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe Expansion and Dynastic Change in Russia Muscovy/Moscow Becomes the Russian Empire o Muscovy/Moscow was a principality (state/political entity run by a prince) o Like China & Japan, used territorial expansion & commercial networks to consolidate a powerful state) o Tsar Peter the Great gave Muscovy/Moscow the name “Russian Empire” c. 1700 o Muscovy/Moscow included: Slavs, Finns, Turkish speakers & many others o Like Japan, Russia emerged out of turmoil o Russia sought to control areas south & east of Moscow (since north of Moscow was highway for nomads, ie: descendants of powerful Mongols) o From 1500s to 1700, Muscovy/Moscow claimed empire covering much of Eurasia with people of many language and religions o Romanovs-family who ruled Russia from 1590 until 1917 Absolutist Government & Serfdom: Romanovs o Created absolutist system of government, despotic state o Away from Moscow, local aristocrats enjoyed unlimited authority in exchange for loyalty & tribute to tsar o Russian peasantry bore the burden of maintaining wealth of nobility & monarchy; peasant families gathered into communes/communities to help each other through harsh climate, severe landlords, poor harvests o 1649-peasants were legally bound as serfs to nobles & tsar  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe Expansion and Dynastic Change in Russia Imperial Expansion and Migration ❖18th century/1700s-Russian military victories helped consolidate the empire, sparked significant population movements ❖conquest of Siberia brought vast territories & riches in furs ❖Victory with Sweden & incorporation of fertile southern steppes (Ukraine) ❖By late 1800s, Russia stretched from Baltic Sea, Ukraine, Crimea to Siberia/NE Asia Economic and Political Fluctuations in Central and Western Europe ❖Little Ice Age led to freezing temperatures, short supply of grain products, escalating prices; resulted in famines, death from diseases because of malnourishment ❖Interesting: Wood produced by freezing temperatures were crafted by Stradivari into highly valued violins  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe Economic and Political Fluctuations in Central and Western Europe Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Background: ❖ when Ferdinand II became Holy Roman Emperor (1556), he tried to force subjects to follow Roman Catholicism=many conflicts, resentments; war began 60 yrs later ❖ began as religious struggle between Protestants & Catholics in central Europe/Hapsburg Empire (group of semi-independent areas with various ethnicities; governed by Holy Roman Emperor); soon became a political conflict, a war for political dominance in Europe ❖ War also owed much to the decline of food production due to Little Ice Age Thirty Years’ War included: ❖ religious conflicts (war between Protestant princes & Catholic Emperor/Holy Roman Emperor for religious control in central Europe) ❖ Struggle for regional control among/between Catholic powers (Spanish & Austrian Hapsburgs and the French) ❖ Struggle for independence from Catholic Spain by Protestant Dutch (lived in Holland) who wanted to trade and worship as they liked (1581-1648) -Ended by Treaty of Westphalia, a series of treaties which determined there was a rough balance of power between Protestant & Catholic states & that they would have to put up with each other  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe Economic and Political Fluctuations in Central and Western Europe Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Short & Long Term Effects: ❖remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history (more than 8 million deaths due to military battles, famine and disease) ❖Dutch gained independence; but enormous costs led to severe discontent in Spain, France, England ❖Took Central Europe over 100 years to recover from economic & demographic (population) devastation ❖Thirty Years’ War transformed war making ❖Before-conflicts between nobles leading small armies ❖After-centralized governments/states used standing/official armies in decisive & large scale campaigns; gunpowder, cannons & muskets (newer tech) became standard  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe Economic and Political Fluctuations in Central and Western Europe Western European Economies ❖ Despite warfare and its effects, Northern European states/countries saw significant economic expansion in the 1600s/17th century (greater yields due to investments in water drainage, larger livestock herds, improved cultivation practices, four field crop rotation kept nutrients in soil & provided food for livestock; increased agricultural output led to growing urban population) ❖ Dutch/Holland specialized in shipping and in financing (loaning funds) regional and long distance trade of Dutch & other countries’ goods; led to significant price decreases for shipping ❖ Dutch merchants: ❖ founded an exchange bank (changed foreign currency) ❖ established a rudimentary stock exchange (people buy stocks or pieces of a company so the company can expand) to fund overseas exploration, establishment of presence abroad) ❖ Pioneered systems of underwriting & insuring cargoes (in case of pirate attacks, sinking, etc) ❖ England and France established aggressive policies to promote national business and drive out competitors ❖ England: ❖ English Navigation Act of 1651 stated only English ships could carry goods between England & its overseas colonies to protect English shipping companies (**from Dutch) ❖ Enclosure movement, where common property lands that had served public needs were enclosed & claimed by landowners who claimed exclusive rights to these lands (planted new crops or pastured sheep to sell in distant markets); England led the way in commercializing the countryside  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe Economic and Political Fluctuations in Central and Western Europe Dynastic Monarchies: France and England France: ❖ Louis XIII (ruled 1610-43) along with chief minister (Cardinal Richelieu) concentrated power in hands of king, Louis XIII’s counselors wanted him to be an absolute ruler/free of external checks (ie by nobles) ❖ King’s authority was to be complete & thorough, free of bloody disorders ❖ Only God could call to account a king; Europeans believed in the “divine right of kings” to rule (similar to Chinese idea of rulers having the “mandate of heaven”) ❖ Privileges & state offices flowed from king’s grace; for example, direct financial supports, tax exemptions, permissions (ie: to write a book, be an attorney, professor, own pharmacy & other businesses) ❖ Nobles went to Versailles (12-14 miles outside of Paris) to seek favor/benefits from the king, where Louis XIV (ruled 1643-1715) renovated a hunting lodge, made it into a palace  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe-Economic and Political Fluctuations in Central and Western Europe Dynastic Monarchies: France and England France: ❖ Provided role model of absolute rule for other European leaders/dynasts (Hapsburgs of HRE, Hohenzollerns of Prussia/modern day Germany, Romanovs of Muscovy/Russia) ❖ Discriminatory policies of Louis XIV did not stop Protestants from secretly practicing ❖ Due to absolute power held by French king, peasants’, judges’, nobles’ concerns & critiques re: court life, wars, religious policies had no formal way of being heard England was different: Since 1215 Magna Carta, Parliament had power to determine & collect taxes; kings had to rule WITH Parliament (**no equivalent to Parliament in other European countries) Tudors (Henry VIII, Elizabeth I) & Parliament: ❖ Tudors Believed in Divine Right, but understood value of having good relations w/Parliament ❖ King Henry VIII-Tudor Monarch, broke off from Catholic Church in 1530s because the Pope did not allow him to annul his marriage; English/Anglican Church formed, discrimination against Catholics ❖ Henry VIII (ruled 1509-1547) -1517-21: supported Pope Leo X/Catholic Church against Martin Luther during Protestant Reformation in what is today Germany  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe-Economic and Political Fluctuations in Central and Western Europe Dynastic Monarchies: France and England England was different: Since 1215 Magna Carta, Parliament had power to determine & collect taxes; kings had to rule WITH Parliament (**no equivalent to Parliament in other European countries) Tudors (Henry VIII, Elizabeth I) & Parliament: -1530s-created Church of England (Anglican Church) after breaking away from Catholic Church b/c Pope Clement VII did not grant him annulment from Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella, Charles V’s aunt (Charles V was HRE & strong supporter of Pope Clement VII & Church) -turned to Parliament to legalize his actions (Act of Supremacy made monarch head of Church of England) -consulted Parliament frequently to raise taxes after spending on overseas wars; Parliament approved and became accustomed to being consulted on important matters -son Edward VI ruled 1547-53, Queen Mary ruled 1553-58 ❖ Queen Elizabeth I-Tudor Monarch r. 1558-1603, & her successors used policies similar to French kings, BUT, English Parliament remained an important force (ie: had to be convened to raise money/taxes). ❖ 1603 Queen Elizabeth I died without an heir, closest relatives were Stuarts (Catholic) ❖ During Stuart family’s rule in England, fierce quarrels broke out re: taxation, religion (England Anglican & anti-Catholic, Stuarts-Catholic), efforts to rule without Parliament’s consent  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe Economic and Political Fluctuations in Central and Western Europe Dynastic Monarchies: France and England England was different: ❖ 1640s: Civil War in England, anti-King side won, beheaded King Charles I in 1649, led to Kingless decade 1649-1660 ❖ new government run by strict Puritans (preferred simple services, Parliament enacted laws based on Puritan goals: education for all classes so they could read the Bible, marriages based on love) ❖ discrimination against Catholics, but granted tolerance to other Protestant groups & welcomed Jews back to England ❖ when leader (Oliver Cromwell) died in 1658, people were tired of military rule and strict Puritan ways ❖ 1660-Parliament invited king Charles II, brother of assassinated King Charles I to return; end of kingless decade, Monarchy Restored/Restoration ❖ 1688-89: King James II aspired to absolute rule and was perceived as too Catholic, fled & Parliament offered monarchy/crown to William & Mary (both Protestants) ❖ Outcome of Glorious Revolution (bloodless transition from James II to William & Mary): English monarchs must rule in conjunction with Parliament  Chapter 6, Worlds Entangled; 1600-1750 Transformations in Europe Economic and Political Fluctuations in Central and Western Europe Mercantilist Wars ❖ Rise of new powers in Europe (France & England) intensified economic and political rivalries for control of Atlantic trade between European monarchs/mother countries & their colonies as well as European control of ports in Asia ❖ Led to European powers building navies to protect their colonies, control their overseas ports & trade routes and to attack rivals ❖ Seven Years’ War: ❖ Primarily between England & France over control of colonies in Americas, ports or regions in Asia & control of seas for trading/commercial purposes ❖ Known as French & Indian War in North America; Lasted from 1756-63 ❖ France & Spain lost prestige & land; Britain emerged as foremost European power with control of colonies in the Americas & Asia