2024 Revised HSE Manual PDF

IIPSM HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT Copyright © JANUARY 2024 by IIPSM Consults Limited ISBN 978-978-60033-2-0 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means; including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mec...

IIPSM HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT Copyright © JANUARY 2024 by IIPSM Consults Limited ISBN 978-978-60033-2-0 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means; including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in reviews and certain other non- commercial uses permitted by the copyright law. (234) 703 777 1365 [email protected] www.iipsmonline.com  TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction 1-3 2. Hazard and Effect Management Process (HEMP) 4 - 11 3. Basic Incident Reporting 12 - 14 4. Principle and Practice of Unsafe Act Auditing 15 - 21 5. Environmental Management 22 - 29 6. Safe Handling of Chemicals (SHOC) 30 - 37 7. Fire Safety 38 - 47 8. Electrical Safety 48 - 54 9. Water Safety 55 - 58 10. Emergency Response 59 – 65 11. Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene 66 - 73 12. First Aid and CPR 74 - 85 13. Journey Management System and Defensive Driving 86 - 94 14. Security Management 95 - 98 15. Confined Space 99 - 105  IIPSM HSE Training Manual INTRODUCTION In providing a definition for HSE, we must consider three key concepts: HEALTH is simply the general condition of the body or mind (i.e. it is the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of infirmity) SAFETY is the freedom from injury, danger or loss and it is everybody‟s business ENVIRONMENT connotes the physical and biological factors along with their chemical interaction that affect an organism. Health, safety and environment are interconnected such that one affects the other. Your environment will inevitably affect your safety and health. “Health is wealth” and “safety first” are expressions that show the importance of being healthy and being safe. To maintain and increase work performance, it is very important that personnel are healthy and are working in a safe environment. Combining these terms together, Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) refers to a branch or department within a company that is responsible for the observance and protection of occupational health and safety rules and regulations along with environmental protection. The main aim of Safety Management is to completely ameliorate hazard and dangers. However, certain hazards which cannot be completely ameliorated should be mitigated, that is, its effect should be reduced to as low as is reasonably practicable (which is referred to as ALARP). In HSE Management, we do not just provide safety to personnel, but to the organization‟s assets, reputation and work site. This is in line with Occupational Safety and Health (OSAH) Act of 1970 developed by United States and Health and Safety at Work Act (HASWA) developed by United Kingdom. Before properly going into the course, it is important we stress here that the duty of a safety officer is not a small one as he is responsible for the safety of not just lives, but also of assets, reputation and the work station. It is thus important that he adheres to the following instruction which we have referred to as the dos and don'ts of a safety officer on the field. 1. FOCUS: When we say and stress that a safety officer does not sleep, of course, we don't mean this literally, what we mean is on the field. A safety officer must maintain 100% vigilance. He/she should be focused at all times and should be able to identify not just present hazard, dangers and risks but also potential ones. On the field, a safety officer should not be distracted or carried away with the happenings around him/her. He should also not allow family or emotional issues affect his work performance. 2. CALMNESS: A safety officer must not panic or fear as that is a sign of self-defeat. Panicking connotes losing control, which further implies that the safety of personnel, assets and work station is not assured. He should be composed, calm, confident and courageous at all times. This is because it is only when one is calm that one is able to proffer effective solution to present threats or hazards. 3. FAST-THINKING: A safety officer should be a fast thinker and must be able to proffer quick solutions to present dangers or hazards. This is because lives and properties are on the line. IIPSM HSE Training Manual 4. PROPER DOCUMENTATION: A safety officer must ensure proper documentation of all that he observes and sees, even if he/she thinks that it is unnecessary. This is because documentation is the key to identifying potential hazards. Things that appear irregular and irrelevant could be signs of a very big potential danger. WHAT IS SAFETY MANAGEMENT Safety Management: refers to the management functions associated with the execution of an enterprise that relates to the safety of personnel in the enterprise, including i. The planning, developing, organizing and implementation of a safety policy; ii. The measuring or auditing of the performance of those functions; In managing safety in an enterprise or organization, a system needs to be established called “Safety Management System (SMS)”. Safety Management System (SMS): is the formal, top-down, organizational approach to managing safety risk and assuming the effectiveness of safety risk controls. It includes systematic procedures, practices and policies for the management of safety risk in an organization. SMS Components and Elements COMPONENTS ELEMENTS Safety Policy and Objectives  Management Commitment  Safety Accountability and Responsibility  Appointment of Key Safety Personnel  Coordination of Emergency Response Planning  Safety Management System Documentation Safety Risk Management  Hazard Identification  Safety Risk Assessment and Mitigation Safety Assurance  Safety Performance Monitoring and Measurement  The Management of Change  Continuous Improvement of the SMS Safety Promotion  Training and Education  Safety Communication What is a Safety Plan: This is a system of allocation of responsibilities for carrying out a safety policy and making arrangement on how those responsibilities will be executed. An effective safety plan should set out what is to be achieved, in what time-scale and should include:  A list of safety responsibilities for managing safety and health by everyone involved in the work activity  A list of risk and risk assessment result:- the precautionary measures and the safety method statements to be adopted to eliminate or control the risks and the procedures for monitoring the compliance  The procedures for monitoring and assessing the implementation of these actions 2| International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual  The training of staff to carry out the actions for the enterprise in order to achieve the safety and health objectives  The contingency plans for foreseeable emergencies, etc. The scope and complexity of the plan depends on the complexity of the work activity. It may range from the proprietor or contractor identifying who is responsible for coordinating the various safety activities to a detailed document covering the integration of the legislative and contractual responsibilities of many work sites and subcontractors. The safety plan should be modified, if necessary as work activity proceeds according to experience and information received in the implementation of the plan. The safety plan should be established by top management and should have line management involved in a systematic and formal way, with the advice and assistance of a safety and health personnel. Specific details and objectives should be provided to identify what will be done, who will do it, when will it be done, and what follow-up systems will be used to ensure the success of the plan. All managers, supervisors and employees should know the plan and the role they play in its implementation. Establishing an effective communication system within the organization should help this. On these precincts, the basic principle and methodology in the development, implementation and maintenance of a safety management system is contained in the following 14 elements: 1. A safety policy which states the commitment of the enterprise to safety and health at work 2. A structure to assure implementation of the commitment to safety and health at work 3. Training to equip personnel with knowledge of work safety without risk to health 4. In-house safety rules to provide instruction for achieving safety management objectives 5. A programme of inspection to identify hazardous conditions and for the rectification of such conditions at regular intervals as is appropriate 6. A programme to identify hazardous exposure or risk of such exposure to workers and to provide suitable personal protective equipment as a last resort where engineering control methods are not feasible 7. Investigation of accidents or incidents to find out the cause and to develop prompt arrangements to prevent recurrence 8. Emergency preparedness to develop, communicate and execute plans prescribing the effective management of emergency situations 9. Evaluation, selection and control of sub-contractors to ensure that they are fully aware of their safety obligations and are meeting them 10. Safety committees to identity, recommend and keep under review measures to improve the safety and health at work 11. Evaluation of job related hazard or potential hazards and development of safety procedures 12. Promotion, development and maintenance of safety and health awareness in the work place 13. A programme for accident control and elimination of hazards before exposing workers to any adverse work environment 14. A programme to protect workers from occupational health hazards International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) |3 IIPSM HSE Training Manual HARZARD AND EFFECT MANAGEMENT PROCESS (HEMP) HEALTH, SAFETYAND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM HSE-MS is the acronym for health, safety and environment management system. Most companies consider health, safety and environment of paramount importance hence the introduction of HSE-MS to effectively manage these organizational activities in such a way that the inherent hazards do not impact adversely on people, assets, and the environment within which these organizations operate. HSE-MS is appropriately defined as a quality management system for the management of risks within the company to assure the protection of its people, assets, reputation, and the environment the company operates within. Key elements of the HSE-MS are defined in the table below and the hazard and effects management process is considered very important. HSE-MS Elements What it Addresses Leadership and Commitment Top-down commitment and company culture, essential to the success of the system Policy and Strategic Objectives Corporate intentions, principles of action and aspirations with respect to health, safety and environment Organization, Responsibilities, Resources, Organization of people, resources and Standards and Documentation documentation for sound HSE performance Hazards and Effects Management Identification and evaluation of HSE risks, for activities, products and services, and development of risk reduction measures Planning and Procedures Planning the conduct of work activities, including planning for changes and emergency response Implementation Performance and monitoring of activities, and how corrective action is to be taken when necessary Audit Whether the HSE-MS and its result conform to the audit criteria Management review Management concerns OBJECTIVES OF HSE-MS  To ensure that measures are in place to identify, assess, control hazards and recover  To demonstrate compliance with legislation  To identify areas that require continuous HSE performance improvement  To define the performance standards to manage HSE 4| International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual  To ensure that policies, objectives, organization, structures, responsibilities, standards, processes, procedures, controls and resources are defined and aligned to manage the business‟ HSE risks and impacts BENEFIT OF HSE-MS i. A measurable reduction in the direct costs associated with illness, injuries and fatalities, such as medical expenses and workers‟ compensation payments among others ii. Lower indirect costs, including training and compensation for replacement of workers, repair of damaged properties and implementation of corrective actions iii. Compliance with OSHA regulations and reduced risk of workers complaint, failed inspections and potential fines associated with noncompliance iv. A more positive workplace culture and improved employee morale due to the enhancement of workplace safety and health, resulting in higher productivity and quality, reduced turnover and greater workers satisfaction v. Improved perceptions and reputation among business partners and customers‟ experiences as a result of a proactive approach to the safety and health of employees. HAZARDS & EFFECT MANAGEMENT PROCESS Hazards and Effect Management Process involves identifying the hazards in HSE critical activities with a view to eliminating or controlling them to reduce its effects to as low as is reasonably practicable. It is central to the effective implementation of the HSE-MS and commonly referred to as HEMP. HAZARD This is defined as the potential to cause harm, including ill health, injury or damage to property, plants, products or the environment, e.g. extreme temperature, prolonged period of darkness, oil spillage, gas flaring etc. Hazard should not be confused with hazardous activities such as drilling, mining etc. TYPES OF HAZARD i. Physical Hazards: This could happen at any place such as the house, office etc. For example; A lose wiring in a house, high noise etc. ii. Chemical Hazards: This is when someone comes in contact with a chemical. iii. Biological Hazards: This occurs when one comes in contact with infested animals, persons, plants etc. HOW TO IDENTIFY HAZARDS  Study the potential hazard  Provide information about it  Evaluate its impact if it occurs and  Provide solutions on how to avoid it STAGES IN HAZARD ANALYSIS INCLUDE 1. Risk Rating: Decide on suitable measures to eliminate or control the risks 2. Hazard Identification: Identify hazards which could cause harm International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) |5 IIPSM HSE Training Manual 3. Reviewing 4. Designing risk control measures 5. Implementing and maintaining the risk control measures CAUSES OF HAZARD There are many causes of hazards, but they can broadly be classified as listed below: 1. Natural Hazards: This is anything that is caused by a natural process and can include obvious hazards such as volcanoes, to smaller scale hazards such as loose rocks on a hill side 2. Man-made Hazards: These are hazards elicited by humans, whether long term (such as global warming), or immediate like the hazards present at the construction site. 3. Deadly Force or Retribution: This type of hazard arises from any protective and/or responsive threat of harm or punishment that becomes active in the event of a breach of security or violation of a boundary or barrier (physical, legal, or moral), intended to prevent unauthorized or unsafe access or entry or exposure to a situation or something or someone. This includes the consequences that follow trespass, breach of covenant etc. STEPS IN THE HEMP PROCESS The principle of Identify, Assess, Control and Recover are the basis of HEMP. These principles are applied in the following steps: 1. Identify Hazards and Potential Effects: Identify the hazards, the threats and potential hazardous events, and the effects, which may affect, or arise from a company's operation throughout the total life-cycle of the operation. 2. Evaluate Risks: Evaluate (Assess) risks from the identified hazards against accepted screening criteria, taking into account the likelihood of occurrence and the severity of any consequence to employees, assets, the environment and reputation of the Company. 3. Record hazards and Effects: Record all those hazards and effects identified as significant in relation to the screening criteria in one of the following documents: HSE-MS Activities catalogue HSE activities specification sheets Hazards and Effects register HSE Critical Operating Procedures Manual of Permitted Operation 4. Compare with Objectives and Performance Criteria: The evaluated risk should be compared with the detailed HSE objectives and target for the project or installation. For all cases these targets must be maintained and be consistent with the company policy and strategic objectives. 5. Establish Risk Reduction Measures: Select, evaluate and implement appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate risks. Risk Reduction measures include those to prevent or control incident (i.e. Reducing the probability of occurrence) and to mitigate effect (i.e. Reducing the consequences). Mitigate measure include steps to prevent escalation of developing abnormal situation and to lessen adverse effects of Health, Safety and the Environment. IMPLEMENTATION OF HEMP The Hazards and Effect Management Process can be implemented at any point in the life cycle of a facility or operation. In the operation and maintenance phase, the focus is on the control of 6| International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual hazards and its effect by procedures, and the development and implementation of effective recovery preparedness measures. In the abandonment and decommissioning phases, the focus is directed towards safe clean up and rehabilitation. People involved in operational activities however should always be alert to identify new hazard particularly in non-routine operations. HSE RISK ASSESSMENT DEFINITION Risk is defined as a function of the probability of occurrence of an undesired event together with a measure of its adverse consequences. Rick analysis seeks to answer questions such as, how likely and how serious can things go wrong? What is the potential loss or damage? TYPES OF HSE RISK Generally, risks associated with the hazards of activities include:  Potential loss of life, assets, production, insurance.  Potential damage to health including injury and sickness, environment, asset, reputation. All types usually manifest in serious financial and adverse consequences. OBJECTIVES OF RISK ASSESSMENT  Provide a clear frame work in which all available information is used  Compare alternatives, particularly in the design phase  Optimize the use of scarce resources, money, people and time  Meet regulatory requirements  Identify hazardous situations/procedures  Provide knowledge of patterns of events and identify critical parts of the operation  To provide information required to make decision on whether the level of risk is tolerable BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DECISION MAKING UNDER RISK ASSESSMENT a) Risk without benefits is unacceptable b) Risk decision can be based on value of the consequences, or the likelihood to obtain a positive result APPROACH i. Estimate likelihood and consequence of undesirable events e.g. fires and explosions ii. Define cost effective risk reduction measures providing a maximum level of safety of Personnel and assets PROCEDURE TO FOLLOW 1. Identification of hazards 2. Quantification of likelihood and consequences 3. Evaluation of effect on business Once a potential hazard has been identified, questions arise with regard to severity The risk associated with a potentially hazardous event consists of two basic elements: a) The likelihood of the event b) A measure of its adverse consequences International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) |7 IIPSM HSE Training Manual Quantification of both elements is often a useful exercise to form an opinion of the seriousness of the risk. This quantification is often essential with respect to structured decision making on risk reduction measures. THE RISK ASSESSMENT MATRIX The risk assessment matrix is a tool that standardizes qualitative risk assessment and facilities, the categorization of all threats to health, safety, environment and reputation. The matrix axes, consistent with the definition of risk are consequences and probability (or likelihood). A scale of consequences from 0 to 5 is used to indicate increasing severity. The consequences are those of credible scenarios (taking the prevailing circumstances into consideration) that can develop from the release of a hazard. The potential consequences, rather than the actual ones are used. These are defined as the consequences that could have resulted from the released hazard if circumstances had been less favorable. The probability on the horizontal axis is estimated on the basis of historical evidence or experience that the identified consequences have materialized within the industry, the company or a smaller unit. Note that this should not be confused with the probability that the hazard is released; it is the probability of the estimated potential consequences occurring. CLASSIFICATION OF POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES The consequences of the release of a hazard or effect are identified in each of the four categories (harm to people, asset damage, environmental effect and potential impact on the reputation of the company) by selecting an appropriate row description on the vertical axis of the matrix. For example, if an operation would result in scenarios, which lie in an area on the risk assessment matrix that the company would normally regard as intolerable in policy terms, then alternative ways of carrying out the operation should be investigated. If there are no alternative ways, then management must decide whether the operation should proceed or not. If it has to proceed, then special treatment in regard to the level of control must be implemented before the operation takes place. A company should consider using the risk management matrix as a part of its implementation of the HSE management system of HSE cases or reports. The use of the risk assessment matrix will;  Help in making the organization standards and local HSE policy relevant via the setting of clear risk based objectives that can be cascaded into the setting of individual task and target  Provide the basics for the implementation of the risk-based HSE management system in accordance with any company guidelines. ASSESSMENT OF PROBABILITY The horizontal axis represents the probability or the measure of likelihood of the occurrence of an undesired event following the release of a hazard. The scale of the horizontal axis indicatively defined A: Never heard of in the industry 8| International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual B: Heard of in the industry C: Has occurred in our company D: Happens several times per year in company E: Happens several times per year location This assessment is based on experience and is indicative of the likelihood of undesired consequences materializing. Note again that this should not be confused with the probability that the hazard is released; it is the probability of the estimated potential consequences occurring. In smaller operating units or new ventures where experience is limited, it is recommended that the probability is assessed on the basis of knowledge from similar operations in other operating units. In new ventures, the potential consequences scale only can be used and investigations carried out for all incidents with potential 3 or higher. By doing so, every opportunity is used for learning from the potentially serious incidents, no matter how unlikely their occurrence may be. Risk Assessment Matrix Increasing Probability A B C D E Rating People Environment Image Never Heard of Incident Happens Happens heard incident has several several of in in chem. occurred times per times per the industry in our year in year at world company company location 0 No No impact No impact injury Improve through procedures 1 Slight Slight impact Slight impact Manage for continuous improvement injury 2 Minor Minor impact Limited injury impact 3 Major Localized Considerable injury impact impact 4 Single Major impact Major fatality national 5 Multiple Massive Major fatalities impact international Intolerable Incorporate Risk Reduction Measures No Assets were taken into account RISK CLASSIFICATION Using the risk assessment matrix, risk is classified by three characters made up as follows  The first character is a measure of the likelihood of an undesired event: A - E  The second character is the consequence severity that could occur with that event: 1 - 5  The third character shows to which consequence category the assessment pertains: People (P), Asset (A), Environment (E), Reputation (R) International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) |9 IIPSM HSE Training Manual The intersection of the chosen column with the chosen row is the risk classification. For some scenario, different classifications may apply to P, A, E and R In order to determine whether a particular risk has been reduced to ALARP apply the criteria using the Risk Assessment Matrix above. Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm. However, once a hazard becomes “active” it can create an emergency situation. Hazard and vulnerability interact together to create risk. APPLICATION IN HSE RISK MANAGEMENT Objective setting is at the heart of the HSE management systems. The risk assessment matrix is a useful tool that can help management in the interpretation of risk (expressed in the policy and strategic objectives of the company), and also help the line in understanding how this policy and these objectives are to be regarded (in terms of tolerable risk) in their day to day operations. The definition of tolerable risk should be derived from the policy and strategic objectives of the company and can be indicated on the risk assessment matrix by company management by shading-in the appropriate areas. The shading indicated in the matrix recommended practice; deviations can be considered for small operating entities. 10 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT WHAT IS HRA? Health risk assessment is a structural approach to identifying, assessing, controlling, and documenting those health risks arising from chemical, physical, biological, ergonomic and psychological hazards associated with the work environment which has been identified as potentially high or medium on the risk assessment matrix. Health risk assessments are to cover all activities, including new projects, acquisition, closure, divestment and abandonment of facilities. They are to be carried out by competent persons in line with good practice as described in the group guide to health risk assessment. SETTING OUT FOR HRA The following steps explains the process of carrying out a HRA  Get the management‟s commitment to HRA  Set up an assessment team  Identify assessment units within the workplace  Work through the surveys, assess each equipment, chemical, activity etc.  Make hazard or task matrix  Look at the recorded incidents, faults, reports, inspections, maintenance, sicknesses, and absenteeism Exposure monitoring and health surveillance programmes are to be implemented where the need is identified by the company or based on government requirements. Results of mandatory company or governmental exposure monitoring and health surveillance are to be recorded. HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT (HIA) HIA is to be made in conjunction with any environmental or social impact assessment projects where there is the potential to impact the health of the local community and contract workers and their families. CARRYING OUT HIA  Check health baseline of personnel  See to the health needs discovered from the baseline tests  Identify hazards of work or project  Evaluate the impact of the hazards (using RAM)  Predict impact and put mitigation measures in place  Set up a strategic health management plan International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 11  IIPSM HSE Training Manual BASIC INCIDENT REPORTING AND INVESTIGATION INTRODUCTION Incidents are generally defined as sudden unwanted occurrences that can cause or have the potential to cause harm to people and damage to assets, reputation and the environment. When an incident results in actual injury or damage, it is termed an „accident‟. When there is no injury or damage, an incident is termed a „near miss‟. It is important to appreciate the fact that a „near- miss‟ is called “an accident that failed to produce either injury or damage or both”. PURPOSE OF INCIDENT REPORTING AND INVESTIGATION Incidents are said to be unwanted because of the resulting consequences of injury or death to persons, and damage to health, the environment and reputation. Besides these, there is also the economic impact, which results in loss of profits to the organization, as well as loss of income to employees and the government. Since incidents are unwanted, they need to be prevented. It is now an accepted principle that “All incidents are preventable” because it is believed also that “Accidents don't just happen; they are caused. Therefore to prevent accidents, remove the causes”. Investigation is the route to know the causes of incidents and this can be conducted only when it is known that an incident has occurred. For incidents to be prevented, it is important that they are reported promptly. Incidentally, prompt reporting of accidents is a statutory requirement of the Factories Act and the Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulations, and is also a requirement by responsible industrial and commercial organizations. The basic reason is that it enables immediate action being taken to start off the machinery for investigation for the purpose of ascertaining the true cause or causes of the incident, with a view to providing measures for the prevention of similar occurrences. Incident investigation include efforts made to determine the sequence of events that could be identified as the cause or causes of an incident, so that preventive actions could be taken in future. It is mandatory that every incident/accident is promptly reported, investigated and reviewed at a level appropriate to the incident/accident and to put measures in place to prevent reoccurrence. The reason for investigation is summarized as follows:- 1. To prevent re-occurrence 2. Legal requirement makes it compulsory for accidents to be investigated so that regulatory bodies can ensure that enough corrective actions is to be taken to mitigate the effect of the accident on people, property and environment. 3. Company needs: The organization involved in the accident needs to identify certain factors necessary for speedy recovery from the impact of the accident. 4. Stakeholders interest: Any forward-looking organization ought to publicize very objectively, facts surrounding major events like an accident, hence the need for thorough accident investigation. This will assure stakeholders that their interests are protected. 5. Compensation: It is easier to determine what compensation is necessary after an accident has occurred  IIPSM HSE Training Manual STAGES IN INCIDENT INVESTIGATION 1. Notification: There is always a strong need to promptly notify the authorities of an organization in the event of an accident. This has the advantage of providing opportunity for proper care for injured persons and for getting fresh and reliable information about the incident. An effective emergency response plan will be of immense help here. 2. Investigation Analysis, Conclusion and Recommendation: This stage has to do with the collection and collation of evidence from witnesses and victims, subjecting these facts to critical analysis and coming up with effective recommendation based on conclusions reached. 3. Incident Review/Feedback: There is always a need to review an incident in a group so that a cross section of the Personnel can learn and also help to bring to bear on the work system and environment the dividends of an effective investigation. 4. Implementation of Recommendations: The benefits of a well-investigated accident will reduce accident rate if the recommendations are effectively implemented. It is therefore important to put in place effective machinery for the implementation of recommendations. 5. Follow-up: A follow-up of the implementation of the recommendations will ensure that the recommendations will not end on the pages of papers. IMMEDIATE STEPS TO BE TAKEN AFTER AN ACCIDENT HAS OCCURRED Safety of the Work Environment: There is need to ensure that there is no further threat in the accident environment otherwise site shut down process should be initiated. Care for Injured Personnel: Injured Personnel should be promptly attended to medically, if possible, at the scene of the accident, or evacuated to a better place. Call for Help/Inform Others: Where emergency phone log is handy, prompt calls for help could be made with huge mitigating benefits. There is also need to formally inform your clients in writing. Initiate Investigation: Formal investigation needs to be initiated by taking notes and interviewing all who have any contribution to make (either victims or eyewitnesses) as soon as possible after the accident. Assurance Measures: There is need to make public the steps being taken by the management of the organization so that there would be no room for speculation. PROPER ATTITUDE TO ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION 1. Be Positive: There is need to show a positive attitude towards an accident investigation in order to encourage others and bring out the best in them. 2. Play Down on Statistics: There is need to be careful not to make a big show of statistics e.g. emphasizing the number of accidents that have occurred. 3. Commend Positive Action: There‟s a need not to turn an eye only to where there are faults, but also to promptly commend positive actions taken by anyone. International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 13 IIPSM HSE Training Manual WHY PEOPLE DON'T REPORT INCIDENTS  Fear of Discipline: Like children who tell lies to evade discipline, some adults fail to report accidents/incidents for the same reason. This trend is further encouraged by certain organizations that look for scapegoats after any accident.  To Avoid Bureaucratic Bottle Necks: Often times, client's demand for effective incident investigation can be burdensome, hence there is a tendency to skip reporting some accidents.  Fear of Medical Treatment: Some people have a mortal fear for medical treatment (e.g. Injection). As a result, some Personnel will refuse to report an accident involving injuries to avoid medical treatment.  Fear of Losing Reputation: The fear of losing a reputation that took years to build leads to under-reporting incidents/accidents.  Fear of others Reaction: To avoid scornful remarks of others, some accident victims will simply refuse to report.  To Avoid 'Destroying' Records: In an attempt to keep HSE records 'clean', deliberate attempts are made not to report certain incidents/ accidents that will 'destroy' the records. WHO SHOULD INVESTIGATE AND WHY The Line Department: People in the direct line of the task being performed before the accident occurred should be involved with the accident investigation because of certain advantages though exceptions are made in some cases. These advantages include: i. Safe Work Place: The departments are interested in having a safe work place, hence will spare no efforts in ensuring that the accident investigation is successful. ii. Technical Knowledge/Expertise: The line departments Personnel become familiar with the job processes and possibly the work environment. iii. Access to Information: There is easy access to information in the line department because one can identify who is responsible for what is needed. iv. Initiation of Action: In most cases, the line department Personnel initiates investigative actions, so involving them will ensure that no important aspects is ignored. 14 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF UNSAFE ACT AUDITING INTRODUCTION Unsafe act auditing (UAA) is a component of a good HSE management system. A very high proportion of accidents result from individual‟s unsafe acts. Existing audit programs focus almost entirely on facilities and systems rather than on individual‟s working practices. In many cases, HSE management efforts are reactive and driven by poor accident statistics rather than aimed at accident prevention. There is therefore a need to prevent accidents and institute a structured implementation of unsafe act auditing. UNSAFE PRACTICE An unsafe practice which includes an unsafe act and unsafe condition is a conduct (whether witnessed or not) that unnecessarily increases the likelihood of injury, violates established safety rules or is contrary to the expected conduct. The illustration below is a pictorial representation of an unsafe act and an unsafe condition. OBJECTIVES OF UNSAFE ACT AUDITING i. To reduce significantly the potential for accidents in the individual's working practices; both the unsafe act committed and the unsafe conditions created. ii. To reaffirm and improve the accepted standard of HSE performance. iii. To improve communication and understanding, and also contribute towards more effective use of total resources of the business. iv. To provide more sensitive indication of safety performances given by accident statistics. International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 15 IIPSM HSE Training Manual v. To change the cultural attitude towards safety from one where:  Unsafe practices are condoned  HSE management is reactive concentrating on statistics  HSE is seen as an extra and not as an integral part of business  HSE is seen as someone else‟s responsibility To one where:  Unsafe acts and conditions are observed, identified and eradicated  HSE management is preventive and concerned with people  HSE management is an integral and cost effective part of business management, supervision and work force TECHNIQUES FOR CONDUCTING UNSAFE ACT AUDITING  Preparation: Employees should be made aware of this program. They should be informed of the objectives and methodology, educated on the benefits and how they can co-operate and contribute towards its success  Observation: During the audit, look for unsafe actions. These may be observed violation of safety rules and procedures and unsafe conditions  Discussion: The purpose is to ensure that employees participate in improving performance through recognition and correction of their own unsafe acts  Recording: List the unsafe acts observed and discussed. Note the items for further discussion and make copies available for follow up  Follow up: Use the report to correct lapses and weaknesses. Train the employees where it‟s required and check on the safety performance trends in the site HSE DEPARTMENT The HSE department is expected to receive copies of audit report forms for analysis in order to:  Monitor the audit process  Identify performance trends  Assess overall strengths, weaknesses and training needs The figure below comprises of a list of unsafe acts and unsafe conditions which could cause accidents. 16 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual LOCATION: Site Item Hazard Observed Unsafe Unsafe Action Action Target status of No. Act Condition Required Party date follow up 1 1 Bulk lorry driver jumped X from cab 2 Mechanic using incorrect X tools Loose electrical cable in 3 X an office Supervisor not using seat 4 belt fitted car X 2 1 Laboratory fire exit X blocked 2 Forklift truck driver not X wearing hard hat A worker lifting drums 3 X X incorrectly Contract electrician 4 X working on a platform not tagged “Ready for Use” Visitor smoking in No- X X 5 Smoking area A worker refueling a 6 generator set that is on X TOTAL 8 4 FIGURE 1: UNSAFE ACT AUDIT REPORT FORMS International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 17 IIPSM HSE Training Manual IMPLEMENTATION OF UNSAFE ACT AUDITING Unsafe act auditing is an extremely powerful tool for stimulating positive action to prevent accidents and also for improving the two-way flow of communication on safety matters at all levels. It could be used negatively in a disciplinary environment, therefore, its power can be damaging and provoking strong negative reactions from the work force. It is therefore vital that the implementation plan provides uniform communication, training and verification, backed by a high level of visible management involvement. Training in the technique requires practice in small groups under the direct supervision of an expert. Providing the resources for this will be one of the major challenges of implementation. The required steps which can be adapted to local circumstances is given below: Commitment  Brief the management team and obtain their commitment to provide high-caliber supervisors for an implementation task force to make themselves and their staff available for training  Discuss objectives of the implementation plan, ideas, potential barriers and solution with all levels of employee through the safety committees  Select a cadre of high-caliber supervisors, one from each of the line departments, together with safety and training staff, to carry out the initial implementation phase Training  This cadre is then trained in the technique directly by outside experts either by attending outside courses or an in-company course  The cadre develops training materials for in-company workshops to cascade techniques down the company. All members of the cadre can then run training workshop, with the line supervisors providing the additional training required for their more specialized operations  Each department develops its implementation plan, covering not only the release of staff for training but also requiring those trained to practice the skills straightaway, with follow-up on progress by their supervisor  Each of the supervisor groups going through the initial in-house courses should include a manager or department head to ensure the effectiveness of the training, acquire the techniques and also to demonstrate the managements support APPLICATION OF UNSAFE ACT AUDITING  Application of the unsafe act auditing process is via Line Management.  The first line supervisor is the key figure in the process, being the direct interface between the management and work force, but it is also essential that all levels of management visibly support and participate in the elimination of unsafe practices.  Reports (see Figure 1) are required for each audit completed, providing a motivation by measuring the success of reduced unsafe acts, indicate implementation progress, and identify areas line action is needed. 18 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual OUTLINE OF UNSAFE ACT AUDITING TRAINING WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES  To provide supervision with the skills to carry out unsafe act auditing effectively  To motivate them to use these skills to achieve and maintain high levels of safety performance in the areas for which they are responsible PARTICIPATION Classroom sessions would involve groups of about 15 - 25. For the site training to be effective, the Practical Audit sessions should be carried out by one instructor with 3 or 4 trainees. MATERIAL In sessions 2 and 3, photo and/or video materials should be used for demonstration and discussion of unsafe acts and conditions that may have the potential for accidents. This material is best prepared locally so as to be relevant to the Company's operations and environment PROGRAM The detailed timing will depend on the Company‟s organization and logistics. The subjects to be covered would include: Session Aims 1. Introduction To discuss the Company's HSE philosophy, policy and aims and the key elements of safety management. To discuss who is responsible for safety. To illustrate that auditing for unsafe acts is a key element in achieving success. 2. The principles of auditing To discuss the key elements in unsafe act by carrying out an unsafe act audit. 3. Deciding what and where To decide where to audit, what needs to be looked for in a specific work site location. To plan and prepare for the audit. 4. A practical audit Groups of three or four can be accompanied by the instructor to carry out an unsafe act audit in a work site location. Depending on numbers participating, several locations can be audited simultaneously by different groups. 5. Review of practical To discuss what has been developed and highlight specific action plans for managers and supervisors to eliminate the types of unsafe acts and conditions observed. 6. Review of the training To review what was learnt during the workshop. To motivate participants to implement unsafe act auditing in their work areas. If possible, sessions 3, 4 and 5 should be repeated in a different work situation. Indeed, it is preferable to practice the techniques as much as possible in various working environments. International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 19 IIPSM HSE Training Manual Where highly specialized work practices are involved, it is essential that the initial basic site workshop be followed by an exercise with a specialist instructor at an appropriate work site. The minimum basic workshop would take one day, preferably extended to 2 days by additional practice exercises. HSE audits are carried out in order to assess the effectiveness of the HSE Management System (HSE-MS). HSE INSPECTIONS This section highlights some of the issues to be considered in HSE inspections, and outlines a generic process for conducting an HSE inspection. INSPECTION FOCUS The scope, depth and focus of an HSE inspection vary depending on the type of inspection. In general, there are two levels of focus for HSE inspections: 1. High level The main focus is to verify the effectiveness of the HSE Management System, rather than unsafe acts and conditions on site. For example, when inspecting vehicle safety, it is more useful to inquire about the system for carrying out vehicle checks, rather than ask if vehicle checks have been carried out that day. Management HSE Inspections and well Engineering Inspections are examples of high level inspections. 2. Low level These involve systematic observation of the work and behavior of staff and contractors to assess compliance with procedures and work instructions. The main focus is to identify unsafe acts and conditions on site. Examples include Spot Vehicle Inspections and Permit to Work Inspections. STANDARDS AGAINST WHICH TO AUDIT 1. Corporate/Division Policies and Procedures 2. Facility Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) 3. Laws and Regulations (Federal/National, State/Provincial, and Local) 4. Best Management Practices 5. Management Systems INSPECTION PROGRAMME/PLAN Prior to conducting an inspection, it may be necessary to contact the relevant area manager or supervisor to discuss details of the inspection and make the necessary arrangements. Issues to be covered may include:  Date and time for the inspection  Briefing material required  List of documents and records to be reviewed  Interviews to be conducted  Site access and safety requirements/procedures (including personal protective equipment)  Emergency drills  Travel/accommodation arrangements. 20 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual Based on this information, it may be useful to prepare an inspection plan. This will help ensure that the people you want to interview are available, emergency drills can be conducted and do not disrupt interviews, etc. Most companies engage in a three-phased audit process to fulfill the objectives of the audit programme. AUDIT APPROACH There are two important components in completing the five-step process:  Assessment Process: to develop an opinion (judgment) on the strengths and weaknesses of the activities under review.  Verification Process: to determine adherence to specific standards. Although assessment and verification based techniques play a key role in the audit process, they each provide the auditor with different information. What to look out for in Assessment Process Deficiencies, problems, risks, and conformance with good practice, professional opinion as performance with regard to accepted practice and recommendations for improvement What to look out for in Verification Process Evidence of compliance with regulations, policies, and procedures, statement of performance against standards with identification of shortcomings/areas for improvement AUDIT SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES In implementing the five-step audit process, there are some essential audit skills, techniques, and tools that can be utilized to increase on-site efficiency and effectiveness.  Conducting interviews/open meetings  Documenting the audit (working papers)  Gathering audit data  Using sampling strategies  Writing audit findings  Communicating audit results International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 21 IIPSM HSE Training Manual ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES/AIMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT  To describe the environment and its component  To describe how full Exploration and Production (E & P) and other activities can cause environmental damage  To define sustainable development  To plan your activity in a way in which development/operations does not jeopardize natural resources THE ENVIRONMENT The environment is our surrounding. It is a life supporting system consisting of air, water, land and all plants, human beings and animals living therein and the inter relationship, which exist among these or any of them (ecosystem). COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT The three components of the environment are: Biotic, Abiotic and Social i. Biotic components are the living things ii. Abiotic components are the non-living things which include  Water (hydrosphere)  Air (atmosphere)  Land (lithosphere) iii. Social: this is the man-made environment. It includes societal development such as family group, village or urban community, his culture (beliefs and attitude), politics and government etc. HOW THE ENVIRONMENT IS AFFECTED BY OUR OPERATION Everything a man is and would be is dependent on the environment. Hence, the activities of man can destroy the natural quality of the environment, either directly or indirectly, through impact, pollution or over exploitation. The Environment is affected by our operations through the following means:  Operation of equipment  Maintenance of equipment  Waste handling  Environmental awareness 22 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual It is therefore our responsibility to minimize impacts on the environment by;  Reading the HSE policies in your company  Proper handling of waste  Reporting environmental hazard in operations to the appropriate authorities  Cherishing the natural environment  Stopping unsound environmental activities NUPRC OPERATIONS The Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) has put in place a system which tends to “Minimize the impact of its operations on the environment” such as:  Ensuring that environmentally unsound activities will not be started or will be suspended.  Ensuring environmental issues will be an integral part of NUPRC's business.  Ensuring full compliance with Nigerian Environmental Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Environmental protection is the protection and conservation of existing resources or it is the act of ensuring that air quality, water/groundwater quality, soil quality, noise/heat/light, vibration, vegetation, socio-economic/community impact, wildlife, fisheries etc. is conserved. HARMFUL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND EXPOSURES These are conditions which becomes harmful if one is exposed to them over long periods or are harmful when the dosage is unfavorable. S/N EXPOSURES RISK EFFECTS 1. EXCESSIVE NOISE Noisy work place from generator, Deafness, annoyance, irritations, (TLV) = 90db (a) flaring of gas, music shops, busy disturbs sleep airports, siren 2. RADIANT ENERGY/ People who work close to furnace, Heat stress, sweating, dilation of SUNLIGHT/ EXCESSIVE open flames etc. blood, dehydration, shortness of HEAT(>370 or 98.40k) breath. 3. LOW TEMPERATURE Cold climatic condition, cold rooms, Reduces activity, coma, death, (COLD) frozen water reduced consciousness, pneumonia, etc. 4. ABNORMAL AIR Mines, tunneling, flight at high Vomiting, dizziness, fainting, or death PRESSURES altitudes, tall buildings due to lack of oxygen. 5. EXECESSIVE VIBRATION Using pneumatic hammer, drilling Nervous disorder & SHOCK machine. 6. RADIATION Radiology, radiotherapy, x-ray, labs Damage to cells of living tissues, nuclear weapon testing, x-rays from deformities, sterility, skin cancer, etc. black and white televisions, etc. 7. LIQUID, FUMES & DUST Construction works, chemicals, acids Lung diseases like bronchitis, asthma, fumes, generator exhaust fumes respiratory disorders, irritation of skin, burn, poisoning, choking 8. LIQUID e.g. Acids poisons, Battery repairs, rubbers tapes, Burns, self-poisoning or intoxication Alkali laboratory workers International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 23 IIPSM HSE Training Manual SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT To accomplish environmental protection, a programme of sustainable development would be a central focus. Sustainable development is one which meets the present needs without compromising the ability of the future generation from benefitting from the common wealth of resources. In other words, it is the process whereby human exploitation of natural resources and the system of achieving development do not jeopardize the potential of meeting the future generation's needs. Methods of achieving sustainable development include:  Effective waste management  Afforestation  Pollution control  Conservation of natural resources  Proper environmental management plan (EMP) The principles of sustainable development include;  Due care  Due diligence  Environmental Management Plan (EMP)  Integration EMP into project life cycle  Housekeeping (Good housekeeping) Types of sustainable development  EMP tools  HEMP tools  Waste Management Plan (4Rs of Waste Management)  Abandonment Plan/Remediation WASTE MANAGEMENT This is the conscious and deliberate effort at putting away our waste without re-contaminating the environment. This process is required in order to reduce waste effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. All waste materials, whether solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive fall within the scope of waste management. What is a waste? Waste is defined as any material resulting from any activity, which has no immediate economic benefit and must be disposed off. An unwanted material which must also be managed from “cradle to grave” is also referred to as a waste. Why manage waste? Waste management seeks to gradually reduce wastes with the ultimate aim of eliminating those that have the potential to cause harm to people and the environment. 24 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual THREE (3) FORMS OF WASTE 1. Gaseous Wastes:- e.g. gas flaring, particulate dust, waste gases from stack, cement factories, stone crushing, excavation activities, lime dust, asbestos dust, acid fumes and cigarette fumes. 2. Liquid Wastes:- e.g. waste dissolved in water emanating from industrial processes (known as industrial effluent), domestic liquid, acids waste, waste oil from workshops. 3. Solid Waste:-e.g. broken bricks, refuse, sludge and slag, broken glass and bottles, can plastics, paper, battery casings, plantain skin, pure water bag, etc. WASTE CLASSIFICATION:- There are three classes of waste namely; 1. Domestic or municipal waste: examples include kitchen waste, garden waste, office waste, paper, food, wood, waste water from toilet and bathrooms, laundry 2. Industrial waste: examples include scrap metals, cardboard packaging, plastics, organic acid chemical waste, oil waste, effluents or gaseous emissions (smoke, fumes and particulate dust). 3. Hazardous waste: These are wastes that are potential hazards to human health and the environment. They are usually corrosive, ignitable/explosive, reactive, or toxic, and therefore they must receive further treatment before disposal. These include dangerous waste, infectious wastes, radioactive/nuclear waste, e.g. inflammable liquids, chemicals, hospital waste, tank bottom, sludge, pesticides, etc. PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT i. Waste Inventorisation:  Cataloging of all waste types, quantities, sources  Gives a quick insight on the magnitude of the waste problem at hand ii. Waste Characterization:  Checking Physio-chemical and toxicological properties iii. Waste Segregation:  Selective separation  Make for optimization of recovery of waste streams iv. Waste Minimization Involves the 4Rs  Reduce  Reuse  Recycle  Recovery v. Waste treatment:  This involves physical/biological treatment e.g. septic tank disposal (manually or by truck). Manual disposal requires treatment by adding kerosene International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 25  IIPSM HSE Training Manual WASTE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES FLOW CHART INVENTORY To acknowledge the degree of waste produced daily or overtimes. It acts as check and balance. Help to show the type of waste being handled from CHARACTERIZE various lines. Describes types and properties. Help to recalculate waste in the categories e.g. SEGREGATE Plastics, others. It keeps people in employment. E.g. Waste can be burnt in incinerators or MINIMIZATION – 4RS compressor by hydraulic press (paper waste) TREATMENT Is there Does it require Residue Treatment treatment? Disposal Store WHY CLASSIFY WASTE?  Identification of wastes with hazardous potential  Management of hazardous waste  Waste segregation  Regulatory requirements 26 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual WASTE LIFE CYCLE WASTE SEGREGATION AT SOURCE  GENERAL WASTE: Black bin, Packaging material, Rags  FOOD/GARDEN WASTE: Green container  GLASS WASTE: Blue container  PAPER WASTE: Black plastic bags  IT CONSUMABLES: White container-Toner, cartridges  DANGEROUS WASTE: Red container e.g. medical waste  PLASTIC WASTE: Brown container  METAL WASTE: Black metal container  BATTERIES: Grey container WASTE DISPOSAL OPTIONS The following are the various waste disposal options:  Surface discharge (open dump)  Ocean dump  Re-injection  Bio-treatment  Thermal treatment-incineration  Solidification, Encapsulation (compress into solid)  Landfill: - Dig the ground, dump the waste and cover it. Preferably, biodegradable wastes are buried in landfill. Hazardous wastes (Nuclear Reactors) are buried deep down the earth (9500m) below. LANDFILL TYPES 1. Chemical landfill: - Waste requires pre-treatment before disposal-hazardous industrial waste. 2. Sanitary landfill: - Biodegradable materials, municipal waste/industrial and non-hazardous waste. 3. Inert landfill: - Non-decomposable, non-water soluble wastes e.g. nuclear wastes. Buried deep in the earth (97500m) and monitored. International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 27 IIPSM HSE Training Manual HAZARDS OF POOR WASTE MANAGEMENT  Unaesthetic dump site  Foul odours:- loss of community pride  Leachate from dump sites can poison our surface and ground water  Stagnant pools provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes, flies and other diseases vector  Provides abundant food for rodents which transmit harmful bacteria and virus leading to epidemic such as Ebola, Lassa, Plague  Fire outbreak EFFECT OF WASTE ON THE ENVIRONMENT In United Kingdom, much waste is buried in landfill site holes in the ground, sometimes in old quarries or those specially dug. But some wastes will eventually rot and in the process it may smell or generate methane gas, which is explosive and contributes to the greenhouse effect. Leachate produced as waste decomposes and may cause pollution. In the case of incinerating waste, there might be some problem because plastic tends to produce toxic substance such as dioxins, when they are burnt. Gases from incineration may cause air pollution and contribute to acid rain, while the ash from incinerators may contain heavy metals and other toxins; as a result of this there are active campaigns against waste incineration. METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL There are various methods of disposing waste which include; a) Landfill b) Incineration c) Recycling d) Sustainability e) Biological reprocessing f) Energy recovery g) Resource recovery h) Avoidance and reduction method WASTE HANDLING AND TRANSPORT Waste collection methods vary widely among different countries and regions. Domestic waste collection services are often provided by the local government authorities, or by private companies in the industry. Some areas, especially those in less developed countries do not have a formed waste collection system. Examples are: a) A few communities in Europe and some other places around the world uses a proprietary collection system called ENVAC, which conveys refuse via underground conducts using a vacuum system. b) In Canada, urban centers use CURBSIDE COLLECTION, which is the most common method of waste disposal. In rural areas, people often dispose their waste by hauling it to a transfer station. 28 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual c) In Israel, the Arrow Ecology company has developed the Arrow Bio System, which takes trash directly from collection bucks and separates organic and inorganic materials through gravitational setting, screening and hydro mechanical shredding. IMPORTANCE OF WASTE MANAGEMENT Management of waste can involve many things. It encompasses collecting waste materials and processing it in some ways, or trying to recycle it. It can have both health and environmental implications. Residents and companies are constantly working for the best and least expensive way to handle the ever-growing problems. Every company and each person needs to find their ways to deal with waste. If we all work together, we can stop the problem before it gets out of control. We are all responsible when it comes to making our planet safer and more environmentally friendly. COST OF WASTE Waste attracts loss or cost based on its impact to our health and environment. These costs include: i. Environmental costs: Waste attracts rodents and insects which harbor gastrointestinal parasites, yellow fever, worms, plagues and other health conditions for humans. Exposure to hazardous waste, particularly when they are burned can cause various other diseases including cancer. Waste can contaminate surface water, ground water, soil and air which causes more problems for humans, other species and the ecosystem ii. Social costs: Waste Management is a significant environmental justice issue. Many of the environmental burdens cited above are more often borne by marginalized groups, such as racial minorities, women and residents of developing nations. However, the need for expansion and siting of waste treatment and disposal facilities is increasing worldwide. There is now a growing market in the trans-boundary movement of waste, and although most waste that flows between countries goes between developed nations, a significant amount of waste is moved from one developing nation to another iii. Economic costs The economic costs of managing wastes are high, and are often paid for by municipal government. Money can often be saved with more efficiently designed collection routes, modifying vehicles, and with public education. Environmental policy such as “Pay as You Throw” can reduce the cost of management and also reduce waste quantities. Waste recovery (i.e. recycling, reuse) can curb economic costs because it avoids extracting raw materials and often cuts transportation costs. The location of waste treatment and disposal facilities often was an impact on property values due to noise, dust, pollution, unsightliness and negative stigma. The informal waste sector consists mostly of waste pickers who scavenge for metals, glass, plastics, textile and other materials and then trade them for a profit. International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 29 IIPSM HSE Training Manual SAFE HANDLING OF CHEMICAL (SHOC) SHOC has been developed in the industry as a simple information document on how to use, dispose, transport, store or procure chemicals in the workplace without endangering the health of people and the environment. They are developed from a more comprehensive document usually prepared by the manufacturer of the chemicals the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). WHY SHOC?  Due care  Due diligence  Statutory requirements: i. Factory Acts ii. Petroleum decree iii. Groups/SPDC policy iv. HSE-MS WHERE CAN SHOC BE FOUND WITHIN ANY ORGANISATION  ISO/EC Safety Data Sheet (SDS)  HSE-MS (EP 950,000) manual  EGS data base system  SHOC cards (modified for field staffs) WHAT IS CONTAINED IN A SHOC CARD/SHEET?  Product identity  Product composition  Physio-chemical properties  Toxicology information  Safety hazards and First Aid  Environmental hazards and precautions  Spillage mitigation and disposal options SAFE HANDLING PRACTICES FOR MOVING CHEMICALS Moving chemicals from one laboratory or area to another can be a very dangerous activity when safe handling precautions are not practiced. The SHOC card will explain the basic chemical handling and storage precaution to practice when moving chemicals between laboratories and buildings. First, perform a pre-move visual inspection and inventory of the chemicals that will be moved. You can make up an activity list as this:  Make a list of the chemicals and note the type (e.g. Acid, Base, Reactive, and Toxic) and amount of the chemicals to be moved  Make sure that each container is correctly labeled based on its contents  Observe the general condition of each chemical container  Observe each container‟s cap or closure seal for the formation of crystals 30 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual CAUTION: “DO NOT TIGHTEN, OPEN OR MOVE CONTAINERS THAT HAVE CRYSTALS FORMING ON THE CAPS AND SEALS” 1. Observe whether crystals, which could be the signs of decomposition, have formed inside the container. Ethers and other classes of organic peroxides can decompose and produce potentially dangerous explosive crystals. 2. Locate the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each chemical to be moved. Each MSDS has chemical specific handling and safety information that must be properly followed in order to move the chemical safely. 3. Plan the move. Choose the best route to take from point A to point B. Do not take container up and down stairs if possible. 4. Prepare yourself and the chemicals for the move. NOTE:  Remember to use the proper goggles, gloves and other personal protective equipment before handling any chemical.  Group the containers for the move by hazard class. Do not move acids with toxic, or oxidizers with organic solvents. Make a separate move for each hazard class.  Transfer salvageable chemicals from deteriorating or contaminated containers to new containers with new labels. Properly dispose of unsalvageable and excess chemicals as hazardous waste.  Box chemical containers if possible, using the correct packing materials (e.g. Vermiculite, original packaging boxes).  If you use a cart to move containers, make sure it has rail so the containers don't slip off. Place heavy containers on the button rack of the cart. Do not over load the cart, make several trips if necessary.  Take a chemical spill kit with you in the event you have a spill along the move. This can be a can coffee filled with Vermiculite or the Acid/Base neutralizer kits found in many labs. COMPRESSED CYLINDER HANDLING NOTE:  Always remove regulators from the cylinders before moving  Always replace the metal valve cover on the cylinder before moving  Move the cylinder with a cylinder dolly made especially for moving cylinders. Make sure the cylinder is securely chained or strapped  DO NOT lay cylinders on their sides. Laying a cylinder on its side can cause condensed liquid in the cylinders to enter the valve. When the valve is opened the liquid can rapidly volatilize and expand. This can produce potentially explosive conditions 5. Before the move, recheck the storage system where you're moving to. The best way to store reactive chemical is by its family groups, making sure that you don't put certain group right International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 31 IIPSM HSE Training Manual next to each other. For example, store phenols and amines away from acid chlorides. Inorganic compounds should be separated from organic ones. The inert or low-reactive materials can still be stored in alphabetical order. This “mixed” system can work well and will help you comply with chemical storage requirements. 6. Be prepared for unexpected events during the move.  Stay with the containers; do not let them out of sight while you are moving them between points “A” to “Z”.  Be aware of the surroundings and watch for door openings in your way. Warn people of the hazard before they get close to you.  If it begins to rain while you are outside of a building, you will need to find safe cover for the containers.  Have your spill kit available as well as the phone number to call in the event of when you have a spill.  Familiarize yourself with chemical hygiene plan (Spill Clean-Up Procedures) By following these basic chemical handling practices during your move, you can ensure your safety, as well as the safety of others around you. SAFE HANDLING OF CHEMICAL IN SUMMARY 1. PHYSICAL STATES OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS * Liquid * Solid * Gas * Vapour 2. CATEGORIES OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS * Corrosive * Flammable * Toxic * Reactive * Radioactive * Carcinogen (cancer-causing) * Biological (infectious) ii). INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICALS * Flammables and oxidizers * Flammables and ignition source * Acids and cyanides * Strong acids and strong alkaline * Concentration acids and water * Organic solvents and corrosives * Corrosive and other reactive materials. 3. HOW TO HANDLE CHEMICALS PROPERLY * Use cautions and always follow procedures * Read all labels * Keep yourself and the work area clean * Plan ahead 4. HANDLING CHEMICAL EMERGENCIES * Know emergency phone numbers * Know how to control the spill * Know proper equipment shutdown procedure 32 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual * Know proper evacuation routes and assembly areas 5. HANDLING FLAMMABLE CHEMICALS * Keep container closed when not in use * Keep away from ignition source * Avoid contact with incompatible materials * Only transfer to approved containers * Clean up spills and dispose waste properly 6. PROPER STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE CHEMICALS * Ensure that storage areas meet regulatory requirements * Ground all drums properly * Store quantities in approved storage rooms and cabinets * Store only in small quantities 7. SYMPTOMS OF POSSIBLE OVER EXPOSURE * Eye discomfort *Breathing difficulty * Dizziness * Headache *Nausea * Skin irritation 8. ROUTES OF EXPOSURE * Inhalation * Ingestion * Absorption * Injection 9. PRIMARY CONTAINER LABELS * Identity of the hazardous chemical * Appropriate hazard warnings * Name and address of the manufacturer or importer * Target organ effects 10. SECONDARY CONTAINER LABELS * Identity of the hazardous chemical * Hazard warning information 11. GENERAL SAFETY TIPS * Never eat, drink, or smoke while using hazardous chemicals * Use personal protective equipment as required * Make sure all chemical containers are properly labeled * Always wash off after using chemicals * Never smell or taste a chemical to identify it * Know all emergency procedures and equipment *Always read labels (MSDSs) prior to use * Store all hazardous chemicals properly * Always use hazardous chemicals as intended International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 33 IIPSM HSE Training Manual 12. FIRST AID FOR CHEMICALS IN THE EYES * Don't rub the eyes * Hold eyelids and flush with water for 15 minutes * Be careful not to contaminate the other eye * Seek additional medical attention 13. FIRST AID FOR CHEMICALS IN THE SKIN * Flush area with lukewarm water for 15 minutes * Remove clothing and jewelry from burn area * Seek additional medical attention 14. WHAT EMERGENCY PERSONNEL SHOULD KNOW * Emergency cleanup and disposal measure * Required protective equipment * Use of cleanup equipment * Firefighting and other emergency measures (i.e. first aid) * Use of other emergency equipment PROJECT MANAGERS RESPONSIBILITIES  Ensure SHOC cards are available on operation sites  Ensure compliance with SHOC guidelines and regulation  Report presence of new chemical BENEFITS OF SHOC  Identification of HSE hazards  Basic First Aid measures  Fire-fighting  Chemical handling and storage  Exposure controls and PPEs  Disposal considerations  Transport information REGULATORY BODIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES  Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC)  Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA)  State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)  Local Government  Group Guidelines Policies  International Convention/Agreement LEGISLATIONS/DECREES The purpose of Legislation/Decree is to promote, stimulate and encourage high standard of health, safety and welfare in industrial establishments. 34 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual AIM OF FACTORY DECREE/ LEGISLATION  To secure the health, safety and welfare of persons at work  To protect people, other than persons at work against risks to health or safety arising out of or in connection with the activities at work  To involve everyone, both management and employees, making them all aware of the importance of safety and health. ENFORCEMENT OF DECREE/ LEGISLATIONS  NUPRC (Oil related industries)  Factories inspectorate: They have the power to prosecute, conduct and defend before a court any charge, information, complaint or other proceeding arising under the decree. It also publishes advisory materials for the education of employers and employees. SOME RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS  Petroleum Act Decree No. 51 of 1969  Explosives Act Decree No. 38 of 1967  Oil in Navigable Waters Decree No. 34 of 1968  Mineral Oil (safety) Regulations of 1962  Land use Act Decree No. 6 of 1978  Factories Acts Decree No. 16 of 1987  Harmful Waste Decree No. A2 of 1988  FEPA Act Decree No. 58 of 1988  Decree 86 of 1992 on Environmental Impact Assessment NUPRC SPECIFIC STANDARD (As it relates to Production)  No discharge to the Environment without NUPRC permission  Limits set for all effluent discharges  Limits set for Noise, Heat Radiation and smoke for flared Gas Noise = 80 100 dBA Heat = 6.31 kw/m Smoke = 60% Light Transmission International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 35 IIPSM HSE Training Manual IMPORTANT POINTS TO NOTE Hazardous chemicals can cause any of the following Headaches, Rashes and Burns Respiratory problems Death Lungs and Liver damage Reproductive damage Cancer Physical hazards you may face Flammable liquids or solids Combustible liquids Compressed gases Explosive materials Unstable materials Water reactive materials Various ways chemicals can enter the body  Breathing them in through the nose or mouth  Making contact with the skin or eyes  Swallowing chemicals while eating or drinking How to protect one‟s self  Follow all outlined steps  Read all labels  Read the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)  Wear the proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Labels  Check labels prior to use for hazard warnings  Treat unlabeled containers as dangerous  Do not remove labels  Look for National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) labels 36 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual  Blue (4) is toxic  Red (3) is flammable  Yellow (2) is reactive  Numbers 3 and 4 are very hazardous Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) Use the MSDS to get information about: Chemical name Physical characteristics Fire and explosion data Dangerous properties Reactivity data Precautions for safe handling Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) The PPE includes Safety glasses, goggles and face shields Gloves Foot protection Aprons or full body suits Respirators and dust masks Head protection Other Ways to Protect Yourself NEVER  Eat, drink or smoke when working with hazardous chemicals  Wash or store your PPE with family clothing ALWAYS  Wash hands, arms and face with soap and water after use  Check your PPE for damage  Perform self-examinations Signs you are being exposed to hazardous chemicals  Foul odor  Metallic taste  Foreign particles in nose  Rashes, burns, watery eyes, irritated throat, headache or dizziness If exposure occurs  Inhalation: move to fresh air  Eye or skin contact: flush with water for at least 15 minutes  Swallowed hazardous chemicals: seek immediate medical assistance If there is a spill or leak  Warn others  Turn off machines and evacuate  Stay upwind  Don't attempt to rescue unless trained International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 37 IIPSM HSE Training Manual FIRE SAFETY INTRODUCTION As one of the vital elements that sustain life, (air, water and fire, heat), it is used in homes and in industries, providing heat for cooking, warming and production. However, this same invaluable friend (fire) could be dangerous and devastating, if not handled with care. Fire has, in recent times, cost countries around the world trillions of Naira, or whatever the currency of that country is, has claimed lives and valuable assets, and also industries and business have been wiped out. The nature of fire needs to be understood such that measures can be put in place to prevent its occurrence in an undesirable manner, or reduce its consequences in case it happens. OBJECTIVES OF FIRE SAFETY 1. The objectives of basic firefighting training is to teach the fundamentals of firefighting, using the various firefighting equipment found in the work environment, so that personnel on the spot can effectively deal with an outbreak. 2. Time is an important factor in firefighting and the man on the spot with some training is more valuable for firefighting than the full time fire brigade at a distance. This is more so because a prompt action may extinguish a fire before it develops into an inferno. 3. Despite the best efforts of preventing fire, fires do occur from time to time. Application of preventive/protective measures to control fire damage is therefore part of our daily operational routine. WHAT IS FIRE? i. Fire is a rapid combustion of two or more substances with oxygen (O2) resulting in the production of heat and light. ii. Fire is a chemical reaction between combustible materials and oxygen in which energy evolves in the form of heat and light. 38 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual iii. Fire is a chemical reaction known as combustion. it is the rapid oxidation of combustible materials accompanied by a release of energy in form of heat and light. iv. Fire is the interaction between a fuel, oxygen and heat at an appropriate temperature, resulting in the production of flame. These definitions show that the three elements (fuel, heat and oxygen) must be present for fire to occur and if any is removed, fire cannot exist. They are termed elements of combustion and diagrammatically represented as the triangle of combustion. NOTE: Combustion is a burning process. It is a rapid chemical reaction or series of reactions in which heat is emitted as well as light. ELEMENTS OF FIRE There are three essential element, which must be present at the same time in order to produce fire. 1. Enough oxygen to support combustion 2. Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature 3. Some sort of fuel or combustible material An understanding of these elements will help us to see more clearly the role they play in the combustion process. HEAT Heat and temperature are closely related and in some cases, inseparable. Heat is defined as energy in disorder which moves from an area of high temperature to that of a low temperature while temperature is the measurement of its degree and intensity. Heat for ignition can come from many sources namely; open flame, electricity, hot surface, friction etc. After ignition temperature has been reached, burning will continue as long as fuel remains, and the amount of heat produced during a fire is called heat of combustion. FUEL Fuel is anything that has the capacity to burn; it exists in three basic forms i.e. organic solid, liquid, or gas. Solids and liquids therefore must have applied energy usually heat, to vaporized them before oxygen can react with the fuel in the combustion process. Organic Solid Fuel: Example; wood, paper, furniture, rubbish, textiles etc. International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 39 IIPSM HSE Training Manual Liquid Fuels: Example; crude oil, petrol, diesel, cooking oil, paint, etc. Gaseous Fuels: Example; hydrogen, Butane Acetylene, Propane and Natural gases etc. OXYGEN Oxygen constitutes about 21% of the total volume of air. It is a great supporter of life and combustion. Most fires draw their oxygen from air. Some materials however contain oxygen in a form that is liberated adequately to support combustion. Based on our knowledge on this three elements and their function to enhance fire, we could now go in detail for fire safety. FLASH POINT: Flash point is defined as the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives out vapour in sufficient quantity to form a mixture with the air that will ignite if a source of ignition is introduced IGNITION TEMPERATURE: This is the lowest temperature at which the substance will ignite spontaneously TRANSMISSION OF HEAT Heat is usually transferred when a temperature difference exist between two bodies. There are three basic modes of heat transfer namely Conduction, Convection and Radiation. i. Conduction: Heat may be conducted from one body to another by direct contact of the two bodies or by an intervening heat conduction medium. The amount of heat that will be transferred and its rate of travel by this method depends upon the conductivity of the material through which the heat is passed. ii. Convection: This is the transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid. When liquids or gases are heated, they begin to move within themselves. For example, as water is heated, it expands, grows lighter and moves upward. iii. Radiation: This is the process by which energy is emitted from a source in the form of rays or waves e.g. heat, light or sound. REASONS FOR FIRE SPREAD Fire spreads easily by conduction, convection and radiation within a building due to the following:  Delayed discovery  Large quantity of combustible materials  Lack of fire resisting structures  Opening in the floors and walls  Rapid burning of dust deposits  Flowing oils, fats and hydrocarbons  Combustible furnishing and fabrics  Combustible construction of buildings 40 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE Fires are generally classified in accordance with the British Standard of NFPA or USA‟s standard. There are four main classes of fire which are alphabetically coded, classes A, B, C and D. The nature of materials involved in the burning was also taken into consideration. ELECTRICAL FIRES: Electrical fires do not constitute a class because it is a source of heat. According to the present day ideas, class A, B and C can be started by electricity or can involve a live electrical installation and equipment. The normal technique is to cutoff the electricity and use the appropriate extinguisher. But if the source of electricity cannot be isolated, the extinguishing agents that do not conduct electricity can be used. E.g. dry chemical powder (DCP) or vapourizing liquids. Never use water on electrical equipment, as water is a good conductor of electricity and shock or electrocution may be the result. CAUSES OF FIRE Major, common or the works of nature generally causes fire. Major Causes This is due to i. Carelessness ii. Ignorance Common Causes  Smoking in prohibited areas  Flammable liquids International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 41 IIPSM HSE Training Manual  Defective electrical equipment  Spontaneous ignition  Arson by mischievous children and adults, fire raisers, facilitated by ineffective secured buildings Natural Causes 1. Thunder and lightening 2. Hurricane/whirl wind 3. Earthquakes 4. Volcanic eruption PREVENTIVE MEASURES  Good house keeping  Education  Enforcement  Engineering THE LAW The Fire Precautions (workplace) Regulation 1997 (amended in 1999) and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 places responsibility on the employer to ensure safety from fire in the workplace. These regulations require the employer to assess the likelihood of fire and its consequences and take appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate the risk. In the case of a workplace having 5 or more employees, the employer must record the significant findings of the risk assessment and identify any group(s) of people who are especially at risk. The workplace includes any place within the premises to which employers have access, such as any room, lobby or corridor and staircase, as well as any road used as a means of entering or leaving the workplace. A fire certificate is required for factory premises under which certain explosive or highly flammable materials are used or stored (depending on the kind and quantities). METHODS OF EXTINGUISHING FIRE THE TRIANGLE OF FIRE EXTINCTION: This is the principle of eliminating one or more basic elements of fire from the triangle of combustion. Under the theory of the fire triangle, there are three methods of fire extinction namely: starvation, smothering and cooling. Fire can only take place when the three basic elements as discussed earlier are present, it therefore follows that the removal of anyone of these three factors will result in the extinction of fire. 42 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPSM HSE Training Manual a. Starvation: This is the removal or limitation of fuel supply to fire e.g. isolating gas supply to a burning cooker, removing the combustible material from the fire etc. b. Smothering: This refers to the cutting off of oxygen supply to a fire e.g. the use of a fire blanket or cover lid on a frying pan on fire, a foam blanket for larger fires etc. c. Cooling: This refers to the reduction of heat below ignition temperature which is achievable mainly by the application of water. Generally, fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition sources separate. FIRE EXTINUISHERS: TYPES AND METHOD OF USE International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM) | 43 IIPSM HSE Training Manual HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER It's easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you can 44 | International Institute of Project and Safety Management (IIPSM)  IIPS