2024 Referencing Guide.pdf

STADIO Referencing Guide © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the permission of the publisher....

STADIO Referencing Guide © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the permission of the publisher. Table of Contents Heading Page number 1. INTRODUCTION 4 1.1 Why should you reference? 4 2. PLAGIARISM 6 2.1 What is plagiarism and why is it important to be aware of it? 6 2.2 Avoiding plagiarism 7 3. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) 8 3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 8 4. COPYRIGHT 10 4.1 Copyright/plagiarism 10 4.2 Detection of plagiarism and breach of copyright 11 5. THE STADIO REFERENCING SYSTEM 13 5.1 When to use references 13 5.2 Which referencing system should you use? 14 5.3 Methods of ‘in-text referencing’ or citation 15 5.4 Paraphrasing 20 5.5 Quotations 21 5.6 When no date is indicated for the year of publication 25 5.7 Place of publication is unknown 25 5.8 Publisher is unknown 25 5.9 Page numbers 25 5.10 Formatting the reference list 26 5.11 Websites as sources of information 27 6. GUIDELINES ON CITATIONS AND COMPILING REFERENCE LISTS 29 6.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 29 6.2 Books 29 6.3 Journal articles: citations and reference list 34 6.4 Newspaper articles 39 6.5 Law cases 41 6.6 Multiple works by the same author 42 © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 ii 6.7 Email correspondence 42 6.8 Web pages 43 6.9 Conference paper and conference proceedings 44 6.10 Theses and dissertations 45 6.11 Personal interviews 45 6.12 Study guides and lecture notes 46 6.13 Secondary sources 46 6.14 Government publications 47 6.15 Unpublished raw data 48 6.16 Multimedia 48 6.17 Artwork and designs 50 6.18 Student original work 52 6.19 Social media 54 6.20 Example of a list of references 57 7. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS) 63 7.1 General 63 7.2 Dates 63 7.3 Citations 64 7.4 Reference list 65 REFERENCES 67 ANNEXURE 1 68 STADIO SCHOOL OF LAW REFERENCING GUIDELINES 68 Format 68 Abbreviations 68 Quotations 68 Capital letters 69 Headings 69 Italics 69 References 69 © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 iii 1. Introduction At STADIO, you will be expected to compile and submit various documents for tuition and assessment purposes. The work you submit may be in the form of study materials, assignments, reports, dissertations, proposals, essays and projects. In preparing for and compiling these documents, you will be expected to consult, read, review, analyse, debate and paraphrase information from a wide variety of sources, including books, journals, research reports, magazines, websites, eDocuments, eJournals, eBooks, films, conference proceedings, newspapers, brochures, white papers, green papers, Government Gazettes, policies and Acts. Each time you refer to an idea, concept, theory, model or explanation from an information source, you need to identify and acknowledge the source — both in the text of your document and in a reference list at the end of your document. The practice of acknowledging sources (whether produced by an author, editor, compiler, composer, director, organisation or Artificial Intelligence [AI] tools) is known as referencing. It is extremely important that you cite information sources accurately whenever you refer to or use someone else’s ideas, opinions, theories, research, data, etc. Kotze (2009:19) argues that a reference is required whenever you: quote (use someone else’s exact words). copy (use figures, tables or structure). paraphrase (convert someone else’s ideas into your own words). summarise (use a brief account of someone else’s ideas). adapt (make minor revisions or remodel someone else’s ideas, models, theories, illustrations, etc.). 1.1 WHY SHOULD YOU REFERENCE? According to Harris (2000:23), references assist the author to: acknowledge all the sources of information accessed. substantiate arguments and discourse within the text. avoid plagiarism, even when it is unintentional. enable the reader(s) to follow up the source material. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 4 show the scope and depth of the research. strengthen the academic argument in the text. show the reader the source of their information. enable the reader to consult their sources independently. enable the reader to verify the information/data provided in the text. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 5 2. 2.1 Plagiarism WHAT IS PLAGIARISM AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO BE AWARE OF IT? In the academic context, we are continually engaging with other people’s ideas. We read them in texts, hear them in lectures, discuss them in class, and consequently, often incorporate them into our own writing. As a result, it is very important that we give credit where it is due by clearly signalling to the reader the precise sources from which ideas and information have been taken. Whenever you produce written work, such as assignments or answers to exam questions, you must differentiate between your own ideas and those of others. You must distinguish what you have written from what you are quoting directly or from what you are referring to. Using someone else’s ideas and not crediting those ideas properly (by referencing and citing your sources) and thus presenting them as your own is plagiarism. Plagiarism is cheating or academic fraud. Students found guilty of plagiarism will be punished. Examples of plagiarism are: Copying word for word (verbatim) from sections of a text (books, articles, newspaper and magazine articles, study materials, etc.). Using someone else’s work or ideas in a slightly altered form (such as substituting words for others with a similar meaning or paraphrasing) without acknowledgement. Copying from a classmate or from someone who completed the course before you. As part of the compulsory Academic Integrity Course (ACI) on Canvas, you will complete the STADIO Plagiarism Pledge. Subsequently, you cannot plead ignorance; by completing the pledge, you undertake to uphold the values of honesty and integrity throughout your studies at STADIO. This means that you have read and understood the nature of plagiarism and that your work at STADIO will not contain any plagiarised content. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 6 It does not matter how much of the other person’s or institution’s work you use (whether it is one sentence or a whole section), or whether you do it unintentionally or on purpose. If you present the work as your own without acknowledging that person/institution, you are committing plagiarism — an act tantamount to theft. You are taking someone else’s work and passing it off as your own. Because of this, plagiarism is regarded as a very serious offence and carries heavy penalties. STADIO owns the copyright on all its academic material. This means that whoever wishes to use STADIO material for assignments may do so, as long as they have properly referenced the material used. This is true even if parts of the material are used in the answer to an assessment question. Failure to do this is seen as plagiarism and the student may either lose marks for the sections(s) copied or face disciplinary action. 2.2 AVOIDING PLAGIARISM To avoid plagiarism: Use quotation marks for everything that comes directly from the text (please do not exceed 175 words in total for the entire quote when you quote). Paraphrase, but be sure you are not just re-arranging or replacing a few words. Instead, read over what you want to paraphrase carefully, cover up the text with your hand, or close the text so you cannot see any of it. Write out the idea in your own words without peeping and cite the source you have used in brackets after you have completed the idea. Check your paraphrasing against the original text to be sure you have not accidentally used the same phrases or words, and that the information is accurate (see also section 4.4). Use your own words, whether you have worked in a group or not. Never use a colleague/friend/family member’s assignment and merely paraphrase a number of words. It is never acceptable for students to share one electronic copy of the answers and to make minor changes before hand-in. Also, never share your assignment with anyone prior to the hand-in date. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 7 3. 3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) At STADIO we promote the ethical and responsible use of AI. It is your responsibility to check the specific AI requirements and conditions for every assessment question. Consult the STADIO AI Traffic Light Matrix (AIMat) to make sure whether a question is red (you may not use AI), amber (you may use AI), or green (you must use AI). Because of the rapid developments in Generative AI, the citation format may change. Make sure to check that you are familiar with the latest update. Here are some ways you could use generative AI in your studies (Open University, 2024): To help improve your writing skills, for example, by correcting spelling/grammar mistakes. Tools such as Microsoft Word grammar checker and Grammarly already do this and can be more appropriate for assessed work. To revise your own knowledge on a topic. This could be by asking it to summarise key information on a topic. To support critical thinking skills; for example, you could ask it to challenge your key points to help you identify potential gaps and strengthen your arguments. To develop understanding of complex concepts or apply discipline knowledge in new contexts. To generate initial ideas; for example, if you’re struggling with writer’s block, it can be used to draft ideas, plans, or structures that you can adapt based on your own understanding of the topic. To generate images, diagrams, infographics, tables, video and other visual representations. To transcribe audio to text and other formats. To create the structure, format or templates for your work. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 8 Remember that you will need to critically evaluate any information generated by such tools, as Generative AI has no understanding of the accuracy of the information it generates and so can provide incorrect or false information. When referencing information produced by Generative AI tools, it’s essential to acknowledge the source correctly. Because any content generated by AI cannot be recovered by the reader, it should be cited as personal communication. In addition, provide context for the reader by briefly explaining the prompt. You may be asked to include the Generative AI output in an addendum or appendix. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 9 4. Copyright The content in STADIO study guides and teaching documents is not intended to be sold for commercial purposes. Such content is in essence part of tuition and constitutes an integral part of the learning experience. 4.1 COPYRIGHT/PLAGIARISM When authors/students/academics submit work1, the same copyright/ plagiarism rules apply. No amount of any type of content should be used without reference, in a way that is in line with accepted rules for academic work and as referred to in authoring contracts. The following are guidelines: a) A direct quote from another author’s work may not exceed 175 words for the total quote, should be in quotation marks and should be referenced properly. b) No amount of plain text may be copied from another publication other than for referenced quotes as mentioned above. c) Authors can represent a diagram from another author with a reference. Such a diagram should form an integral part of the academic argument provided to the students. If such a diagram is changed in any way for the purposes of representation, the original author should be acknowledged and referenced. d) Any presentation of photos and artwork can only be done with the permission of the photographer or the original artist. School of Fashion students may use images for assessments, provided they reference the author accordingly. e) As part of learning activities, links can be provided to free video clips in the public domain to follow and watch as further enrichment, and as part of exploration beyond the basic learning content. 1 When we say ‘work’, it could refer to anyone's ideas such as words, images, audio, videos, designs textbooks, Internet web pages, newspapers, magazines, photographs, illustrations, diagrams and many more. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 10 f) As part of activities, links can also be provided for the above purpose to external websites for further enrichment and as part of exploration beyond the basic learning content. However, content of such websites is protected by the same rules as for printed text and may not be used without a reference and/or permission. g) Practices such as in-linking or deep-linking (linking into a particular website towards a specific target, or links that import images and other pieces of content directly) are not allowed. 4.2 DETECTION OF PLAGIARISM AND BREACH OF COPYRIGHT All STADIO teaching materials and academic content are scanned by an approved and appropriate similarity detection programme such as Turnitin. These programmes are widely used to alert researchers, students, and institutions such as STADIO to problems in texts related to plagiarism and copyright. Texts found to contain problems will be referred back to authors and the necessary steps will be taken. Authors are reminded of their contractual responsibilities in terms of submitting original work, and the obligation to reference, acknowledge, and respect the work of other authors. It is a contractual responsibility of an author to follow accepted copyright rules and not to commit plagiarism. There are four forms of plagiarism: 1. When the work submitted or presented has been done by someone other than the person submitting the work. 2. When the whole work, such as an essay, is copied from some other source. 3. When parts of the work are taken from another source and no reference is made to the original author. 4. When a student submits or presents work in one course which has also been submitted in another course and has not sought approval from the course coordinator to do so. In summary, plagiarism refers to any or all the following: Stealing and passing off the ideas or words of another as one's own. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 11 Using another's production (written or media) without crediting the source. Committing literary theft (stealing the writing of someone else and presenting it as your own). Presenting an idea or product as new and original while deriving it from an existing source. Turning in someone else's work as your own. Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit. Failing to put a quotation in quotation marks. Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation. Providing a false (non-existent) source. Changing words, but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit (not properly paraphrasing). Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 12 5. 5.1 The STADIO referencing system WHEN TO USE REFERENCES You must provide a reference whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarise someone else’s ideas, models, theories, or data. You must also reference any graphic information (such as graphs, pictographs, tables, illustrations, etc.) that you use. Some of the sources you will need to reference include the following: Books or chapters in books. Journal or newspaper articles. Conference papers. Films or television programmes. Personal communications, such as emails, letters, interviews, or answers generated from your interactions with AI tools. Electronic sources, such as web pages, journal articles from online databases, or electronic discussion forums, etc. Kotze (2009) points out that references should be used whenever you: quote the exact words of another author. refer to, paraphrase, or summarise someone else’s ideas, theories, arguments, and/or research in your own words. present another author’s interpretation, point of view, opinion, or understanding about an issue in your own words. state specific factual information, such as statistics, graphs, facts, verbal interviews. present diary entries that you have obtained from someone/somewhere else. present a table, graph, figure, or diagram taken or adapted from another source. construct a table, graph, figure, or diagram from data or information taken from another source (i.e. a source other than data that you have collected yourself) or produced with AI tools. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 13 5.2 WHICH REFERENCING SYSTEM SHOULD YOU USE? There are different referencing systems used in academic writing. STADIO uses an adapted version of the author–date system, commonly known as the Harvard Referencing System. This adaptation is called the STADIO Referencing System. The author–date referencing system comprises two parts, namely: 1. The author and the date are referred to in the text or main body of your writing (called embedded or in-text referencing). 2. All the resources referred to in the body of writing are included in the Reference List at the end of the text/assignment. All information is included in this list: author, date, title of publication, publisher, and where it was published. The other features of author–date referencing include: a specific order in which the information should be structured. the in-text reference, which should be placed (cited) in such a way that it causes minimal disruption to the flow of your writing. This usually means that the in-text referencing will appear at the very end or the very beginning of your sentences (see Ways of citing below). When you cite sources of information in the text, regardless of whether you quote, copy, paraphrase, or summarise, you should include: the author’s surname (family name). the year of publication (latest edition). page numbers, when directly quoting or closely paraphrasing an author’s words/material. correct punctuation and spacing. You are therefore advised to adhere strictly to the referencing conventions as explained in this guide. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 14 5.3 METHODS OF ‘IN-TEXT REFERENCING’ OR CITATION The STADIO Referencing System acknowledges the following methods of citing references, namely: author-prominent citations information-prominent citations image referencing (caption method) image referencing (thumbnail method) referencing edited or original images or photographs. Author-prominent citation This approach/style gives prominence to the author by using the author’s surname (family name) with the date, followed by a colon and the page number in parentheses (round brackets). Examples Direct quote: Govender (1999:31) argues that “school teachers in South Africa confuse the term technology as being solely concerned with computers, machines and gadgets”. “Design is notoriously complex to define...It improves existing conditions in various levels of society” (Aspelund, 2010:22). Design is important because “[i]t improves existing conditions” (Aspelund, 2010:22). Design has the potential to fix problematic conditions in “various levels of society” (Aspelund, 2010:22). Paraphrase (see also section 4.4): Govender (1999) suggests that South African schoolteachers have an illconceived perception that technology refers mainly to machines and gadgets. According to Aspelund (2010:22), designing can improve existing conditions. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 15 Note If the author is an “institution, organisation, or non-human”, the in-text reference should be at the end of the sentence or quotation, for example: “Technology education is a largely unexplored concept in South Africa” (UN Report, 2007:29), and not According to the UN Report (2007:29), “Technology education is a largely unexplored concept in South Africa”. Information-prominent citation This method of citing references gives prominence to the information, with all the required referencing details in parentheses at the end of the citation. Examples Direct quote: It has been argued that “school teachers in South Africa confuse the term technology as being solely concerned with machines and gadgets” (Govender, 1999:31). Paraphrase (see also section 4.4): South African schoolteachers have an ill-conceived perception that technology refers mainly to machines and gadgets (Govender, 1999:31). Image referencing (caption method) STADIO School of Fashion uses the caption method for modules, including marketing, consumer behaviour, retail management, entrepreneurship and business, for theory assessments such as: reports analyses rationales. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 16 Caption method requires: Caption underneath the image providing a figure number, in-text citation (same as in-text referencing rules). Location, if available. Matching reference entry in a separate image reference list at the end of your assessment. Remember to provide all necessary information. Example The image to the left was sourced from cosmopolitan.com. Although Emma Baty wrote the article, this image has been used with permission (and payment) from a photographer. On the website, a caption underneath the image credits the photographer, Dan MacMedan. The photographer is therefore the author of the image, not Emma Baty. Figure 1: MacMedan, 2019. Miley Cyrus at the Grammy Awards ceremony, Getty images. Los Angeles. In a separate image reference list at the end of the assessment: MacMedan, D. 2019. Miley Cyrus at the Grammy Awards ceremony, Getty images. [Online image] https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a30657741/where-ismiley-cyrus-grammys/ [Accessed: 24.01.2020] Image referencing (thumbnail method) Used for practical or visually-oriented modules, including creative design, visual merchandising, trend analysis, and computer literacy, for practical assessments such as: mood, trend, or design boards presentations visual analysis. In practical assessments, you must compile a visually appealing presentation filled with images for various purposes, such as a PowerPoint, mood board, or look board presentation. In this case, adding many captions would look ugly and distract the viewer from the purpose of the board — to present visual information. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 17 The thumbnail method requires you to compile a separate visual reference list using a smaller ‘thumbnail’ version of the image next to the reference list entry. This allows your marker to verify image sources without the use of captions. In a separate image reference list at the end of the assessment: MacMedan, D. 2019. Miley Cyrus at the Grammy Awards ceremony, Getty images. [Online image] https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a30657741/where-ismiley-cyrus-grammys/ [Accessed: 24.01.2020] Referencing edited or original images or photographs Adaptions/collages examples: Caption method: Caption template — Figure number: Adapted from photographer/artist surname (year). Description of image. Figure 1: Adapted from Barger, J. 2023. Image of “Motivation”. Reference list entry: Barger, J. 2023. 3 Purposes for motivational speeches. [Online image] https://jasonvbarger.com/motivational-speakers/3-purposes-formotivational-speeches/ [Accessed: 12.02.2024] Thumbnail method: No caption Reference list: Barger, J. 2023. 3 Purposes for motivational speeches. [Online image] https://jasonvbarger.com/motivational- speakers/3-purposes-for-motivational-speeches/ [Accessed: 12.02.2024] © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 18 Student photographs/illustrations/diagrams: If the image is 100% your own work, you must specify its authorship. Otherwise, your marker may think that the image is missing a reference and thus indicate plagiarism. Caption method: Caption template — Figure number [image format] by author (year). Description of image. Examples Photograph: Figure 1 Photograph by author (2021). Green leaf pattern. Johannesburg. Illustration: Figure 1 Illustration by author (2021). Green leaf pattern. Johannesburg. OR Figure 1 Design by author (2021). Green leaf dress. Johannesburg. Diagram: Figure 1 Diagram by author (2021). Green leaf. Johannesburg. Thumbnail method: No caption beneath image. Reference list entry: Author. Date. Title/Description. Location. Image Reference List: Photograph by author. 2021. Green Johannesburg. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 19 leaf pattern. Note If a source has three or more authors, the surnames of all the authors must be listed in the first in-text reference to the specific source. Thereafter, only the surname of the first author is shown in all in-text references. The surnames of the second and later authors are replaced with the abbreviation et al. Since et al. is an abbreviation for the Latin words et alii, it must always be typed in italics with a full stop at the end. This principle applies to all source types, for example: First time in use: Govender, Mhkize and Whithall (2009) argue that… Thereafter in the document: Govender et al. (2009) dispute the fact that… If a source has multiple (two or more) authors, the ampersand sign (&) may be used in place of the word ‘and’ where authors are listed in in-text citations that appear in brackets, as well as in the list of references. However, the ampersand sign (&) may not be used when the authors are listed as part of a normal sentence. Examples: Geczy and Karaminas (2017:9) state that Westwood’s influence on design broke down the historically strong relationship between fashion and wealth. VS Westwood’s influence on design broke down the historically strong relationship between fashion and wealth (Geczy & Karaminas, 2017:9). 5.4 PARAPHRASING Paraphrasing means to restate something you have read, accurately and succinctly, in your own words. If your work does not refer to specific ideas on particular pages of a resource, but to general themes mentioned throughout the resource, page numbers need not be shown. Example General theme Meta analytical studies (Rob, 2009) reveal that South Africa cannot be classified as a developed country. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 20 Example Specific idea Rob (2009:28) claims that the economic structure of South Africa does not entitle it to be classified as a developed country for now. When to paraphrase or use quotations It is preferable that you paraphrase (put ideas in your own words), as too many quotations (using the exact words) can lead to a poorly written assignment. A general rule in academic practice is that no more than 10% of an assignment should be in the form of direct quotations. No matter whether you use quotations or paraphrase another’s words, you always need to give references, both in the text and in the reference list. 5.5 QUOTATIONS Quotations should be used sparingly, selected carefully, used in context, integrated into your text and reproduced exactly (including the words, spelling, punctuation, capitalisation, and paragraphing of the original writer). The original author’s exact words, including any spelling or grammatical errors, should be quoted. Kotze (2009:6) advises us that if the original wording contains spelling or grammatical errors, one has to point these errors out by placing the word [sic] in square brackets in the quote directly after the error. The word [sic] (meaning so or thus) can be inserted in a quotation when the original text is incorrect with regard to grammar, spelling or gender. Example According to Aswy (2006:21), the DCLD is a “centre of excellence at Unisa and this con [sic] be attributed to the dedication of the education consultants employed at the DCLD”. (NB: the word ‘con’ is misspelt; [sic] has been added to denote this.) © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 21 Babes (2005:21) argues that “when human beings interact with animals, he [sic] should be aware of their sensitivity to rough play”. (‘He’ is not gender sensitive, and therefore, the author should have stated [they].) Short quotations Short quotations (fewer than 30 words) should: be incorporated into your sentence without disrupting the flow of your paragraph. have double quotation marks. maintain the same font size. Incorporating a quote as part of your sentence — information-prominent The reference comes AFTER the quotation, UNLESS you referred to the author before the quote: The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured, as “[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings, like the family home where customs and values have created a spirit handed down over generations” (Jonas 1998:9). Incorporating a quote as part of your sentence — author-prominent The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured. As Jonas (1998:9) suggests, “[t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings, like the family home where customs and values have created a spirit handed down over generations”. The square brackets around the ‘t’ – [t] – are used to indicate that in the original quotation, the word ‘the’ began with a capital ‘T’. Long quotations Long quotations (more than 30 words) should: be introduced in your own words. begin on a new line. be fully indented by default (i.e. 1.27 cm) from both margins. be in reduced line spacing compared to the rest of the text. use a smaller font for the quotation (that is, change from size 10.5 to size 10). © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 22 Separate the quotation from the lead-in statement with one blank line. The lead-in statement ends with a colon (:). Separate the quotation from the text that follows it with one blank line. This is illustrated below. Example Friere (1998:3) summarises the effects of reducing literacy to a set of tools or skills when he states that: [m]erely teaching men [sic] to read and write does not work miracles: if there are not enough jobs for men [sic] able to work, teaching more men [sic] to read and write will not create them. When literacy is considered as a social practice, the relationships that exist between language use and the production and maintenance of cultural and ideological hegemony are uncovered. Quotation marks are not used for longer quotations. When using an information-prominent long quotation, the full stop will be included after the last sentence of the quotation before the citation, as shown below. Example The church is not the only setting where the soul may be nurtured as: [t]he soul also finds sustenance in more domestic settings, like the family home, where customs and values have created a spirit handed down over generations. According to Thomas Moore, the soul finds sacredness in the ordinary, and may benefit most when its spiritual life is performed in the context of mundane daily life (Jones, 1998:89). Words omitted from quotations To omit words from quotations, use an ellipsis. An ellipsis consists of three full stops (…). Do not leave any spaces before the ellipsis or after the ellipsis. If you contemplate omitting parts of the quotation, make certain that the omission(s) do not alter the meaning of the sentence/quotation. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 23 Example Wells (1991:7) describes literacy as a “set of practices which people use in literacy events…and that literacy practices are situated in social relations”. Hint: if the quotation does not begin at the start of a sentence, an ellipsis should be used to convey this to the reader. Example Students may adopt a more dominant understanding of literacy because of the emphasis they place on literacy as a means of achieving “…equality of opportunity and the possibilities of liberty and democracy” (Rock, 1994:213). Double quotations For a double quotation, i.e. a quotation within a quotation, use single quotation marks inside double quotation marks. Example “The first words of Melville’s Moby Dick are ‘Call me Ishmael’ and these words are full of significance” was the first statement in Smith’s memorable speech (Johns, 1995:43). The square brackets in quotations Sometimes in quotations, it is necessary to insert a word that explains the meaning of another word in that quotation. Place the explanation in square brackets. Example “The curriculum of the national schools in the 1870s included reading, writing, arithmetic, drill [physical exercises] and music” (Cavey, 1996:21). © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 24 5.6 WHEN NO DATE IS INDICATED FOR THE YEAR OF PUBLICATION You may come across some information sources where no date/year of publication is given. If no year is given for a source, use n.d. (which stands for ‘not dated’) after the author's name. In-text referencing example: in a detailed analysis, Jackie (n.d.) argues… Reference list example: Jackie, C. Not dated. The year that was. New York: Caxton. Hint: this rule should be followed for all sources of information (i.e. you should indicate ‘Not dated’ in the reference list for the year of publication). 5.7 PLACE OF PUBLICATION IS UNKNOWN In place of publication, simply state ‘Not known’: Example Dick, K. 2001. The ride to hell. Not known: Caxton. 5.8 PUBLISHER IS UNKNOWN When the publisher is unknown, simply state ‘Not known’: Example Dick, K. 2001. The ride to hell. London: Not known. 5.9 PAGE NUMBERS Page numbers should be used when you quote directly from material (word for word) from the original publication. This includes tables or figures. Page © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 25 numbers should also be provided for indirect quotes and paraphrasing where the summarised material appears on specific pages, in specific chapters, or in specific sections. Examples 1. One page referred to: Wells (1992:4) 2. Pages that are not in sequence: Smith (1996:1, 4 & 6) 3. Pages that are in sequence: Jones and Mackay (1998:25–26) 4. Pages from a website (.html format): Clark (1997) 5. Pages from a website (.pdf format): Clark & Heat (1997:2) Page numbers are not indicated You may come across sources of information where page numbers have been omitted. Kotze (2009:33) states that “If an original document (except a web page) does not have page numbers, one should still indicate to the reader on what page the information can be found”. He advises that this could be done by counting the pages from the front and then including that number in an in-text reference, indicating that the original pages were not numbered by placing the page count in square brackets. Example Dick (2000:) states that biodiversity cannot be accommodated in the 21st century because... 5.10 FORMATTING THE REFERENCE LIST The title should be ‘References’ and it should be as follows: Bold Left aligned In the same font size as the document, 10.5 pt Not underlined. The references contained in the list should: be in single line spacing. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 26 use a line spacing of 1.5 pt after each reference. be left aligned. be arranged alphabetically. be the final page of your assignment. (Appendices/annexures are placed after the reference list.) The reference list should contain all the sources cited in the paper and no sources that are not cited. A source is listed only once in the reference list, regardless of how many times it is cited in-text. 5.11 WEBSITES AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION Evaluating websites for educational use Always be vigilant when extracting information from any electronic source. The standard of reliability and validity for information on websites is often not as high as for articles in published materials. Anyone can place information on the internet, often without any review process. Facts and figures on websites are sometimes misleading and therefore every effort should be made to choose websites very carefully. Reliable sources generally include: referenced articles in online journals. articles from databases selected by the university. articles published by universities. reports and white papers published by government departments, business organisations and reputable lobby groups. Consider the following: The purpose of the website (to inform, to persuade, to sell). If you know the motive behind the web page, you can make an informed decision about whether it is suitable for your assessment. Is there an author/sponsor? If you cannot find an author or an organisation responsible for publishing the site, then it is most likely unreliable. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 27 Is the author qualified to write about this topic? What is the author’s expertise? Is the sponsor reputable? Are opinions being presented as facts? Try to differentiate fact from fiction. Authenticity is not always easy to confirm, so test one source against another. Make sure there is no bias evident. Ascertain whether the person presenting the information has a vested interest in proposing the particular viewpoint. Are references or bibliographies included? How current is the information? When was the website last updated? Is the information well written and free of grammatical errors? Note To save your information, print the material you are referring to, save it on a memory stick or in the cloud so that you have a permanent record. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 28 6. Guidelines on citations and compiling reference lists 6.1 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) Basic formula when using AI Name of AI. Year of communication. Medium of communication. Receiver of communication, Day/month of communication. In-text referencing Reference list In-text referencing: Reference list: AI generated text In an interaction with OpenAI’s OpenAI ChatGPT. 2024. ChatGPT ChatGPT, the system responded response to Ayanda Sithole, 10 January with a suggestion on how to 2024. reference a GenAI query (ChatGPT4, 10 January 2024). or OpenAI’s ChatGPT4 (2024) responded with a suggestion on how to reference a GenAI query. 6.2 BOOKS Basic formula for a book reference Surname(s), Initial(s). Year of publication. Title: Subtitle. Place of publication: Publisher. In-text referencing One author Reference list Booth, J. 2001. Strategic Author prominent: interventions in leadership. 9th Booth (2001:23) argues ed. London: McMillan. that... or Hint: the title page verso (i.e. Booth (2001) defines the page following directly after © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 29 In-text referencing strategy as... Reference list the title page) usually contains information on the date of Information prominent: publication, edition, place of Strategy is an elusive publication and publisher of a concept to define (Booth, book. 2001:23). The date of publication of a book is usually indicated on the title page verso directly after the copyright sign (©). Use normal sentence case for the title of the book. This means that only the first word of the title and all proper nouns are capitalised. All the other words in the title are written in small letters. The title of the book must be printed in italics. Where spaces are included in intext references (e.g. after the comma and before the date) or in entries in the list of references, these are always single spaces. There is a single space after the colon and before the name of the publisher. Note the full stop at the end of each entry in the list of references. Omit words such as Publishers, Co., Inc., (Pty) Ltd., & Sons that are not necessary to identify a publisher. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 30 In-text referencing Reference list If the place of publication is not well known, include the town/city, province and/or country. Two single When referring to two Tshabalala, M.S. The South authors with authors with the same African economy. Cape Town: the same surname, publishing in the Fynbos. surname same year, the initials must be used in the text to Tshabalala, T. The state of distinguish between the two. employment in South Africa. Journal of Labour, 5(2):29–45. The South African economy is… (Tshabalala, M.S., 2011:34). Data from STATSSA proves… (Tshabalala, T., 2011:266). Two authors Author prominent: Booth Booth, J. & Cooth, S. 2003. and Cooth (2003) state Leadership and management in the 21st century. New York: that... Prentice Hall. Information prominent: Transformative leadership is not conducive to young democracies (Booth & Cooth, 2003). Hint: note that the word ‘and’ is used in full sentences, while the ampersand sign (&) is used in in-text citations that appear in brackets, as well as in the list of references. This principle applies to all source types. Three or more authors First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, J. & Moller, P. document: 1999. Political perspectives. Meden, Tedd and Moller Chicago: Prentice Hall. (1999:28) stated that “…”. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 31 In-text referencing Reference list or A recent study highlighted the fact that… (Meden, Tedd & Moller, 1999). Second appearance in the document: A recent study highlighted the fact that… (Meden et al., 1999). or Meden et al. (1999:28) stated that “…”. Hint: use an ampersand (&) within the parenthesis, but use ‘and’ in authorprominent referencing. Note: the abbreviation et al. (typed in italics with a full stop at the end) indicates that a source has three or more authors. The verb following the et al. must, therefore, always take the plural form; e.g. Meden et al. (1999:28) state that... Basic formula for a book chapter in edited book Surname(s), Initial(s) of the author(s) of the chapter. Year of publication. Title of the chapter: Subtitle. In: Surname(s), Initial(s). (ed or eds) Title of the book, pages of the chapter. Place of publication: Publisher. Books with Cite the author(s) of the Smith, A.R. 1996. The strategy chapters by chapter you are referring to. of manpower planning. In: Barth, D. (ed) Human resource different author(s) For example, when referring planning: Selected readings. to information taken from Aylesbury, UK: Hazell, Watson the chapter by Smith & Viney. mentioned below in an intext reference, you would © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 32 In-text referencing Reference list cite Smith (1996:23) in the in-text reference and not the editor (Barth). Sources with no date Bad (2003, n.d.:20) argues Bad, J. Not dated. Referencing that... guidelines. Essex, UK: or Adminton. It is very difficult to reference if there is no date of publication (Bad, n.d.). Books If no author can be Anon. 2011. The global financial (monographs) identified, two options are markets. Stock market with no author available: mercury, 60(5):69, 7 August. 1. ‘Anon’ (anonymous) can be used. For example: The state of the American economy does not support global markets (Anon, 2011:3). 2. The author can be an institution, such as a university, association or journal. The abbreviation is used in the text with the full name in the source list. “Due to the low salaries of academics at South African universities…” (Unisa, 2011:40). Editor(s) The abbreviations ‘ed’ Nieuwenhuizen, C. (ed). 2019. (editor) or ‘eds’ (editors). Business management: An African Perspective. Cape Town: Juta. Institution/ The author can be an Unisa (University of South organisation/ institution, such as a Africa). 2011. The brain drain. society as an university or association. Pretoria. author The abbreviation is used in © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 33 In-text referencing Reference list the text with the full name in the source list. “Due to the low salaries of academics at South African universities…” (Unisa, 2011:40). Basic formula for online book Author(s), Initial(s). Year. Title. URL. [Date of access] 1. Reference There are six steps in the Book from ScholarText books found application of scientific database: on STADIO method (Brancati, 2018:5). Brancati, D. 2018. Social databases as scientific research. Los Angeles: print books. SAGE. 2. Books Vorster (2023) provides an Book from the internet: found on extensive overview of South Vorster, J.M. 2023. Finding a Internet: African colonial past. moral compass for South Africa. Provide URL https://directory.doabooks.org/ and the date handle/20.500.12854/132168 of access. [Accessed: 12.04.2024] 6.3 JOURNAL ARTICLES: CITATIONS AND REFERENCE LIST Basic formula for a journal article Surname(s), Initial(s) of the author(s) of the article. Year. Title of article. Title of journal, volume number(issue number):page number(s) of the article. In-text referencing Reference list Single Author prominent: Booth Booth, J. 2001. Strategy author (2001:23) argues that... development in geography teaching. or South African Journal of Higher Education, 21(2):34–39. Booth (2001) defines strategy as... Hint: use sentence case for the title Information prominent: of the article. This means that only Strategy is an elusive the first word of the title and any © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 34 In-text referencing Reference list concept to define (Booth, proper nouns are capitalised. All the 2001:23). other words in the title are written in small letters. Use title case and italics for the title of the journal. Title case means that all the major words in the title of the journal are typed in capital letters. Minor words, such as ‘in’, ‘of’, ‘and’, ‘the’ or ‘an’ are not capitalised. There are no spaces between the volume, issue number and page numbers. Where spaces are included in in-text references (e.g., after the comma and before the date) or in entries in the list of references, these are always single spaces. Two authors Author prominent: Booth Booth, J. & Cooth, R. 2001. Strategy and Cooth (2003) state development in pre-school teaching. that… South African Journal of Education, 29(5):134–139. Information prominent: Transformative leadership is not conducive to young democracies (Booth & Cooth, 2003). Hint: note that the word ‘and’ is used in full sentences, while the ampersand sign (&) is used in in-text citations that appear in brackets, as well as in the list of references. This principle applies to all source types. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 35 In-text referencing Three authors Reference list First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S. 1999. document: The bigotry of science. Australian A recent study highlighted Journal of Science, 60(3):49–73. the fact that… (Meden, Tedd & Moller, 1999). or Meden, Tedd and Moller (1999:28) stated that “…”. Second appearance in the document: A recent study highlighted the fact that…(Meden et al., 1999). or Meden et al. (1999:28) stated that “…”. Hint: use an ampersand (&) within the parenthesis, but use ‘and’ in author-prominent referencing. Note that the abbreviation et al. (typed in italics with a full stop at the end) indicates that a source has three or more authors. Journal First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S. 1999. volume document: The bigotry of science. Australian known; A recent study highlighted Journal of Science, 60:49–73. however, the fact that… (Meden, number is Tedd & Moller, 1999). unknown or Meden, Tedd and Moller (1999:28) stated that “…”. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 36 In-text referencing Reference list Second appearance in the document: A recent study highlighted the fact that…(Meden et al., 1999). or Meden et al. (1999:28) stated that “…”. Volume and First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S. 1999. month document: The bigotry of science. Australian known, A recent study highlighted Journal of Science, 60(April):49–73. number the fact that… (Meden, unknown Tedd & Moller, 1999). or Meden, Tedd and Moller (1999:28) stated that “…”. Second appearance in the document: A recent study highlighted the fact that…(Meden et al., 1999). or Meden et al. (1999:28) stated that “…”. Month First appearance in the Meden, J., Tedd, S. & Moller S. 1999. known, document: The bigotry of science. Australian A recent study highlighted Journal of Science, April:49–73. volume and number the fact that… (Meden, unknown Tedd & Moller, 1999). or Meden, Tedd and Moller (1999:28) stated that “…”. Second appearance in the document: A recent study highlighted the fact that…(Meden et © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 37 In-text referencing Reference list al., 1999). or Meden et al. (1999:28) stated that “…”. Author is Referencing is difficult Anon. 2008. Referencing in the unknown when the author is Sciences. Science News, unknown (Anon., 200(90):34–36. 2008:23). Hint: never begin a sentence with an unknown author. For example: According to Anon. (2008:23), “Referencing is difficult when the author is unknown”. Electronic/ online journals Online journals can Jane, B. 2005. Alternate fuels for SA. appear in two formats, Fuels International, 2(7):40(22pp). namely: American Educational Research.html Association Stable:.pdf http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594377 [Accessed: 19.02.2009] When an electronic journal article is printed or viewed in.html format, the number of pages will Hint: the page indication of 40 (22p) indicates that the article started on p. 40 of the original paper-based differ depending on the journal and that it was 22 pages long printer, page set-up and when printed from the internet. This font size used when the page indication also alerts the reader article is printed. As a result, page numbers are not mentioned in in-text citations. However articles viewed in.pdf format have fixed page numbers and font sizes, therefore we can refer to the exact page numbers in the to the fact that the article was viewed in.html format. Jane, B. 2005. Alternate fuels for SA. Fuels International, 2(7):40(22p):40–62. American Educational Research Association Stable: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594377 article. [Accessed: 19.02.2009] © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 38 In-text referencing Reference list Hint: if you quote from a Hint: the inclusion of page numbers journal article in.html (40–62) indicates that this article format, there is no need to provide page numbers in brackets after the author’s surname, even if it is a direct quote. was downloaded in.pdf format. If page numbers are included here, page numbers must also appear in all in-text references to this source. Example: Jane (2005) argues that “Gas is a cheaper alternative to power in SA”. If you quote from an article in.pdf format, make certain that your citation has page numbers where appropriate. Example: Jane (2005:40–62) intensifies her struggle... 6.4 NEWSPAPER ARTICLES In-text referencing Print-based Reference list Author prominent: Booth, J.A. 2009. Xenophobic Booth (2001:23) argues violence in Thokoza Township. The that... or Star, 21 March:16. Booth (2001) defines strategy as... Information prominent: Strategy is an elusive concept to define (Booth, 2001:23). Unknown There are three options Anon. 2009. Who’s fooling who? © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 39 In-text referencing author Reference list that you can employ when The Star, 21 March:16. referencing a newspaper article of which the author is unknown: Use the term ‘Anon.’ in the place of the author. Example: According to Anon. (2009)... Use the name of the newspaper in place of the author. Example: Municipalities are becoming ungovernable in South Africa (The Star, 2009:16). Use the title of the article in place of the author. Example: Municipalities are becoming ungovernable in South Africa (Who’s fooling who? 2009:16). Hint: never begin a sentence with the title of the newspaper or the title of the article when in the author-prominent mode. Example: According to The Star (2009:16)... or Who’s fooling who? (2009:16) states that... Online newspaper Samson (2006) states that Samson, C.S. 2006. Gold will lose “Gold mining is dying a its shine. Business Day, 7 October. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 40 In-text referencing article Reference list slow death in SA”. http://www.thestar.co.za/articles/n ational.aspx?ID=326412 [Accessed: 07.10.2008] 6.5 LAW CASES The standard reference format is: Case name Year Volume Law report Page series case Court Exact reference begins Venter v Van der Westhuizen 2001 4 258 934 F at 968A G The following aspects are important when referencing law cases: The names of the parties are always in italics. When a page or paragraph is cited, the page and paragraph number have to be preceded by the word ‘at’: Venter v Minister of Higher Education and Training 1995 (3) SA 665 (C) at 688 G Sometimes the court numbers the paragraphs of a judgement. The paragraph of the court can be cited as well: Van der Westhuizen v Castrillon 2004 (1) SA 111 (CC) par 43 at 456 M In-text referencing First appearance in document: Reference list Venter v Minister of Higher Education and Training 1995 (3) SA 665 (C) at 688 G Venter v Minister of Higher Education and Training [1995 (3) SA 665 (C) at 688 G] © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 41 Second appearance in document: Venter v Minister of Higher Education and Training (1995) 6.6 MULTIPLE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR In-text referencing Reference list Where there are several Jade, B. 2009a. Policies and practices. New works by one author and they York: Caxton. are published in the same year, they should be Jade, B. 2009b. Policies on Leadership. New differentiated by adding a York: Caxton. lower-case letter after the date. Hint: works by the same author should be displayed in chronological order, with the Remember that this must also earliest appearing first. be consistent with the citations in the text. For multiple works, the required elements for a reference are: Author. Year. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Example: Jade (2009a) argues that... Jade (2009b) refutes the argument that... 6.7 EMAIL CORRESPONDENCE In-text referencing Reference list According to Mkize (2008), Surname of sender. Initials of sender. Year. Title Master’s in Education or subject of email message. [Email to:] students... Receiver’s surname. Receiver’s initials. Date received. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 42 Example: Mkize, G. 1996. Discussion of M.Ed. audits. [Email to:] Govender, D. 15.05.2009. Hint: copies of such correspondence (email) should be kept, as these may need to be submitted as an appendix in an academic submission. Obtain permission from the email sender/ recipient before these sources are quoted. 6.8 WEB PAGES Basic formula for web pages Author’s Surname, Initials. Year. Title of article or web page in sentence case. URL [Accessed: date accessed] In-text referencing Reference List Kotze (2009:29–30) states that web pages refer to any Oorende, B. 2008. Acceptance speech of the information (other than articles from web-based chairman of Anglo Saxon Incorporated on 17 May 2008. http://angloinc/ans/ electronic journal platforms speeches/accept.html [Accessed: 17.05.2008] or web-based electronic journals) that is published Hint: in some cases, websites continuously on the World Wide Web. He change and it is therefore advisable to print and goes on to add that one can file a copy of the front page of any website you distinguish between web use, especially for future reference. pages (in.htm,.html,.xml &.asp format) and files that can be downloaded from the Mr Price Group Ltd. 2018. Who we are – vision, web (in.doc and.pdf purpose and values. https://www.mrpricegroup format). The basic in-text.com/mr-price-group-about- structure of a reference to us.aspx?loc=whoweare [Accessed: 01.12.2019] information on the World Wide Web is as follows: Author’s Surname (date © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 43 written) Note: The date should appear after the author’s surname. If the name of the author is not available, please use the name of the organisation associated with the website. 6.9 CONFERENCE PAPER AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS In-text referencing Reference list Conference According to Tshibalo Tshibalo, E. 2009. Geothermalise paper (2009:10), the aim of Africa? Paper presented at the Tenth geothermal power International Geothermal Conference, Umdloti, KwaZulu-Natal, generation is to... 10–15 October. Hint: italicise the title of the conference. Conference According to Tshibalo Tshibalo, E. 2009. Geothermalise proceedings (2009:10), the aim of Africa? In: Govender, D. (ed). geothermal power Proceedings of the paper presented generation is to... at the Tenth International Geothermal Conference, Umdloti, KwaZulu- Natal, 10-15 October 2009:89-100. Hint: italicise the title of the conference. Online/ According to Tshibalo Tshibalo, E. 2009. Geothermalise electronic (2009:10), the aim of Africa? In: Govender, D. (ed). conference geothermal power Proceedings of the paper presented proceedings generation is to... at the Tenth International Geothermal Conference, Umdloti, KwaZulu- Natal, 10–15 October:89– 100. American Educational Research © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 44 In-text referencing Reference list Association Stable: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3594377 [Accessed: 19.02.2009] Hint: italicise the title of the conference. 6.10 THESES AND DISSERTATIONS In-text referencing Hardcopy Reference list According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. 2005. Fraud in Benjamin from Radio South African Broadcast Cactus (2008:1), there Institutions: A Case Study. was no embezzlement of Unpublished Master’s in funds... Education Thesis: University of Cuckooland. Electronic According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. 2005. Fraud in version Benjamin from Radio South African broadcast Cactus (2008:1), there institutions: a case study. was no embezzlement of Unpublished Master’s in funds... Education thesis: University of Cuckooland. http://uclintra.ucl.ac.za/thesis/ available-0945312345 [Accessed: 19.02.2011] 6.11 PERSONAL INTERVIEWS In-text referencing Reference list Audio/video According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. Personal recorded Benjamin from Radio communication with the author Cactus (2008:1), there on 30.08.2008. Chatsworth, was no embezzlement of KwaZulu-Natal. (Recording in funds… possession of the author.) Written According to Mrs G.S. Benjamin, G.S. Personal transcript of the Benjamin from Radio communication with the author conversation © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 45 In-text referencing conversation Reference list Cactus (2008:1), there on 30.08.2008. Chatsworth, was no embezzlement of KwaZulu-Natal. funds… (Transcript/notes in possession of the author.) 6.12 STUDY GUIDES AND LECTURE NOTES In-text referencing Reference list According to Porta Porta, A.B. 2009. Study guide for Marketing (2003)… Management 405: Strategic Issues in Marketing. Pretoria: Department of Marketing and Communication Management, University of South Africa. (Where no author is provided for a study guide, use then STADIO as author). Aswy, T.S. 2003. Finding an appropriate research topic: Some practical guidelines. Lecture to the URT 302 class on 19 March 2009. Hint: note that the names of academic disciplines (e.g. Marketing Management, Communication Management or Tourism Management) or the names of specific modules/courses (e.g. Strategic Issues in Marketing or the Marketing of Services) are treated as proper nouns and are, therefore, typed in title case. 6.13 SECONDARY SOURCES In-text referencing Reference list Van der Merwe (as Jones, A.B. The prevalence of violence in schools. 3rd quoted by Jones, ed. Pretoria: Waterberg. 1988:244) was of the opinion that… Hint: the use of secondary sources is not regarded as academically acceptable and should be limited to exceptions. Only the source that has been used appears in the source list. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 46 6.14 GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS In-text referencing Councils Reference list The Council is of the CHE (Council on Higher Education). opinion that… (CHE, 2011. Report on the state of higher 2011). education in South Africa. Pretoria. According to the Hefer, R., chair. 2011. Report of the of enquiry with Commission there was known no… (Hefer, 2011:45). Commission of Inquiry into banking practice in South Africa. Pretoria: Commissions chairperson Commissions of enquiry without known Government Printer. According to the South Africa. 2011. Report of the Commission, there was Commission of Inquiry into banking practice in South Africa. Pretoria: no… (2011:45). chairperson Departments Government Printer. The employment of South Africa. 2011. Department of people over the age of Labour. Annual Employment Report. 25… (South Africa, Pretoria: Government Printer. 2011:36). Government In cases where close South Africa. 2011. The registration Gazette corporations were not of close corporations. (Proclamation notified… (South Africa, No. W. 3654, 2011). Government 2011:2). Gazette, 399:23, 18 Jan. (Regulation Gazette no. 23). Provincial In cases where close Western Cape (South Africa). 2011. Gazette corporations were not The registration of close notified… (Western corporations. Western Cape Cape, 2011:2). Provincial Gazette, 5654:3–15, 9 Sept. Constitution In terms of Article 30 South Africa. 1996. Constitution of (3) of the Constitution (1996), everyone has the Republic of South Africa, 1996 as amended until 2012. Pretoria: the right to… Government Printer. http://www.justice.gov.za/legislatio n/constitution/SAConstitution-webeng.pdf Acts The Council on Higher South Africa. 2008. The Higher Education is overseeing Education Act 45 of 2008. Pretoria: the quality…in terms of Government Printer. the Higher Education © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 47 In-text referencing Reference list Act (45/2008). Provincial ordinances Establishment of the Western Cape (South Africa). 2011. Consumer Rights Board Establishment of Consumer Rights Board. (In Western Cape ordinances. Economic Development. was finalised (Western Cape, 2011). Cape Town: Laudatum. Premier’s notice, P.N. 9.) Green papers Environmental South Africa. Department of Basic education incorporated Education. 2011. South Africa’s in national curriculum Green Paper on Environmental Education. Pretoria: Government (SA, 2011:2). Printer. White papers 6.15 The White Paper on South Africa. Department of Basic Environmental Education. 2011. The White Paper Education (SA, 2011:56) outlines the on Environmental Education in South Africa. Pretoria: Government new curriculum… Printer. UNPUBLISHED RAW DATA In-text referencing Reference list According to Singh Singh, P. & White, L. 2011. (The passion of MBA and White (2011), students for research). Unpublished raw data. there is… Hint: use brackets to indicate that the material is a description of the content, not a title. Do not use italics for title. 6.16 MULTIMEDIA In-text referencing Sound recording Reference list According to Oosthuizen Oosthuizen, C. 2011. (2011) there are… Entrepreneurship in action [Audio Cassette]. Johannesburg: Milpark Media. Film Recent presentations of Oosthuizen, C. (Producer). 2011. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 48 informal trading Entrepreneurship in action (Oosthuizen, 2011) in… [Educational picture]. Johannesburg: Milpark Media. Television Oosthuizen (2011) Oosthuizen, C. (Producer). 2011. rejects… Entrepreneurship in action [Television broadcast: 03.01.2011]. Johannesburg: Milpark Broadcasting Services. Also, the following: Source type Format Reference list In-text citation Audio Artist. Year. Song Kanye West. 2010. All of Repetition for songs name, Album the lights ft Rihanna and emphasis is found title. [Audio]: Kid Cudi, My beautiful in many of West’s Producer/ Twisted Fantasy. [Audio]: lyrics (e.g. Kanye Publisher label. Kanye West & Jeff West, 2010). Bhasker. Online Director/creator Korie, D. 2016. South Nomvula is a videos surname, initial. popular song (including Year. Title of African boys singing Nomvula. [YouTube] YouTube) Video. https://www.youtube.com Africans as Publisher/House /watch?v=qlN1kSptPiQ illustrated in the (if relevant). [Accessed: 01.09.2019] YouTube video by [Format] among South Korie (2019). [Accessed date] Films Producer Coogler, R. 2018. Black In the movie Black surname, initial. Panther. [Motion picture] Panther, Coogler Title of film. Year Location not known: (2018) introduces released. Marvel Studios. the audience to an [Format] alternate world Location: which reimagines Publishing/ an African empire production house. in which European colonisation did not take place. Content from apps Title of Canva. 2019a. Glacial application/game/ indifference. Mobile app: software. Year Canva. Caption example: Figure 2 Canva (2019a). Example © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 49 released. of a birthday card. Description of Canva. 2019b. Eufloria. [s.l]. content. Mobile app: Canva. Figure 3 Canva Platform: (2019b). Lake Publishing house. landscape of location unknown. 6.17 ARTWORK AND DESIGNS Source type General Format Reference list In-text citation Original Duncanson, M. 2012. Abstract art In-text citation: Artist. Year. Duncanson’s Title of art landscape seascape bold colorful artwork serenity by Madart. piece/design. FineArtAmerica [Online image] shows intense Photographer, https://fineartamerica.com/ abstract use of [Format] featured/abstract-art-landscape- colour similar to seascape-bold-colorful-artwork- those of aurora serenity-by-madart-megan- lights. Location of source and [Accessed date] (2012) artwork duncanson.html [Accessed: 01.12.2019] Image caption: Figure # Duncanson (2012). Abstract art landscape seascape bold colorful artwork serenity by Madart. Location not known. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 50 Images Dependent If the image is from an online web page, cite as per from on the type online source (generic). The only difference here is other of source that you will indicate [Online image] instead of sources [Online]. *Stock images If you are using an image from a designer’s fall under collection, cite accordingly. this category as well. Artwork exhibited at a museum Original Madrazo y Kuntz, F. 1853. Amalia In-text Artist. Year. citation: Title of art de Llano y Dontres, countess of Vilches. Oil on canvas unlined. 126 piece/design. × 89 cm. Museo del Prado. [Online Kuntz (1853) Composition. image] artwork shows Size. https://www.museodelprado.es/col intricate Museum. eccion/obra-de-arte/amalia-de- garment detail [Format] llano-y-dotres-condesa-de- and textures Location of vilches/5aa9dcdd-3e53-40bd-84f4- such as light source and d5afad8cbfdd [Accessed: blue satin. [Accessed 16.01.2021] date] Madrazo y Image caption: Figure # Madrazo y Kuntz (1853). Amalia de Llano y Dontres, countess of Vilches. Oil on canvas unlined. 126 × 89 cm. Museo del Prado. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 51 Designer collections Designer. Viktor & Rolf*. 2019. Spiritual In-text Year. Title of glamour A/W 2019. [Collection] citation: collection and http://www.viktor-rolf.com/haute- Viktor & Rolf’s season couture/ A/W 2019 abbreviation. [Accessed: 01.04.2019] collection [Format] Location of source and [Accessed date] referred to *Note that the author is not glamour in a Horsting, V. & Snoeren, R. Rather magical sense it is Viktor & Rolf as a brand, not instead of two individual authors/designers. sensationalism. Image caption: Figure # Viktor & Rolf (2019). Spiritual glamour A/W 2019. Location not known. 6.18 STUDENT ORIGINAL WORK Source type Your own ideas Format Reference list In-text citation Do not reference either in text or in the reference list. and opinions Make double (triple!) sure that these are your own ideas and and analysis do not come from another source. Original artwork, photographs See appropriate section of this guide to learn how to reference your own original visuals. and diagrams © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 52 Student Caption: Thumbnail photographs of Owner (Year Both Thumbnail and method: others’ artefacts artefact Caption methods in No caption required. (objects, made). separate image products, Description. reference list: clothing, etc.) Location. *Stock images Reference list: Truworths. fall under this Owner. Year 2019. Navy artefact cocktail dress. category as well. made. Description. Photograph taken at Sandton City, 2019. Caption method: Figure 3 Truworths (2019). Navy cocktail dress. Sandton City, 2019. Images that you create using AI tools Caption Figure number: Description or No reference list entry is required for an image that you have created using an AI tool. explanation © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 53 Figure 1: Image generated using DALL-E from the prompt blue pigeon wearing a feather boa. 6.19 SOCIAL MEDIA Source type Instagram posts Instagram has full Format Reference list In-text citation Image If using the image, provide entry In-text caption: in a separate image reference list citation: Figure # with thumbnail: Fivaz Author/ (03.12.2019) username Christopherfivaz. designed a copyright handle (Day, 03.12.2019. That golden of all month, year show-stopping shimmer posted). moment of… [Instagram] matric dance you will Description. https://www.instagram dress for a find you Location..com/p/B5j7cL4n-W8/ [Accessed: personal 06.12.2019] client. posts, so cannot copy Reference OR original list: Fivaz, C. 03.12.2019. Image images. Surname, caption: You are, Initial OR That show-stopping moment of… however, username [Instagram] allowed to handle. Day, https://www.instagram screen month, year.com/p/B5j7cL4n-W8/ [Accessed: capture posted. First 06.12.2019] the full five words of post with the username handle and Instagram logo Figure 4 Fivaz (03.12.2019). Matric dance dress by the post designer followed by Christopher ellipses… Fivaz. [Instagram] Johannesburg. [Accessed date] included with relevant entry into the reference list. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 54 Source type Format In-text Reference list citation X Surname, Forbes. 08.12.2019. 9 effortless Forbes posts previously Initial OR ways to make… [X post] frequent Twitter username https://twitter.com/Forbes tweets with handle. Day, /status/120389731112815 links with month, year 0016?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoo regard to posted. First gle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr improving five words of %5Etweet [Accessed: 09.12. office relations the post 2019] (e.g. Forbes, posts followed by 08.12.2019). ellipses… [X previously Twitter] [Accessed date] Facebook Surname, Magugu, T. 26.11.2019. Tank Thebe Magugu – Initial OR (26.11.2019) Personal username Magazine print interview, featuring… [Facebook] handle. https://www.facebook.com/thebe the end of Day, magugu/photos/pcb.1377239049 November for an month, 102639/1377238932435984/?typ interview with year e=3&theater [Accessed: Tank Magazine. posted. 26.11.2019] Facebook – Business was in Paris at First five Note the words of difference the post between brands followed by and individuals ellipses… as authors. If it [Facebook] was Thebe Magugu’s [Accessed personal account, date] you would Brand. Day, Thebe Magugu. 26.11.2019. Tank provide his month, surname and year Magazine print interview, featuring… [Facebook] posted. https://www.facebook.com/thebe however, you are First five magugu/photos/pcb.1377239049 working with a © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 55 initial. If, words of 102639/1377238932435984/?typ brand name, you the post e=3&theater [Accessed: provide it in full followed by 26.11.2019] (Thebe Magugu ellipses… is the name of [Facebook] the designer’s brand). [Accessed date] Blogs Surname, Aier, L. 05.12.2019. 10 best Aier Initial OR luggage brands for… (05.12.2019) username [FashionLady] recommends handle. https://www.fashionlady.in/best- Delsey as an Day, luggage-brands-for-trip/149591 excellent brand month, [Accessed: 10.12.2019] of luggage for year travelling in posted. style. First five words of the post followed by ellipses… [Platform] [Accessed date] © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 56 Source Format: type: In-text Reference list citation Customer Surname, Mzikayise G. 05.12.2019. Mzikayise G reviews Initial OR Fashioncompany, Online (05.12.2019) username purchase… [HelloPeter] stated that handle. Day, https://www.hellopeter.com/fashio the company month, year ncompany/reviews/online- had not posted. purchase- delivered his Reviewed 59c0b5f3c2567aa4ff103c31084d1c order even brand/product, 2670b9181c-2934666 [Accessed: though he first five words 10.12.2019] paid for the of the post order on the followed by 27th of ellipses… November [Platform] 2019. [Accessed date] 6.20 EXAMPLE OF A LIST OF REFERENCES Acts (see South Africa). American Psychological Association. 2020. APA style blog. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog [Accessed: 11.08.2020] Babbie, E. 2007. The practice of social research, 11th ed. Belmond: Thomson Wadsworth. Bagwandeen, D. 1994. Teacher education in a changing society. South African Journal of Higher Education, 8(2):15–19. Barrett, P. 2000. Systems and relationships for construction quality. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management. 17(4):377–392. https://doi.org/10.1108/02656710010298409 Bate, N. 2013. MBA: Think, perform and earn like a top business school graduate. [e-book]. Oxford: Infinite Ideas. http://www.kalahari.com/digitaldownloads/MBA/80470/43850471.aspx [Accessed 12.04.2013] © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 57 BBC Nature. 2012. Forest elephant. Natural World. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/African_Forest_Elephant [video]. [Accessed: 25.10.2012] Bryant, K. & Diga, K. 2013. W/righting research capacity building: a preliminary model to inform writing support activities for African researchers. Alternation, 9:46–73. Buthelezi, N.P.A. 2008. What in the school context promotes resilience? SANPAD Conference on Resilience Outcomes. University of Pretoria. Durban, South Africa. Cherry, K. 2013. How to cite an online article with no date. Verywellmind.com. http://psychology.about.com/b/2010/11/03/how-to-cite-an-online-article-withno-date.htm [Accessed: 22.04.2013] Crossref. 2020. https://www.crossref.org/ [Accessed: 21.07.2020] Davidson, L. & Douglas, K. 1998. Digital object identifiers: promise and problems for scholarly publishing. Journal of Electronic Publishing: The Socioeconomics Dimensions of Electronic Publishing, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.3998/3336451.0004.203 [Accessed: 10.07.2017] De Montfort University Library Services. 2009. The Harvard system of referencing. [pdf]. http://www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Selfstudy/Harvard.pdf [Accessed: 06.07.2017] Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S., (eds). 1994. Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Dickson, E. 2020. Lean leadership in a time of crisis. 32nd Annual Shingo Conference, 12–13 October 2020. [unpublished paper]. Utah State University: Shingo Institute. Diga, K. 2012. Facing the African ICTD academic divide. International Association for Media and Communication Research (IAMCR 2012), 15–19 July 2012, Durban, South Africa. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 58 Diga, K. 2013. Local economic opportunities and ICTs: how ICTs affect livelihoods (Part II). In Emdon, H., Elder, L., Petrazzini, B. & Fuchs, R. (eds). Connecting ICTs to development: the IDRC experience. London: Anthem Press. EasyBib. How 2016. to cite an ebook in APA. http://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/apa-format/e-book/ [Accessed: 23.06.2020] Ehlers, M.B. 2000. Residential-based business as an alternative location- decision for SMMEs. [DCom thesis]. Pretoria: University of Pretoria. Feldman, H. 2017. SA has been re-colonised and we don’t even know it. News24, 10 July. http://www.news24.com/Columnists/HowardFeldman/sa-hasbeen-re-colonised-andwe-dont-even-know-it-20170710 [Accessed: 10.07.2017] Heaton, J. & Kruger, H. 2015. South African law, 4th ed. Durban: LexisNexis. Herrmann, S.M. 2017. Drought. Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/atmosphereandweather/weather-and-climate-terms-and-concepts/drought [Accessed: 29.06.2017] Howard-Jones, P.A. 2014a. Evolutionary perspectives on mind, brain and education. Mind, Brain, and Education. 8(1):21–33, 1 March. Hoboken: WileyBlackwell. Howard-Jones, P.A. 2014b. Neuroscience and education: myths and messages. [pdf]. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15(12):817–824, December. https://doi.org//10.1038/nrn3817 Kempen, A. 2017. Access to legal aid is possible for all: stating the case for paralegals/community advice officers. Servamus, 110(4):33–37. Pretoria: SARP Publishers. King Committee on Corporate Governance. 2002. King Report on Corporate Governance in South Africa. Johannesburg: Institute of Directors. Klein, K.E. 2013. How small businesses use big data. Businessweek, 3 Apr. http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-04-03/how-small-businesses-usebig-data#r=nav-f-story [Accessed: 12.04.2013] © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 59 Lab, S.P. 2016. Crime prevention: approaches, practices, and evaluations, 9th ed. New York: Routledge. MacDonald, G. 2016a. How to live with dementia as a common experience of ageing. SSPS Review, 3:14–32. www.sydney.edu.au/arts/about/our-people/academic-staff/gaynormacdonald.html [Accessed: 23.07.2020] MacDonald, G. 2016b. Teaching climate change in the Neoliberal University. In Siperstein, S., Hall, S. & LeMenager, S., (eds). Teaching Climate Change in the Humanities. London: Routledge. Marx, J., ed. 2017. Investment management, 5th ed. Pretoria: Van Schaik. Mccarthy, T.S., Gumbricht, T., Stewart, R.G., Brandt, D., Hancox, J., McCarthy, J. & Duse, A. 2004. Wastewater disposal at safari lodges in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Water SA. 30(1):121–128. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v30i1.5035 McMillan, K. & Weyers, J. 2010. How to write essays & assignments. Edinburgh Gate: Pearson. Meadows, M. 2011. Indigenous media. In Downing, J.D.H., (ed). Encyclopedia of social movement media. pp. 247–250. Los Angeles: Sage. Morrison, E.M. 2012. Operations Research. BMN120: Business Management. Pretoria: Tshwane University of Technology. Ofwona-Adera, E., Waema, T., May, J., Mascarenhas, O. & Diga, K., (eds). 2014. ICT Pathways to poverty reduction: empirical evidence from East and Southern Africa. Rugby. UK: Practical Action Publishing. Power, M., Balderstone, B. & Gyles, S. 2000. Direct marketing. Roseville, NSW: McGraw-Hill. Punch, M. 1994. Politics and ethics in qualitative research. In Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S., (eds). Handbook of qualitative research, pp. 60–69. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Radijeng, K. 2010. Open access in institutions of higher learning in Botswana. 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, 10–15 August 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 60 Retief, E. 2013. Fun activities can improve language learning, academics reveal. 16 April. LIS Trends. http://listrends.blogspot.com/ [Accessed: 17.04.2013] Rodriquez-Garcia, R. & White, E.M. 2005. Self-assessment for results: conducting self-assessment for development practitioners. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-6148-1 Samson, C. 1970. Problems of information studies in history. In Stone, S., (ed). 1980. Humanities Information Research, pp. 44–68. Sheffield: CRUS. SAPA. 2013. E-tolls to cost R200 for most motorists. Sowetan LIVE. 6 Apr. http://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2013/04/12/e-tolls-to-cost-r200-for-mostmotorists [Accessed: 13.04.2013] Sexton, M. & Barrett, P. 2005. Performance-based building and innovation: balancing client and industry needs. Building Research & Information, 33(2):142–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/0961321042000323789 Silverman, D.F. & Propp, K.K., (eds). 1990. The active interview. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Sithole, B.T. 2013. Governance of schools, Tuesday, 12 February, 11:35. [email to the author]. Slabbert, J.A., Parker, A.J. & Farrell, D.V. 2015. Employment relations management: back to basics a South African perspective. Durban: LexisNexis. Smit, R. 2013. Reference techniques: Harvard style. Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. South Africa. 2004. Publication on explanatory summary: Petroleum Products Amendment Bill, 2004, Notices 1624. Government Gazette, 26648:2, 4 August. https://static.pmg.org.za/bills/040907b16-04.pdf [Accessed: 02.02.2021] South Africa. 2013. Further Education and Training Colleges Amendment Act, 2013 (Act 1 of 2013). Pretoria: Government Printing Works. South Africa. Department of Education. 2003. Draft policy on religion and education. Pretoria: Government Printing Works. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 61 South Africa. Western Cape. 2013. Western Cape Community Safety Act, 2013 (Act 3 of 2013). Cape Town: Government Printing Works. Southern Business School. 2013. Harvard referencing guide. Krugersdorp: Southern Business School. Swanepoel, A.J. 2010. What 37 000 citations can tell. In Katsirikou, A. & Skiadas, C.H., (eds). Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries – Theory and Applications: Proceedings of the International Conference on QQML2009, pp. 414–422. New Jersey: World Scientific. Terrill, R.J. 2016. World criminal justice systems: a comparative survey, 9th ed. New York: Routledge. Thakali, Y. 2013. City hands contracts to own employees. Saturday Star, 1, 6 Apr. Todaro, M.P. & Smith, S.C. 2015. Economic development, 12th ed. Harlow: Pearson. University of Birmingham. Not dated. Harvard: reference list and bibliography. https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/libraryservices/library/referencing/icite/r eferencing/harvard/referencelist.aspx [Accessed: 26.06.2017] Van der Walt, J.L. & Wolhuter, C.C. 2016. First language as medium of instruction in higher education: an international perspective. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe, 56:4:40–41, December 2016. Vance, C. & Hedel, R. 2008. On the link between urban form and automobile use: evidence from German survey data. Land Economics, 84:51–65. Wilkinson, L.J. 2020. DOI display guidelines: display guidelines for Crossref DOIs – effective from March 2017. https://www.crossref.org/education/metadata/persistent-identifiers/doidisplay-guidelines/ [Accessed: 21.07.2020] © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 62 7. Frequently asked questions (FAQs) 7.1 GENERAL Q. How do I cite and reference sources in languages other than English? A. Use the language of the information source. Q. Which letters should I capitalise? A. Capitalise: the first letter of each author's surname and each initial. the first letter of the publication title written in italics. all the first letters of the main words in the title of a journal, newspaper. Q. all the first letters of a place name. all the first letters of a publisher. What if there is no example in this guide for the source that I am using? A. Begin by applying the guidelines for books and then exchange or add in guidelines from other types of information sources in order to build the entry. You will also find ample examples on the Internet, but remember to adapt them to the style and format used in the guide. 7.2 DATES Q. Where do I find the date of a work? A. Finding a publication date is not always easy. In books, it would be with the other publication information on the title page or verso page. The publication date of printed journals and newspapers is on the cover or, in the case of periodicals, the spine and back page or around the table of contents. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 63 In the case of websites and blog posts, the publication date can be somewhere around the title or in the footer of the page. Q. What if a book has more than one date? A. Use the latest publication (edition) date for citation purposes. Be sure not to take the latest reprint date, which may be more recent. A reprint is not a new edition; a reprint simply means that more books of that edition were printed at a later date. Q. What if the date is in Roman letters? A. Convert the letters to numbers (Arabic numerals), e.g. MCMLXXXV = 1985. Q. What if there is no date? A. Use the abbreviation n.d. (which stands for "not dated") in the second position. 7.3 CITATIONS Q. How do I cite two sources written by the same author in the same year? A. Add lower case letters after the date. (Molefe, 2001a:23; Molefe, 2001b:104) Q. How do I cite a number of different sources to support the same point? A. Cite them in alphabetical order and separate the different citations with a semicolon. (Epstein et al., 2012:278; Hudson & Nurius, 1994:103; Rosen, 1996:324) © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 64 7.4 REFERENCE LIST Q. What if I have more than one work by the same author; how do I list them in the reference list? A. List them in the order of the date, starting with the earliest first. Molefe, T. 2001a. … Molefe, T. 2001b. … Molefe, T. 2004. … Q. Which place of publication should I include in the reference if a book lists more than one place? A. Include only the first place name listed in the book. Q. Which publisher should I include in my reference if a book lists multiple publishers? A. Include only the first publisher listed. Q. Do I have to include the publisher’s name in full? A. Provide the name of the publisher in the shortest possible form that will be recognised internationally, e.g. "Sage" and not "Sage Publications", and "Van Schaik" and not "JL van Schaik". Q. Some Harvard referencing style manuals use the words "Available at" or "Available from" before the URL of an electronic publication. What is the correct way? A. It used to be the preferred way but lately most style manuals omit those words since the URL sufficiently indicates the location of the source. The STADIO style does not require this phrase. Q. Some online journal articles and webpages have very long URLs. A. Very long URLs may be shortened to the first forward slash /. Q. Why do I have to include the date when I access a website? © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 65 A. Website pages appear and disappear so often that it is vital to indicate that the information was accurate at the date given. Q. Which do I choose: the website URL or the DOI? A. The DOI (digital object identifier) is a unique identifier that is assigned to some website pages. When it is present, use it instead of the website URL and date accessed. Q. Can I use software to manage the reference list? A. You can make use of reference managers, of which some are freely available on the Internet, Cite i.e. http://www.citethisforme.com/ https://www.mendeley.com/search/. This or However, For Me Mendeley you may at at find it necessary to adapt the references created by a reference manager to the style and format of this guide. Q. If a source has more than one format, for example, a printed and an online format, which information do I use in the reference list? A. Only use the information of the format that you have used in your research. If you have used a printed format, use that information in the reference list. Q. When do I use pp. and when do I only show the page number range? A. When there is information about the series, volume and/or issue number, the page or page range numbers follow immediately after a colon (:). Vance, C. & Larson, E. 2002. Leadership research in business and health care. [abstract]. In Gennaro, S. (ed). Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 34(2):165–171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547- 5069.2002.00165.x When there is no other information following the title, use pp. as the abbreviation to introduce the page numbers range. Samson, C. 1970. Problems of information studies in history. In Stone, S. (ed). 1980. Humanities information research, pp. 44–68. Sheffield: CRUS. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 66 References Cronje, M., Murdoch, N. & Smit, R. (eds). 2003. Reference Techniques: Harvard method and APA style. Auckland Park: University of Johannesburg. Harris, J. 2000. Understanding the Harvard Referencing method. New York: Caxton. Kotze, T. 2009. Referencing in Academic Documents: Official Guidelines of the Department of Marketing and Communication Management. 4th ed. Department of Marketing and Communication Management. University of Pretoria. http://web.up.ac.za/default.asp?ipkCategoryID=2319&sub=1&parentid=753&s ubid=960&ipklookid=3.pdf [Accessed: 08.07.2009] The Open University. Generative 2024. AI for students. https://about.open.ac.uk/policies-and-reports/policies-and-statements/genai/generative-ai-students?nocache=64f82801052d9 [Accessed: 31.01.2024]. Van der Walt, E. 2006. Quoting sources. Potchefstroom: North-West University. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 67 Annexure 1 STADIO School of Law referencing guidelines Reference style of the Tydskrif vir Hedendaagse Romeins-Hollandse Reg (THRHR) / Journal of Contemporary Roman-Dutch Law The THRHR reference style is used for in-text and footnote referencing FORMAT Documents should be typed in double spacing on one side of A4 size paper. This applies to summaries, footnotes and quotations. ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations are not used in the text; in footnotes (and bracketed references) recognised abbreviations are used extensively. Punctuation and spaces are not used in abbreviations: eg, cf, USA, THRHR, RSA, BA, LLM, Unisa, SALJ. Examples s for section (plural ss); ff for and further; para for paragraph (plural paras); 2ed for second edition; AJ for Acting Judge; J for Judge; JA for Judge of Appeal; JP for Judge President, AJA for Acting Judge of Appeal; CJ for Chief Justice; reg for regulation; ch for chapter; and cf for compare. QUOTATIONS Quotations correspond exactly with the original, that is, with italicisation, capital letters, full stops, etcetera, unchanged. All changes or insertions in quotations are made in square brackets, for example: “[I]n…”. Use double quotation marks (with single quotation marks inside a quotation). Where a full sentence is quoted, the quotation marks are placed after the full © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 68 stop. In other cases, quotations marks are place before the comma, colon or semi-colon. CAPITAL LETTERS The use of capital letters should be limited as far as possible. All footnotes start with a capital letter. HEADINGS Consult the examples (provided by lecturers). ITALICS Quotations (also in Latin) are NOT italicised. Words and expressions in a language other than that of the document are in italics, for example: dolus, fait accompli, Grundnorm. REFERENCES Cases The names of the parties and the “v” between them are in italics. The words “and another”, “and others”, etcetera are omitted. Example: Botha v Botha 1979 3 SA 792 (T). Subsequent reference to the same case: Botha v Botha. Books It is unnecessary to supply the initials of the author (except where the omission may cause confusion). Book titles are in italics. Only the first word of the title starts with a capital letter, except where proper names appear in the title. The date of publication is provided between brackets. Example of a book reference: Sharrock Business transactions law 9ed (2016). Subsequent references to the same book: Sharrock 30. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 69 Articles The titles of articles are place in quotation marks. Only the first word of the title starts with a capital letter. Names of journals are in italics and not abbreviated (except LJ, LR and Univ): Harvard LR, Yale LR, De Rebus, De Jure. But THRHR, SALJ, TSAR, CILSA, SASK, SA Merc LJ, LQR, JRS. The volume number is omitted (except where the page numbers of a journal are not continuous – such as Codicillus and De Rebus. Example of an article reference: Koziol “Incorrect advice to investors and the liability of banks” 2011 THRHR 1. Subsequent reference to the same article: Kozio 2011 THRHR 5. Legislation The title and number of an Act are not italicised: Bills of Exchange Act 34 of 1964. References to legislation in the text may also be informal (as soon as it is clear to the reader which Act is referred to): The Act/The 1926 Act. Old authorities See 1985 THRHR 125. Electronic article in newspapers or magazines/electronic sources Clark “The doctor of Port St Johns” Dispatch Online (30-03-1998) http://bit.ly/brfWha [Accessed: 26.08.2005] Examples of in-text referencing will be provided directly to students. © STADIO (Pty) Ltd. – STADIO Referencing Guide 2024 70