2024 Approach to Pig GI Diseases PDF

CODE: BF-KP-CR APPROACH TO PIG GI DISEASES OLUWOLE ONI Courtesy: Henri K-Sims LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Construct a differential diagnosis list based on clinical presentations associated GIT and liver disorders and choose appropriate diagnostics. 2. De...

CODE: BF-KP-CR APPROACH TO PIG GI DISEASES OLUWOLE ONI Courtesy: Henri K-Sims LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. Construct a differential diagnosis list based on clinical presentations associated GIT and liver disorders and choose appropriate diagnostics. 2. Determine appropriate interventions in the management, and treatment of GIT and liver disorders in pigs. 3. Determine preventative measures appropriate for GIT and liver disorders in pigs. DON’T FORGET MOUTH LESIONS! Refer back to your 2nd year pathology notes on the following diseases: Oral cavity lesions could be caused by: Notifiable diseases e.g. FMD, vesicular stomatitis etc. Are there foot lesions as well? Uraemia due to systemic disease (kidney failure) Due to teeth clipping Toxin ingestion e.g. corrosive substances or Mycotoxins G O O D N U T R I T I O N ( = G O O D H EA LT H ) Maintain good welfare & maximise production Establish a good microbiome The assemblage of microorganisms present in a defined environment Immunity (barrier, competitive exclusion, production of antimicrobial factors) Good growth (synthesis of vitamins esp. B-vits & fermentation of non- digestible carbohydrates (e.g. cellulose) into short chain fatty acids e.g. acetic acid, butyric acid & propionic acid for energy) Healthy gut = healthy pig Factors affecting piglet microbiota in early life  G E S TAT I O N What is a transition diet? (Acute change) When sows move from straw based dry sow accommodation to slatted farrowing houses, constipation can often arise, which can increase the risk of stillborn piglets. This impact can be mitigated by using a fibre-rich transition diet. Fibre can make sows feel more satiated, or “content” by providing bulk to the diet. The increase in gut fill can allow higher feed intake during lactation and fewer problems with constipation during farrowing. PIGLETS & COLOSTRUM Colostrum Within 2-3h post farrowing (per piglet) Lactose & oligosaccharides (energy) Immunoglobulins (MDA)  COLOSTRUM MANAGEMENT Strategies Milking sow Split sucking Cross-fostering Shunt fostering Swapping litters Nurse sows COLOSTRUM MANAGEMENT Milking Sow: A milking sow is used for the purpose of producing milk. Split Sucking: Split sucking occurs when piglets from a litter compete for access to their mother's teats during nursing. Cross-Fostering: Cross-fostering is a management practice in pig farming where piglets are transferred from their biological mother to another sow, often a milking sow, to improve their chances of survival and growth. Shunt Fostering: Shunt fostering is a more specific form of cross-fostering in which piglets from multiple litters are mixed and redistributed among multiple sows. Swapping Litters: Swapping litters is a technique in which piglets from two different litters are swapped between their respective mothers. Nurse Sows: Nurse sows are typically mature sows that are selected for their ability to produce a substantial amount of milk.  What questions would you ask if piglets gobble up additional milk Does the sow have enough teats? Are all piglets able to feed at once? MILK REPLACERS Which piglets are always drinking the milk? Is the sow being fed adequately? Is she producing enough milk? Should be supplementary, not replacement. Start after all colostrum management e.g. split suckling Fresh, warm & often 7-10d old  CREEP FEEDING The practice of introducing solid feeds to pigs before they are weaned. The primary reasons for creep feeding pigs are: To supplement pre-weaned piglets with a solid diet while they are suckling.  WEANING Aims: High weaning weight >8kg/pig Uniformity Smooth transition from milk to solids High feed intake post weaning WEANING CHALLENGES  STIMULATE FEED INTAKE Feed porridge to stimulate feed intake Cosy kennel Wean smaller piglets later Wean piglets in batches of similar sizes Hospitalise compromised piglets Provide fresh water (water:feed = 3:1) Pig-world.co.uk  PRE-WEANING Sampling Charcoal swab of faeces Faecal smear Post mortem samples: Small intestinal contents (for culture/EM) Large intestinal contents / faecal sample (for Young piglets Piglets culture/EM) 0-7 days 7d - weaning Multiple fixed small intestinal and large intestinal E.coli diarrhoea Z E.coli diarrhoea Z sections for histopathology Fix lung, inguinal & mesenteric lymph nodes for Rotavirus Z Salmonellosis Z histopathology (S.enteritica) Fresh lung & spleen (for virology) Campylobacter Intestinal scrapes coli diarrhoea Z Coccidiosis Samples for PCR Clostridium perfringens Z  Treatment: PRE-WEANING Electrolytes & vitamins Specific therapy e.g. broad spectrum antimicrobial (Apramycin or Penicillin). IM Injection Toltrazuril for coccidiosis (orally) Suckle the piglets or bottle feed Clean out the pen Young piglets Piglets THEN heat the pen – WHY? 0-7 days 7d - weaning Biosecurity due to the zoonosis - other animals, and humans E.coli diarrhoea Z E.coli diarrhoea Z Prevention: Husbandry (Adequate colostrum) Rotavirus Z Salmonellosis Z Health monitoring (S.enteritica) Hygiene Campylobacter Biosecurity coli diarrhoea Z Coccidiosis Vaccinate Dam Epidemiology – PCR’s useful Clostridium perfringens Z WEANED PIGS Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli (PCR or histopathology too) Clostridium perfringens (necrotic and haemolytic) Weaned pigs Escherichia coli Twisted intestine Salmonella species Salmonellosis Z Ascarids Diagnosis: Culture gut content/faeces Ileitis / Gastric Spirochaetal ulceration Treatment: diarrhoea P Tylosin & Tiamulin (B.hyodysenteriae) (B.pilosicoli) Z Clostridium perfringens (not beneficial, vacc. dam) Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) Ascarids (Doramectin, Ivermectin, fen/flubendazole) Swine dysentery Vit E deficiency (B.Hyodsenteriae) WEANED PIGS PMWS = Porcine circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Weaned pigs Causes unthriftiness, pallor, rough coat, dyspnoea, jaundice, lymphadenopathy, diarhoea, Twisted intestine high mortality in naive and growing pigs. Salmonellosis Z Ascarids Vaccinate! Ileitis / Gastric Please read P 72-77 of Taylor, Pig Diseases Spirochaetal ulceration diarrhoea P (B.pilosicoli) Z Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) Swine dysentery Vit E deficiency (B.Hyodsenteriae) A D U LT P I G S Ulcers & int. accidents Adult pigs (P381-385 of Taylor, Pig Diseases) Salmonellosis Z Feed analysis: Vit E, Se, Zn, Mycotoxins, pH Swine dysentery Increase fibre (e.g. straw, oats, sugarbeet) Lawsonia Increase ration particle size intracellularis Feed wet meal rather than pellet Gastric ulceration Pets: ranitidine oral syrup & fluids P Clostridium novyi Z Vaccination (Salmonella & C.novyi) Twisted intestine & int. accidents A D U LT P I G S Lawsonia intracellularis / Ileitis Adult pigs 3 forms: Salmonellosis Z Porcine intestinal adenomatosis Necrotic enteritis = ill thrift & diarrhoea Swine dysentery PHE porcine haemorrhagic enteropathy = anaemia, Lawsonia sudden death, haemorrhage & dysentery intracellularis Dx: PCR to detect organism & MZN-stained mucosal Gastric scrape to detect curved bacilli +- histopathology. ulceration P Vaccinate! Clostridium novyi Z Twisted intestine & int. accidents DON’T FORGET! Swine fevers e.g. CSF and ASF can both cause: Widespread depression, anorexia, pyrexia, constipation then diarrhoea and incoordination You must report suspicious notifiable diseases to the APHA Remember: Multiple disease often occur H O S P I TA L P E N S Always separate pigs into different hospital pens according to their age group 4:00  All ages: Notifiable = Porcine GASTROINTESTINAL Epidemic Diarrhoea Weaned pigs Twisted intestine Young piglets Piglets Salmonellosis Z Ascarids Adult pigs 0-7 days 7d - weaning Salmonellosis Z E.coli diarrhoea Z E.coli diarrhoea Z Ileitis / Gastric Spirochaetal ulceration Swine dysentery diarrhoea P Rotavirus Z Salmonellosis Z (B.pilosicoli) Z Gastric Lawsonia ulceration Campylobacter Coccidiosis intracellularis Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting P coli diarrhoea Z Syndrome (PMWS) Clostridium novyi Z Clostridium Swine dysentery Vit E deficiency perfringens Z (B.Hyodsenteriae) Twisted intestine & int. accidents CLEANING AND DISINFECTION (Environmental Temp) 5:45 VA C C I N AT I O N E.coli Clostridial PCV2 (Porcine circovirus 2) against PMWS Salmonella Ileitis (L.intracellularis) LIVER DISEASES PM Gross pathology Toxin screening (frozen sample) PCR Culture Ascarids (cause high factory rejects) Aflatoxins (Aspergillus poisoning) C. novyi (aero chocolate liver) – penicillin/amoxycillin SUMMARY LO’s 1. Construct a differential diagnosis list based on clinical presentations associated GIT and liver disorders and choose appropriate diagnostics. 2. Determine appropriate interventions in the management and treatment of GIT and liver disorders in pigs. 3. Determine preventative measures appropriate for GIT and liver disorders in pigs. Common causes of disease 1. HUSBANDRY 2. Pathogens REFERENCES Books: Pig diseases 9th edition, D.J. Taylor Handbook of Pig Medicine, by Paul Jackson and Peter Cockcroft Websites: The Pig Site (http://www.thepigsite.com/) NADIS Vet school student resource: Surreylearn (Important pig diseases)