2024-2025 First Semester Final Study Guide PDF
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2024
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This document is a study guide covering biology topics including cell structures and functions, cell cycles, evolution and classification of organisms. It includes questions on each topic.
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2024-2025 First Semester Final Study Guide Biology Study Guide - This guide does not replace actually reading the chapters and doing the assigned work. Chapter 11: Cell Growth and Division 1. Why are cells small? ○ Cells grow, but their volume grows faster than their surface area....
2024-2025 First Semester Final Study Guide Biology Study Guide - This guide does not replace actually reading the chapters and doing the assigned work. Chapter 11: Cell Growth and Division 1. Why are cells small? ○ Cells grow, but their volume grows faster than their surface area. Small cells move nutrients and waste efficiently. 2. What happens in the cell cycle? ○ S Phase: DNA is copied. ○ Mitosis: The nucleus divides. ○ Cytokinesis: The cell splits into two. 3. What limits cell size? ○ Surface area to volume ratio, moving materials, and DNA efficiency. 4. What is mitosis? ○ Mitosis makes sure cells have the same DNA after division. Chapter 8: Cell Structure and Function 1. What is the cell theory? ○ All living things are made of cells. ○ Cells are the basic unit of life. ○ New cells come from old cells. 2. Parts of plant and animal cells: ○ Only plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts. ○ Both have a cell membrane and mitochondria. 3. What is the cell membrane? ○ Made of fats with water-friendly heads and water-repelling tails. ○ It controls what goes in and out. 4. What makes proteins? ○ Ribosomes build proteins. ○ The Golgi apparatus packages them. Chapters 17 & 18: Evolution and Natural Selection 1. What is evolution? ○ Over time, species change because of natural selection. ○ Example: Birds with longer beaks can survive if food is deep in trees. 2. What causes new species? ○ Geographic isolation: A barrier splits a group. ○ Reproductive isolation: Groups stop breeding together. 3. What are mutations? ○ Changes in DNA. ○ Mutations help evolution by creating differences. 4. Darwin’s observations: ○ Island animals are like mainland ones but adapted to their new homes. Chapters 1 & 19: Classification and Characteristics of Life 1. How do we classify organisms? ○ Example: Felis catus (a cat) is its scientific name. ○ Archaea and bacteria are both single-celled, but Archaea have different cell walls. 2. Characteristics of life: ○ Made of cells. ○ Respond to the environment. ○ Grow, reproduce, and use energy. 3. Kingdom differences: ○ Animals move and don’t make their food. ○ Plants stay in one place and make food using sunlight.
