2024-2025 ACC Midterm Study Guide PDF

2024 - 2025 ACC MIDTERM TOPIC LIST + STUDY GUIDE Unit 1: Measurements in Earth Science ​ Skills: ○​ Accurately make calculations using the SI system. ○​ Demonstrate the ability to convert related SI units ○​ Demonstrate the ability to use scientific no...

2024 - 2025 ACC MIDTERM TOPIC LIST + STUDY GUIDE Unit 1: Measurements in Earth Science ​ Skills: ○​ Accurately make calculations using the SI system. ○​ Demonstrate the ability to convert related SI units ○​ Demonstrate the ability to use scientific notation ○​ Calculate density and do conversions with density ○​ Be able to make measurements ○​ Mapping, identifying the type of map and identifying map coordinates ○​ Understand the aspects of earth science ​ Concepts and Objectives (be able to do all of this correctly!): ○​ Know lab safety practices ​ Handling chemicals safely ​ Procedures for open flames ​ Chemical hygiene (wash your hands!) ​ Accident and/or spill procedures ​ Lab procedures ○​ Do calculations using the SI (metric) system ​ Know these prefixes and what they mean: milli, centi, deci, kilo, etc.; Also know their symbols (m, c, d and k etc.) ​ Know the SI units for length, mass, amount, temperature, time etc. ○​ Convert units within the SI (metric) system using dimensional analysis and between the metric system and the English system ​ Convert between metric units (must have metric prefixes memorized) ​ Convert simple units such as cm to in (you will be given conversions from metric to english units) ○​ Calculate density, mass or volume give the other two pieces of data ○​ Use scientific notation ​ Put numbers into scientific notation ​ Take numbers out of scientific notation ○​ Measure using the correct number of digits ​ Estimate only 1 digit past the smallest marking ○​ Know the different aspects of Earth science, the realms of study, and what is studied! ○​ Know the different types of maps ​ How to read maps (estimating maps) ​ Map projections (ex: Robinson, Mercator), pros & cons  ​ Map types (ex: topographic) ​ Practice Problems: 1.​ How many inches are in 45.6 cm? (2.54 cm = 1 inch) 2.​ How many centimeters are there in 1.23x10-6 km? 3.​ How many inches are there in 355 mm? (2.54 cm = 1 inch) 4.​ Name the SI units for distance, mass and temperature. 5.​ Define the following SI unit prefixes: a.​ Kilo b.​ Centi c.​ Mega d.​ Milli 6.​ How many kilometers are in 3.34x105 cm? 7.​ What is the volume of an object that has a density of 2.12 g/cm3 and a mass of 4 g? 8.​ What is the density of the object below if it has a mass of 64.5 g? 9.​ What is the density of the star if its mass is 1.6 g? 10.​ Looking at the triple beam balance reading, what is the mass of the object? (Use proper measuring techniques) 11.​ The North American plate is moving on average 2.3 cm/yr. How long will it take for the plate to move 640 km? Unit 2: Classification of Matter/Atomic Structure ​ Skills ○​Identify the components of an atom. ○​Describe locations, mass, and charge of subatomic particles. ○​Differentiate between atomic mass and atomic number. ○​Identify the value of an AMU ○​Differentiate between atomic mass and mass number. ○​Recognize that elements are organized in the periodic table by their chemical properties… and know what these properties are! ○​ Utilize periodic table to identify elements in simple compounds ○​ Identify and differentiate Groups and Periods in the periodic table. ○​ Identify various families (Alkali, Alkaline Earth, Halogen, Noble Gases) of the periodic table and know their properties. ○​ Explain the significance of the horizontal rows and the vertical columns in the periodic table. ○​ Distinguish between an atom, an ion, and an isotope. ○​ Identify and compare isotopes, calculate average atomic mass when given the abundance of isotopes. ​ Concepts and Objectives (be able to do all of this correctly!): ○​ List the three common states of matter and be able to describe their basic characteristics; be able to draw a simple diagram illustrating some of these differences. Also know what plasma is. ○​ Identify matter as being a pure substance (element or compound) or a mixture (homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture); be able to give examples of all four classifications ○​ Decide whether various properties of matter are chemical properties or physical properties ○​ Minerals ​ Requirements for something to be classified as a mineral ​ How they form ​ How to classify minerals as matter ​ Mineral properties ​ Mohs Hardness Scale ​ Know the minerals on the scale and their hardness ○​ Atomic Structure ​ protons (location, mass, charge, how to determine the number of) ​ neutrons (location, mass, charge, how to determine the number of) ​ electrons (location, mass, charge, how to determine the number of) ○​ Atomic Number  ​ How do you determine atomic number? ​ What does the atomic number tell you about the element? ○​ Mass Number ​ What is the definition of mass number? ​ What is the equation used to calculate mass number? ​ How is mass number related to isotopes? ○​ Isotopes ​ What is the definition? ​ With isotopes of the same element, what is different and what is identical? ○​ Atomic Mass ​ What is the definition? ​ Be able to calculate it! ​ Avg atomic mass = m1a1 + m2a2 + m3a3 + … ○​ Charge ​ What is the definition? ​ What is the equation to calculate charge? ​ How is charge related to ions? ○​ AMU ​ What is the definition? ​ How do we use amu? ​ Practice Problems: 1.​ Complete the following tables: name symbol atomic # mass # protons neutron electron s s aluminu 27 13 m Ga 39 P 15 cesium 133 55 Ni 28 name symbol atomic # mass # protons neutron electron s s S 16 53 127 Er 100 tungste 74 74 n Xe 54 2.​ Classify each of the following as an element, compound, heterogeneous mixture or homogeneous mixture: a.​ Water b.​ Carbon c.​ Air d.​ Table salt, NaCl e.​ Sugar dissolved in water f.​ Granite g.​ Milk h.​ Oxygen i.​ Sand in water 3.​ Classify each of the properties listed below as physical or chemical: a.​ Color b.​ Combustibility c.​ Hardness d.​ Density e.​ Mass f.​ Melting point g.​ Ductility h.​ Volume i.​ Rusting j.​ Reactivity k.​ Inert l.​ Odor m.​Stability n.​ Malleability o.​ Tendency to corrode p.​ Reacts with water q.​ Weight r.​ Solubility 4.​ Some of the measured properties of a given substance are listed below. Write the general name describing each property.  Select the names from the following properties: chemical, malleability, density, volume, hardness, melting point, ductility, mass, odor, weight, combustibility. a.​ 15 dm3​ b.​ Can easily be hammered into sheets​ c.​ 2.8 g/cm3​ d.​ Burns when heated in the presence of O2.​ e.​ Stinks when heated​ ​ f.​ 500 oC​ ​ g.​ Can easily be drawn into a wire​ 5.​ The term “average atomic mass” is a _________________________average, and so is calculated differently from a “normal” average. 6.​ The element copper has naturally occurring isotopes with mass numbers of 63 and 65. The relative abundance and atomic masses are 69.2% for a mass of 62.93amu and 30.8% for a mass of 64.93amu. Calculate the average atomic mass of copper. 7.​ Calculate the average atomic mass of sulfur if 95.00% of all sulfur atoms have a mass of 31.972 amu, 0.76% has a mass of 32.971amu and 4.22% have a mass of 33.967amu. 8.​ The four isotopes of lead are shown below, each with its percent by mass abundance and the composition of its nucleus. Using the following data, first calculate the approximate atomic mass of each isotope. Then calculate the average atomic mass of lead. Isotope #1 Isotope #2 Isotope #3 Isotope #4 ​ ​ ​ 82p+​ ​ ​ 82p+​ ​ ​ ​ 82p+​ ​ ​ 82p+ ​ 122n0 ​​ ​ 124n0​​ ​ ​ 125n0​​ ​ 0 126n ​ 1.37%​ ​ ​ 26.26%​ ​ ​ 20.82%​ 51.55% 9.​ There are three isotopes of silicon. They have mass numbers of 28, 29 and 30. The average atomic mass of silicon is 28.086amu. What does this say about the relative abundances of the three isotopes? 10.​Iron has 4 naturally occurring isotopes: Fe-54 which has an abundance of 5.8%, Fe-56, Fe-57, and Fe-58 which has an abundance of 0.3%. What are the abundances of Fe-56 and Fe-57? 11.​ Why do elements in the same family generally have similar properties? Unit 3: Ionic + Covalent Bonding ​ Skills:  ○​ Predict the formula of an ionic compound using the periodic table. ○​ Distinguish between ionic and covalent bonds. ○​ Describe how some molecules are polar. ○​ Determine how many electrons are shared in single, double and triple covalent bonds. ○​ Determine oxidation states (charges) and how atoms bond based on oxidation states. ○​ Determine how many atomic shells are completely filled in various cations and anions. ○​ Identify the most common oxidation states of various atoms using the periodic table. ○​ Describe the octet rule, and include the “exceptions” ○​ Identify and name cations and anions along with ionic compounds. ○​ Write formulas using the criss-cross method. ○​ Naming variable charge metals and various compounds they form. ○​ Write chemical formulas from names. ○​ Naming Ionic and Covalent Compounds ​ Concepts and Objectives (be able to do all of this correctly!): ○​ Ions ​ anions - charge? change in electrons from neutral atom? type of element that forms them? ​ cations – charge? change in electrons from neutral atom? type of element that forms them? ○​ How elements are arranged on the periodic chart ​ Groups and relationship to valence electrons and chemical activity ​ Periods and relationship to the energy level ​ Special Group Names: Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, Chalcogens, Halogens, Noble Gases ​ Identify and locate metals, nonmetals, and metalloids (staircase!) ​ Identify and locate representative elements, transition elements, and inner transition elements ○​ Explain the octet rule and how it can help to determine the way a particular atom bonds to other atoms ○​ Tell ionic and covalent (molecular) compounds apart by the type of elements (metals and/or nonmetals) in the compound ​ Write formulas for ionic compounds ​ Write charges for monatomic ions given the periodic chart ​ Name and write the formulas for cations that have more than one possible charge  ​ Name anions and cations and use these names to write the names of ionic compounds ○​ Write formulas for covalent (molecular) compounds ​ Write names of covalent (molecular) compounds ​ Compare and contrast molecules and formula units ○​ Explain how electrons are different in ions vs the neutral atom ○​ Explain what occurs to the electrons in an ionic bond versus a covalent bond ○​ Tell how many electrons are being shared in a single, double and triple covalent bond ○​ Determine the molecular geometry (shape) of a molecule (linear, bent, trigonal pyramidal or tetrahedral) ​ Tip 1: If there are only two atoms, it must be linear! ​ Tip 2: Both trigonal pyramidal and bent must have unshared electrons on the central atom ​ Tip 3: A tetrahedral molecule cannot have any unshared electrons on the central atom ○​ Polarity ​ Bond polarity using electronegativity table ​ Decide if a molecule is polar or nonpolar ​ Explain what it means when a molecule is polar or nonpolar. ○​ Be able to determine what mineral group common minerals from Moh’s and Bowen’s would have in common. ​ Dana Classification System ​ Based on the chemical formula (halites, oxides, etc.) ​ Know the basic structure of the mineral groups (i.e. silicon tetrahedron) ​ Practice Problems: 1.​ Draw the Lewis structures for the following compounds (be sure to include dipole arrows!): a.​ PBr3 b.​ N2H2 c.​ CH3OH d.​ NH3 e.​ C2H4 2.​ What is the main idea behind VSEPR theory? 3.​ For each of the following compounds: (1) draw it, (2) include dipoles, (3) determine the molecular shape and (4) if the molecule is polar covalent or nonpolar covalent. a.​ Carbon tetrachloride b.​ BH3 c.​ Silicon disulfide d.​ C2H2 e.​ PF3 4.​ Name the following ionic compounds: a.​ NH4Cl ​ ​ _____________________________________  b.​ Al(NO3)3 ​ ​ _____________________________________ c.​ KBr3​ ​ ​ _____________________________________ d.​ Rb3P​ ​ ​ _____________________________________ e.​ SrSe​ ​ ​ _____________________________________ f.​ CaO2​ ​ ​ _____________________________________ g.​ GaAs​​ ​ _____________________________________ h.​ Pb(SO4)2​ ​ _____________________________________ i.​ Be(HCO3)2 ​ ​ _____________________________________ j.​ Li3SO3​ ​ _____________________________________ k.​ Al(CN)3 ​ ​ _____________________________________ l.​ PdO2​ ​ ​ _____________________________________ 5.​ Write the formulas for the following compounds: a.​ chromium (VI) phosphate​ _____________________________________ b.​ vanadium (IV) carbonate ​ _____________________________________ c.​ tin (II) nitrite​ ​ ​ _____________________________________ d.​ cobalt (III) oxide​ ​ ​ _____________________________________ e.​ titanium (II) acetate​ ​ _____________________________________ f.​ vanadium (V) sulfide​ ​ _____________________________________ g.​ chromium (III) hydroxide​ _____________________________________ h.​ lithium iodide​ ​ ​ _____________________________________ i.​ lead (II) nitride​ ​ ​ _____________________________________ j.​ silver bromide​ ​ ​ _____________________________________ 6.​ For each of the following questions, determine whether the compound is ionic or covalent and name it appropriately. a.​ Na2CO3​ _________________________________________ b.​ P2O5 ​ ​ _________________________________________ c.​ NH3 ​ ​ _________________________________________ d.​ FeSO4 ​ _________________________________________ e.​ SiO2​ ​ _________________________________________ f.​ GaCl3 ​ _________________________________________ g.​ MgBr2 ​ _________________________________________ h.​ B2H4 ​ ​ _________________________________________ i.​ CO​ ​ _________________________________________ 7.​ For each of the following questions, determine whether the compound is ionic or covalent and write the appropriate formula for it.  a.​ dinitrogen trioxide ​ ​ _________________________________________ b.​ Nitrogen​ ​ ​ ​ _________________________________________ c.​ methane ​ ​ ​ ​ _________________________________________ d.​ lithium acetate​ ​ ​ _________________________________________ e.​ phosphorus trifluoride​​ _______________________________________ f.​ vanadium (V) oxide ​ ​ _________________________________________ g.​ aluminum hydroxide ​ ​ _________________________________________ h.​ zinc sulfide ​ ​ ​ _________________________________________ i.​ silicon tetrafluoride ​ ​ _________________________________________ j.​ silver phosphate​​ ​ _________________________________________​ Unit 4: Earth’s Internal Structure ​ Skills: ○​ Understand how changes in the orientation of earth’s poles affects rock formation ○​ Be able to describe the notable scientists who helped develop the theory of plate tectonics and how their contributions changed our ideas of the structure of the earth. ○​ Understand the types of plate boundaries ○​ Understand what can occur at different types of plate boundaries (features AND examples!) ○​ Understand how seafloor spreading and continental drift contribute to our idea of plate tectonics ○​ Understand the evidence behind the concepts of seafloor spreading and continental drift ○​ Understand how volcanism can occur ○​ Understand how earthquakes occur ○​ Know about famous geographic structures that occur due to plate tectonic movement ○​ Know the structure of different parts of the earth’s interior and how we know what the internal structure of the earth is made of ○​ Know how different types of seismic waves behave ○​ Know the information that can be gleaned by understanding earthquake travel paths, times, and speeds ○​ Understand what is able to be determined from seismic station data  ○​ Know your VOCABULARY from the unit ○​ Understand how to use and interpret an ESRT earthquake graph and locate an epicenter--you will not have to find the epicenter on the midterm, but should know how to! ​ Concepts and Objectives (be able to do all of this correctly!): ○​ Understand how changes in the orientation of earth’s poles affect rock formation ○​ Be able to describe the notable scientists who helped develop the theory of plate tectonics and how their contributions changed our ideas of the structure of the earth. ○​ Understand the type of plate boundaries ​ Understand what can occur at different types of plate boundaries ​ Understand how seafloor spreading and continental drift contribute to our idea of plate tectonics ​ Understand the evidence behind the concepts of seafloor spreading and continental drift ​ Understand how volcanism can occur ​ Understand how earthquakes occur ​ Know about famous geographic structures that occur due to plate tectonic movement ○​ Know the structure of different parts of the earth’s interior and how we know what the internal structure of the earth is made of ​ Know how different types of seismic waves behave ​ Understand what is able to be determined from seismic station data ○​ Earthquakes ​ Intensity v. magnitude ​ P/S/L wave travel speeds and times (which one is fastest, where do they travel)? ​ Which ones are longitudinal, transverse, surface ​ Reading seismogram ​ Triangulation facts Unit 5: Rocks and Minerals ​ Skills: ○​ Understand Bowen’s reaction series and how it is used to predict the mineral content and melting temperature of minerals in a rock ○​ Know what types of minerals are present in each type of rock (granitic, andesitic etc. and felsic, ultramafic etc.) and vice versa ○​ Know how the temperature affects the composition of the rock (understand fractional crystallization) ○​ Know the difference between minerals and rocks  ○​ Understand the difference between both branches of the Bowen’s reaction series ○​ Dana classification of minerals ○​ Understand the different types of rocks and how they are formed ○​ Know the different types of minerals and be able to identify the mineral type based on the name of the mineral or chemical formula ○​ Know the Mohs scale hardness ○​ Be able to distinguish between different types of rocks, their methods of formation, and the conditions necessary for them to form ○​ Be able to understand and describe how rocks are cycled, and changed, due to Earth’s surface and internal processes ○​ Understand how the stratigraphic record can be analyzed to relatively date layers of rock and their inclusions ○​ Understand the laws of stratigraphy and how they are used ○​ Understand the uses of different types of rocks ○​ Understand the rock cycle ​ Concepts and Objectives (be able to do all of this correctly!): ○​ Be able to distinguish between different types of rocks, their methods of formation, and the conditions necessary for them to form ○​ Be able to understand and describe how rocks are cycled, and changed, due to Earth’s surface and internal processes ○​ Understand how the stratigraphic record can be analyzed to relatively date layers of rock and their inclusions ​ Understand the laws of stratigraphy and how they are used ○​ Chemical versus physical changes ​ Explain how chemical and physical changes are similar and how they differ ​ Decide whether a change in the matter is a chemical change or a physical change ​ List the 6 changes of state (all physical changes) ​ List words associated with chemical changes (Examples: burning, reacting, corroding, rotting, rusting, combusting and precipitating) ○​ Identify the type of mineral and its classification based on the Dana classification system ○​ Use Bowen’s reaction series to determine the possible mineral content of a particular rock. ○​ Understand how the mineral content of a rock governs the temperature of its formation ​ Understand how Bowen’s reaction series can be used to determine the relative rate of weathering of minerals in a rock ​ Know the types of minerals found in each type of rock ○​ Know the horizons of soil and how soil forms ​ How soil varies in different climates ​ How bedrock becomes soil