Professional Driver's Manual PDF

Professional Driver's Manual INTRODUCTION As an applicant for a professional (Class 1, 2, 3 or 4) driver’s licence, you will need to know the information given in this manual and the Driver’s Handbook. These manuals contain the basics of safe, professional driving. As a professional driver you will...

Professional Driver's Manual INTRODUCTION As an applicant for a professional (Class 1, 2, 3 or 4) driver’s licence, you will need to know the information given in this manual and the Driver’s Handbook. These manuals contain the basics of safe, professional driving. As a professional driver you will have to ensure that your vehicle is properly maintained by performing commercial truck inspections in compliance with the Commercial Vehicle Trip Inspection Regulation (MR 95/2008) and, when necessary, in-service and pre-hill inspections. Drivers must know and obey all laws and regulations for the areas in which they are operating and can be held responsible if they do not obey. Before learning to drive a Class 1, 2, 3 or 4 vehicle, you must get authorized instruction in the class of vehicle you want to be licensed in. This manual will explain the types of driver’s licences available and how to go about getting one. When you are ready, Manitoba Public Insurance will test your ability to operate the class of vehicle you wish to drive. This manual is for general information only. For specific information see The Highway Traffic Act and/or The Drivers and Vehicles Act and regulations. All charges, additional premiums and fines are subject to change. Sales of this manual are final and not refundable. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Inside front cover Vehicle operation 22 The class licence system Foldout Steering — hand position 22 Accelerator 22 Basic licensing requirements Foldout Clutch 22 TEST APPOINTMENTS 5 Double-clutching 22 Scheduling your knowledge or road test  5 When to change gears 23 Engine RPM 23 Key points about your tests 5 Automatic transmission 23 SECTION 1 — CLASS 1 TO CLASS 4 DRIVER’S Manual transmission 24 LICENCE REQUIREMENTS 7 Shift before starting down a hill 24 Medical standards 8 Shift before entering a curve 24 Shift before or after railway crossings 24 Medical examination report  8 Hearing 8 Visibility and safety 24 Vision 8 Speed-Weight-Distance 26 Medical re-examinations 8 Danger zone 27 Shrinking the danger zone 27 Knowledge test 8 Timed-interval following distance 28 Authorized Instruction  8 If you drive an ambulance or van 28 Road test 9 If you drive a bus, truck or truck and trailer 28 Commercial driver’s licence (United States)  9 Driving the correct speed 29 Commercial driver abstract 9 Traffic tempo 29 Vehicles with air brakes  10 Tailgaters 30 Slow-moving vehicles 30 SECTION 2 — EFFICIENT AND SAFE VEHICLE OPERATION FOR ALL CLASSES OF VEHICLES 11 Braking 31 A growing priority: fuel efficiency 12 Engine retarders 31 Anti-lock braking system (ABS) 32 Making smart choices 12 Combination braking 32 Caring for your vehicle 12 Runaway lanes 33 Starting your vehicle 13 Smart driving practices 13 Checking tires, wheels and fasteners 34 Keeping up with road conditions 13 Common driving conditions 36 Driving defensively 14 Passing 36 Driving while impaired 14 Being passed 36 Alcohol 14 Lane changing 37 Prescription drugs 14 Curves 37 Illegal drugs 14 Intersections 38 What are the consequences? 14 Backing 39 Criminal Code offences 15 Parking lots, alleys and side roads 42 Unattended or parked vehicles 42 Licence suspension for other Criminal Code convictions 15 Railway crossings 43 Driving while suspended — consequences  15 Adverse weather conditions 45 Safety considerations 16 Reduced visibility 45 Carbon monoxide poisoning 16 Winter driving 46 Emotions 16 Winter road driving 46 Drowsiness and fatigue 16 Gusting or strong winds 48 Hours of service regulation 17 Hydroplaning 48 Airbags 17 Wet brakes 48 Seatbelts 17 Skids and their causes 49 Distractions 17 Overbraking 49 Safety equipment 18 Overaccelerating 49 Vehicle fires 19 Oversteering 49 Fire extinguishers 19 Skid control and recovery 50 Fire prevention 19 Avoiding skids 50 Lighting, reflectors and markers 20 Jackknifing 51 Headlights 20 Test yourself on Section 2 52 Night driving 21 Professional Driver's Manual 1 SECTION 3 — ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Highway train 82 FOR CLASS 1 AND CLASS 3 DRIVERS 53 Dangers of skidding and Types of vehicles 54 jackknifing with a highway train 82 Highway train loading 82 Turning 55 Turning radius 55 Tow truck 82 Off-track 55 Test yourself on Section 3 83 Turning at intersections 56 SECTION 4 — ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Turning safely 56 FOR CLASS 2 AND CLASS 4 DRIVERS 85 Right turns 57 Buses 86 Button hook 57 Extended approach 58 School buses 86 Lane straddling 58 Railway crossings 86 Left turns 59 Emergency vehicles 86 Button hook 60 Driving a bus 87 Extended approach 60 Right turns 87 Lane straddling 60 Left turns 87 Backing a tractor and trailer 62 Leaving the curb 87 Straight line backing skill test 62 Parked car hazards 88 Passenger safety 88 Connecting vehicles 63 Inside lights 88 Coupling a tractor and trailer 63 Cleanliness of vehicles 88 Uncoupling a tractor and trailer 64 Vehicle inspection 88 Vehicle and load dimensions 65 Defects and breakdowns 88 Height 66 Fuelling 88 Overheight 67 Baggage 88 Width 67 Loading and unloading passengers 89 Overwidth 67 Safety provisions 89 Length 67 Driver’s vision 89 Overlength 68 Standing passengers 89 Pilot vehicles 68 Refusal to transport passengers 89 Weight 68 Passengers with disabilities 89 Overweight 68 Period of spring road restrictions 69 Test yourself on Section 4 90 Liability for damage by overweight vehicles 69 SECTION 5 — VEHICLE TRIP INSPECTION  91 Bridges 69 Vehicle condition 92 Weigh stations 69 Trip inspection testing 92 About loads and loading 70 Weight distribution 70 All Class 1 vehicles 93 Approximate distribution of total All Class 2, 3 vehicles and Class 4 buses  99 weight — vehicle plus payload 72 Trip inspection tear out sheet  105 Securing loads 73 In-service inspections 107 Load projections 74 Post-trip inspections 107 Night travel by oversize vehicle 74 Farm equipment on roads 74 Pre-hill inspection 107 Fastening tailgate 74 SECTION 6 — FOR YOUR INFORMATION  109 Transporting dangerous goods 75 Border crossings 110 Classifying dangerous goods 75 Driver training schools  110 Safety marks 75 Organ and tissue donation 110 The marks of safety 76 Metric conversion table  111 Special labels and placards 78 Dangerous goods routes 79 Documentation 79 Transporting explosives 80 Transporting livestock 80 Transporting hanging meat 80 Transporting bulk material 81 Transporting liquids 81 Special driving considerations for tank trucks 81 Transporting dry bulk 81 2 Professional Driver’s Manual  Minimum Medical Manitoba Licence Class Allows the Licence Holder to Operate Requirements Test Charges Age Requirements 1 Class 1 Semi-trailer trucks1. Road Test Includes all vehicles in Classes 2, 3, 4 and 5. $50 Buses2 having a seating capacity of over 24 passengers (while carrying 2 passengers). Class 2 School buses3 having a seating capacity over 36 passengers Road Test (while carrying passengers). Must meet medical and $45 Includes all vehicles in Classes 3, 4 and 5. vision standards. Must hold a minimum Class 5I (Intermediate Stage) licence or Class 5A (Authorized Instruction Stage) Medical report required licence to obtain Authorized Instruction in Classes 2–4. on initial application and A truck with more than two axles. periodically thereafter Must hold a minimum Class 5F (Full Stage) licence to obtain Authorized Instruction in Class 1. Class 3 A combination of vehicles that includes a truck with more than two axles, based on the age of the Must pass knowledge test. Road Test 18 except if the combination includes a semi-trailer. driver. Medical report Requires supervising driver for Authorized Instruction. $45 3 A combination of vehicles consisting of a truck with not more than two valid for six months from  Must pass road test. For Classes 1, 2, 3 or 4 (buses and trucks only), the test includes a pre-trip inspection axles and a towed vehicle with a registered gross weight of more than the date completed by of vehicle (and air brake system if applicable) by the applicant. physician. Must obtain 4,540 kg. For Class 1, you must show you have completed an approved Mandatory Entry-Level Training (MELT) Authorized Instruction course before you can book your Class 1 road test. Class 4 A combination of vehicles consisting of a class 5 vehicle – other than a truck – and a towed vehicle with a registered gross weight of more than within this six-month Road Test time frame. 4,540 kg. $35 Includes all vehicles in class 4 & 5. The Class Licence System Ambulances and other emergency vehicles. Buses2 with a seating capacity between 10 and 24 passengers 4 (while carrying passengers). School buses3 with a seating capacity between 10 and 36 passengers Knowledge Test (while carrying passengers). $10 Includes all vehicles in Class 5. Note: Individual municipalities may require a Class 4 licence to operate a Vehicle for Hire – contact your municipality for information. A passenger car (other than Class 4 vehicles). Class 5 16 A bus2 while not carrying passengers. Road Test or A truck with two axles. $30 Must pass knowledge test for Class 5L (Learner Stage) licence (must wait seven days for re-test.) 15½  combination of vehicles consisting of a passenger car or a truck with A 5 two axles, and a towed vehicle with a registered gross vehicle weight of Medical report required Requires supervising driver for Class 5L (Learner Stage) or Class 5A (Authorized Instruction) licence. if enrolled up to 4,540 kg. when requested. Requires supervising driver for a Class 5I (Intermediate Stage) licence if carrying more than one passenger in a high May operate Class 3 vehicles registered as a farm truck and the driver Must meet vision between the hours of midnight and 5 a.m. school driver holds a Class 5I (Intermediate stage) licence or 5F (Full stage) licence. standards. Must pass road test to advance to the Intermediate Stage (Minimum 15 months).(Must wait 14 days for Knowledge Test education course M ay operate a moped4, if 16 years of age or older. re-test. Professional in struction required if five or more tests are needed.) $10 currently in May operate a infrastructure equipment or agricultural equipment on a progress provincial highway, or a highway within the municipal boundaries of a city, town or urban municipality, subject to supervising driver requirements. Driver must hold a valid licence of any class and stage. Class 6 Must pass knowledge test (must wait seven days for re-test). Road Test 6 Medical report required when requested. Must obtain Class 6M (Motorcycle Training Course Stage) licence in order to complete motorcycle training course. The course is required before Class 6L (Learner Stage) licence is issued. (Contact Safety Services $30 16 Motorcycles. Must meet vision Manitoba for motorcycle course scheduling and fees.) standards. Minimum nine-month Learner Stage. Knowledge Test Must pass road test to advance to the Intermediate Stage (Minimum 15 months). (Must wait 14 days for re-test.) $10 Practical Test $30 Endorsement Must pass knowledge test. Air brake endorsement permits the holder to drive vehicles equipped Air Brake Must pass Air Brake practical test for A (Authorized) endorsement. with air brakes in the class of vehicle for which the person is licensed. Must pass adjustment of the manual slack adjusters for S (Slack Adjuster) endorsement. Note: Drivers of a Class 3 truck registered as a farm truck equipped with air brakes are exempt from this requirement.  o additional charge for the Air Brake practical test if it is completed at the same time N Knowledge Test you are road-tested for a higher class of licence. $10 1. A semi-trailer truck is a motor vehicle-trailer combination consisting of a truck designed primarily for towing a semi-trailer connected by means of a fifth wheel coupler, and not constructed for carrying any load other than part of the weight of the trailer and a semi-trailer. All charges are 2. A bus is any motor vehicle designed to carry 11 or more persons (including the driver) that is not used solely for personal transportation. subject to change. 3. School bus certificate is required. For further information, contact the Pupil Transportation Unit, Manitoba Education and Training at 204-945-6900. 4. Mopeds are not allowed to be driven on highways with a speed limit exceeding 80 km/h but may cross these highways.  Basic licensing requirements The class licence system Application and test requirements D) Road test New residents Manitoba’s class licence system recognizes the professional from Applicants for a Class 2, 3 or 4 driver’s licence must wait at least New residents to Manitoba may operate a class 5 or class 6 A) Age limits and licence requirements two weeks after they are issued Authorized Instruction in that class the non-professional driver. To promote safety for all road users, motor vehicle in Manitoba with their valid out-of-province licence Any person 18 years of age or over who holds a minimum Class before taking a road test. For Class 1, you must show you have drivers must meet vision, medical, knowledge and skill standards (depending on the class of licence held) for up to three months 5I or Class 5A driver’s licence and meets the required knowledge, completed an approved Mandatory Entry-Level Training (MELT) in order to operate a particular class of vehicle. before getting a Manitoba driver’s licence. Testing requirements visual and medical standards for that class may apply for course before you can book your Class 1 road test. Drivers must may be waived if you surrender a valid and equivalent class driver’s Who must take a driver test Authorized Instruction in Classes 2, 3 or 4. Any person 18 years also hold a minimum Class 5F driver’s licence. licence from another jurisdiction. You must take a driver test for the class of vehicle you wish to of age or over who holds a minimum Class 5F licence and meets The road test not only measures your ability to operate a specific For further information on new resident drivers, drive if you: the required knowledge, visual and medical standards for that class of vehicle, it also identifies errors that need to be corrected. please call 204–985–7000 or toll-free 1–800–665–2410. class may apply for Authorized Instruction in Class 1. have never been licensed for that class of vehicle You will be required to operate your vehicle in typical traffic have not held a Manitoba licence within the past four years B) Visual and medical requirements situations in a safe and legal manner. You will be evaluated on your Change of name or address All applicants for a Class 1 to 4 driver’s licence must file a driving skills. Only authorized Manitoba Public Insurance employees You are required to notify your Autopac agent or Manitoba Public hold a licence from outside Canada, the United States medical report approved by Manitoba Public Insurance before a may ride with you during the test. Insurance within 15 days of any change in your name or address. or from other jurisdictions whose licences are learner’s licence can be issued. Applicants who fail to meet the A pre-trip inspection of the vehicle will also be needed for Class 1, For more information visit mpi.mb.ca or call us at 204–985–7000 not exchangeable minimum medical standards will be denied a Class 1 to 4 licence. 2, 3 and Class 4 bus tests. (in Winnipeg) or 1–800–665–2410 (outside Winnipeg). You may be required to be re-tested if you: In addition, commercial class drivers are required to file periodic medical reports to ensure they have no medical conditions that Please make sure you check in 15 minutes before your appointment have been involved in traffic collisions or have convictions may affect their driving ability. Drivers with certain medical time. You must bring a vehicle in good working order and produce have had your licence suspended conditions may have to file more often. a Vehicle Registration Certificate confirming the vehicle is properly registered and insured. Class 1 applicants must provide a copy of have a disease or disability that may affect your ability The applicant must also meet the minimum Class 1 to 4 vision their inspection report showing the vehicle was inspected in the to drive safely standards. Applicants who fail to meet the minimum vision past 24 hours. Failure to do so may result in the cancellation of the standards, with or without corrective lenses, cannot obtain a Authorized Instruction road test. Class 1 to 4 licence. If corrective lenses are required for driving, To learn to drive Class 1 to 4 vehicles, drivers must apply for this will be indicated on your licence. A vision report may be Only one road test per class of licence (Class 1 to 4) is allowed per Authorized Instruction in the class of vehicle they want to drive. needed. day. You may repeat a road test (Class 1 to 4) on the next working day. To obtain Authorized Instruction in classes 2 to 4, a driver must Manitoba Health will NOT pay for third party requests for be minimum 18 years of age, hold a minimum Class 5I or Class 5A medical reports including related examinations, tests or telephone driver’s licence, meet medical standards, pass the knowledge test calls to the physician. Applicants are responsible for these costs. and pay any charges required. To obtain Authorized Instruction in Class 1, a driver must be minimum 18 years of age, hold a C) Knowledge test minimum Class 5F (Full Stage) licence, meet medical standards, For Class 1, 2, 3, 4, Air Brake and School Bus knowledge pass the knowledge test and pay any charges required. To take a tests, applicants must pass the knowledge test for the class of road test, the driver must hold a Class 5F licence. licence they are applying for. This is not an open book test and Holders of Authorized Instruction for Class 1, 2, 3 and 4 driver’s cellphones or electronic devices cannot be used during the test. licences must be accompanied by a person who holds a valid Knowledge tests are $10 per test. Only one knowledge test per driver’s licence and has held a minimum Class 5F driver’s licence class of licence (Class 1 to 4) is allowed per day. You may repeat a for at least three years, of which two years are the same class Class 1, 2, 3, 4, Air Brake and School Bus knowledge test on the of licence being sought. This person is known as the supervising next working day. driver and must sit in the seat nearest the driver. To operate infrastructure equipment or agricultural equipment, a person must hold a valid minimum Class 5I driver’s licence. This requirement applies on all provincial trunk highways, provincial roads and highways within the boundaries of a city, town or village. For further information please call 204–985–7000 or toll- free 1–800–665–2410. Test appointments Key points about your tests Cost* Scheduling your knowledge or road test A knowledge test costs $10. All knowledge and road tests are by appointment only. Visit any Autopac agent* to pay for your test and schedule your Costs for road/practical tests: test appointment. ◦ Class 1 licence: $50 ◦ Class 5 licence: $30 Both knowledge and road tests are conducted during ◦ Class 4 licence: $35 ◦ Class 6 licence: $30 weekdays only (with the exception of holidays). Saturday ◦ Class 2 or 3 licence: $45 ◦ Air brake: $30** appointments are available in Winnipeg. For hours of *Cost may change. operation please see mpi.mb.ca or contact an Autopac agent. **There is no additional charge for the practical air brake test if you are Your Autopac agent can provide you with details of taking a road test for a class 1, 2, 3 or 4 licence and the vehicle you are available appointments at any testing location. using for the test is equipped with air brakes. You can schedule your test appointment up to eight weeks in advance. General testing information Please check in 15 minutes prior to your scheduled Knowledge and road tests are available in English and appointment time. French. Specify your language preference when booking your appointment. There is a 30-minute time limit to complete a knowledge test. *For a list of Autopac agents, see mpi.mb.ca. The knowledge test is not an open book test. Cellular phones and electronic devices are not allowed in the test area. Only one knowledge or road/practical test of the same class may be completed per day There is a 14-day waiting period between the issuance date of your learner’s licence and the road test date for Class 2, 3 and 4 licences. For Class 1, you must show you have completed an approved Mandatory Entry-Level Training (MELT) course before you can book your Class 1 road test. For additional information or assistance, call your Autopac agent or the following numbers: In Winnipeg call 204–985–7000 Outside Winnipeg call toll-free 1–800–665–2410 Professional Driver's Manual 5 6 Professional Driver’s Manual  1 Section 1 Class 1 to Class 4 driver’s licence requirements Professional Driver's Manual 7 Class 1 to Class 4 driver’s Medical re-examinations Under The Drivers and Vehicles Act, the Registrar of Motor licence requirements Vehicles requires certain drivers to be medically re‑examined to determine their fitness and ability to drive. All Class 1, 2, 3 Medical standards and 4 drivers must submit a Medical Examination Report form: Applicants for professional driver’s licences must be medically every five years to age 45 fit and able to operate vehicles safely by meeting the every three years to age 64 following standards: annually at age 65 and over Medical Examination Report A driver applying for a Class 1, 2, 3 or 4 licence must file Drivers may also need to be retested for their class of licence a mandatory Medical Examination Report. Applicants are related to a medical condition. This may include permitted to take the Class 1, 2, 3 or 4 knowledge test before a vision screening, a knowledge test and a road test in the Medical Examination Report is approved. The medical the type of vehicle for the class of licence held. report is valid for six months from the date your physician A pre‑trip inspection and air brake inspection may completes it. Your Authorized Instruction must be obtained also be required. Drivers may change to a lower driver’s within this six-month time frame. The knowledge test must be licence classification if they do not wish to hold the higher successfully completed and the Medical Examination Report classification. In such cases, the medical requirements of the approved prior to being issued Authorized Instruction. lower licence classification must be met. People with certain medical conditions may be prohibited For information regarding Medical Examination Report forms from holding a Class 1, 2, 3 or 4 driver’s licence. However, or questions about a medical condition please contact: most people with medical conditions or physical disabilities Manitoba Public Insurance may be considered for a higher licence class provided specific Driver Fitness medical standards are met. Drivers who are prohibited by Box 6300 the Registrar of Motor Vehicles to apply for a higher licence Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 4A4 class are informed of their right to appeal the decision to Telephone: 204–985–1900 the Medical Review Committee once complete medical Toll-free: 1–866–617–6676 information is filed. Hearing Knowledge test Drivers must meet specific hearing standards depending upon The knowledge tests for Class 1, 2, 3 and 4 are based on this the class of licence desired and the type of goods transported. manual. The knowledge test is not “open book.” If a hearing impairment exists, an audiogram report may be required. Hearing aids may be used to achieve the hearing Authorized Instruction standards. Upon meeting the medical requirements and passing Contact Driver Fitness (see right) for further information. the Knowledge test, the driver will be issued Authorized Instruction in the class of licence wanted. Vision Class 1, 2, 3 and 4 (emergency vehicles) drivers must have Holders of Authorized Instruction for Class 1, 2, 3 and 4 must a vision acuity no less than 6⁄9 with both eyes open and be accompanied by a person who holds a valid licence and examined together with the worse eye no less than 6⁄30. Visual has held a minimum Full Class 5 driver’s licence for at least fields must not be less than 150° with both eyes open and three years, of which two years are the same class of licence examined together. being taught or operated. The supervising driver must be in the seat nearest the driver, have less than.05 blood alcohol Drivers who are applying for a Class 1, 2, 3 or 4 driver’s concentration, and cannot fail a drug screening test. licence and who require corrective lenses to meet the required visual standards may pass their vision screening while An individual with a Class 1A and air brake endorsement is wearing glasses or contact lenses. Drivers wearing contact allowed to gain experience operating a Class 1 vehicle under lenses are advised to carry glasses with them at all times while the supervision of a qualified driver. It’s important to note driving since there may be times when contact lenses have to that although these practice hours are valuable, they will not be removed because of eye irritation. count towards fulfilling the MELT (Mandatory Entry-Level Training) requirements. 8 Professional Driver’s Manual Road test For more information contact: A road test must be completed in a vehicle of the same Manitoba Trucking Association class as the licence being sought. If you are uncertain please 25 Bunting Street telephone your closest driver testing centre before the road Winnipeg, Manitoba R2X 2P5 test to be sure of the type of vehicle to bring for the test. Telephone: 204–632–6600 A pre-trip inspection of the vehicle is part of this test and is explained later in this manual. Road test charges are not Commercial driver abstract refundable if the test is cancelled because the vehicle fails Under the National Safety Code a motor carrier’s safety to meet vehicle standards under The Highway Traffic Act and fitness rating is affected by the driving offences of its its regulations. Vehicles must have an adequate, clean, dry employees. The Commercial Driver Abstract includes more seat and seating area for the driver examiner. information about an individual’s driving record than a non- An inspection of the air brake system is required if the commercial driver abstract. This information will vehicle has air brakes. Applicants must ensure they have the help a motor carrier decide how an employee’s, or a potential necessary tools and equipment to do a brake adjustment employee’s, driving record will affect its safety fitness rating. on air brake-equipped vehicles. The Air Brake Manual gives The Commercial Driver Abstract includes information about information on air brake system inspection and adjustment. convictions under various legislation including: Inadequately completing the pre-trip and air brake The Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act (Canada) inspections, and coupling (if required), will result in stopping and failure of the road test. The Dangerous Goods Handling and Transportation Act and Regulations You must produce your valid vehicle registration and valid trailer registration (if applicable) before your road test. The Anhydrous Ammonia Handling and Transport Regulation Failure to do so will result in a non-refundable road test Generator Registration and Carrier Licencing Regulation cancellation. The Manifest Regulation For Class 1, you must show you have completed an approved Mandatory Entry-Level Training (MELT) course Drivers Hours of Service Regulation before you can book your Class 1 road test. Class 1 Periodic Mandatory Vehicle Inspection Regulation applicants must provide a copy of their Daily Vehicle Inspection Report showing the vehicle was inspected in the Cargo Securement Regulation past 24 hours. In addition, the Class 1 road test must be Vehicle Weights and Dimensions on Classes of Highways completed in a vehicle equipped with manual transmission. Regulation For information regarding driver testing call: Commercial Vehicle Trip Inspection Regulation Manitoba Public Insurance The Highway Traffic Act In Winnipeg: 204–985–7000 Toll-Free: 1–800–665–2410 The Criminal Code of Canada or visit a service centre or mobile testing unit in your area. The Drivers and Vehicles Act Individuals can get a copy of their own driver abstract, either Commercial driver’s licence (United States) commercial or non-commercial, by applying and paying the required fee. An employer must have written permission from A Manitoba Class 1, 2, 3 or 4 driver's licence is acceptable an individual before a copy of an employee’s, or potential as a Commercial Driver's Licence (CDL) in the United States. employee’s, driving record will be released to him or her. The Certain medical conditions may prohibit a driver from fee for the Commercial Driver Abstract is the same as the fee operating a commercial vehicle there; these drivers will have a for the non-commercial Driver Abstract. “Code W” restriction placed on their commercial licence. For more information contact: The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) requires that you must be 21 years of age and carry a Manitoba Public Insurance completed medical card. The FMCSA also requires operators Driver Records of commercial motor vehicles, including two-axle heavy truck Box 6300 with a gross vehicle or gross combination weight of 4,536 kg Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 4A4 or more, to have medical certification when operating in the Telephone: 204–985–0980 United States. Toll-free: 1–866–323–0544 Fax: 204–954–5357 Drivers operating in the United States will have to participate in a drug and alcohol testing program administered by their employer. FMCSA regulations apply to businesses that operate commercial motor vehicles in the United States and their drivers are required to have a CDL. Professional Driver's Manual 9 Vehicles with air brakes If a vehicle has an air brake system, the operator must have an air brake endorsement on their driver’s licence. The endorsement is shown in the “Air Brake” section on the driver’s licence certificate. To obtain an air brake endorsement, you must pass a knowledge test and a practical test based on the Air Brake Manual. This manual is available at Autopac agents and Manitoba Public Insurance Service Centres for a nominal cost, and is available online for no cost at mpi.mb.ca. The air brake test is carried out on a vehicle supplied by the applicant and includes: a practical demonstration of a pre-trip brake inspection along with a verbal explanation of the air brake components and their functions (A endorsement) an optional demonstration that shows you can adjust a manual slack (S endorsement) Note: The air brake practical demonstration must be completed on every Class 1 test. Drivers should never take their brakes for granted. The braking system must be tested and the adjustment checked before placing the vehicle into service. Drivers must understand the braking system, realize its capabilities and limitations and learn to use them to the best advantage. Heavy vehicles require powerful braking systems that are obtained by use of mechanical leverage and air pressure. Brakes must be used keeping in mind the heat generated by friction. If the heat becomes too great, braking effectiveness will be lost. The heavier the load and the faster the speed, the greater the force needed to stop. It is important to remember that an air-brake-equipped vehicle, even with properly adjusted brakes, will not stop as quickly as a passenger car. 10 Professional Driver’s Manual  2 Section 2 Efficient and safe vehicle operation for all classes of vehicles Professional Driver's Manual 11 Efficient and safe vehicle operation for all classes of vehicles A growing priority: Use accessories such as oil pan heaters and block heaters (to help with cold starting and hasten lubrication), fuel fuel efficiency heaters (to prevent fuel gelling), thermostatically controlled As fuel costs are a significant portion of operating expenses, electric engine cooling fans, winter fronts, battery blankets independent drivers and major transport companies are trying and in-cab auxiliary heaters to improve productivity and to accurately budget for fuel costs — and are actively searching fuel efficiency. for ways to keep those costs under control. Dealing with the weather Of course, money isn’t the only consideration. The Weather conditions affect fuel efficiency. Driving on environment is a key factor, too. Nearly 30 per cent of all snow-covered roads can increase fuel consumption by 15 to greenhouse gas emissions in Canada are produced by the 20 per cent and fuel economy can be significantly affected road transportation sector, a significant portion of them by heavy winds.** Here are a few ways to minimize the from heavy-duty vehicles.* Fortunately, there are many effects of weather: practical decisions you can make as a driver to be more fuel- efficient, from vehicle spec’ing to at-the-wheel techniques and Avoid bad weather where possible by changing trip times behaviours. or routes. Adjust speed to suit the conditions; for example, reduce Making smart choices speed when there’s a strong head wind. You may not be able to control gas prices, but your driving habits can reduce the amount of fuel you burn. Here are some Slow down and maintain a safe following distance in order steps you can take: to better anticipate other vehicles in front of you. Preparation and planning Don’t park your tractor-trailer on an icy grade — getting stuck wastes fuel and time. Plan your route carefully: flat routes are more fuel efficient than mountainous routes; highway driving is more fuel The road best travelled efficient than city driving. Choosing to drive on a flat, multi-lane highway improves your Carefully consider your spec’ing options and always fuel efficiency by:*** maximize your payload: instead of 60 per cent capacity, try four to 11 per cent compared to a flat two-lane highway to achieve 80 or 90 per cent capacity. as much as 18 per cent compared to a mountainous Read the owner’s manual for your vehicle and follow the highway manufacturer’s driving recommendations. 25 to 35 per cent over taking a suburban route Fuel and your engine When the temperature is above zero degrees Celcius, Caring for your vehicle using summer fuel can improve fuel economy by as much Preventative maintenance plays a huge role in maintaining as three per cent.** the health and efficiency of your vehicle. When your truck is serviced properly, you can run more efficiently and avoid Vehicle choice and accessories unexpected downtime. Small problems should be fixed before Optimize tractor/trailer aerodynamics: reducing they become bigger — and more expensive In addition to aerodynamic drag by 10 per cent can reduce fuel regularly scheduled maintenance, you should also: consumption by about five per cent.** Ensure your tires are inflated according to the Consider using doubles or triples instead of single trailers manufacturer’s recommendations — fuel consumption where applicable. increases by about one per cent for each 10 pounds per square inch of underinflation.** Use rib design tires when appropriate: they’re more fuel efficient than using lug tires on the drive and steering axle.** Before you hit the road, make sure you’ve done a trip inspection — not only is it the law but it can also help you Consider using low rolling resistance tires. Remember that avoid unwelcome breakdowns during your travels. super single tires provide lower rolling resistance as well as less weight. *Source: Environment Canada: National GHG Inventory Report Choose lighter truck specifications where appropriate. Less **Source: Cummins MPG Guide: Secrets to Better Fuel Economy vehicle weight means better fuel economy and can also ***Source: Technology and Maintenance Council of the American offer more freight capacity increasing income per kilometre Trucking Association travelled. 12 Professional Driver’s Manual  It is a good idea to perform a post-trip inspection to spot Idling: A special note problems that could delay you next time. Idling a class eight truck engine** burns up to four litres of fuel Ensure all fluid levels are correct — underfilling or overfilling per hour at 900 rpm. Turn off your engine when you stop for can damage your vehicle. any length of time — you will save fuel, reduce maintenance requirements, prolong engine life and prevent unnecessary Monitor your restriction indicator for signs of the air filter emissions. If a 10-truck fleet were to cut idling by an hour a becoming plugged or contaminated. day for 260 days, it would save approximately 10,400 litres of Continually monitor your vehicle’s condition during your fuel ($11,440 at $1.10 per litre). A 100-truck fleet would save trip: check gauges, tires and cargo every three hours. $114,400 and a 500-truck fleet $572,000. Starting your vehicle Taking advantage of technology Fuel efficiency starts when you turn your engine on. Proper New engine designs offer great benefits, delivering more warm-up helps lubricate components and seals reducing wear horsepower and torque in lower rpm ranges. You can and leakage. Starting your truck properly can save money on downshift at about 1,200 rpm and upshift at about fuel. Keep the following in mind: 1,600 rpm — rather than 2,000 rpm. You shift less, save money and generate fewer emissions.*** When starting your vehicle make sure you use zero throttle. Keeping up with road conditions Don’t pump the throttle: the amount of fuel required for starting is pre-measured. Similarly, don’t pump the throttle Smart, fuel-efficient driving is also safe driving. Different road when cranking with older diesel engines with mechanical and traffic conditions present different challenges. As a driver, injection: it wastes fuel and can damage cylinder walls. it’s important for you to keep the following in mind: Light: Adjust your driving per visibility. Wear sunglasses in Use ether sparingly when having difficulty starting your bright conditions and reduce speed in poor light conditions. engine: excessive use can harm the engine. Posture: Keep your seat adjusted to the correct position for Let your vehicle warm up for three to five minutes; if comfort, alertness, visibility and access to controls. the temperature is below zero degrees Celsius allow it to warm up for seven to 10 minutes. Don’t rev it; let it T  raffic: Try to travel at a constant speed, staying within the warm up gradually. speed limit. Be considerate and give way to other drivers. Ensure oil and air pressure are in their normal operating Street smart ranges. Managing your vehicle’s momentum using smart driving Warm your vehicle up after the initial idle time by driving techniques allows you to keep your speed more constant and easily; don’t try to get too much speed out of the engine by increase fuel efficiency. pushing the throttle down hard. *Source: Technology and Maintenance Council of the American Smart driving practices Trucking Association Driving smart can save fuel and reduce wear and tear on your **Class eight truck: a truck over 14,969 kg (33,000 lb.) Gross Vehicle vehicle. Keep the following in mind: Weight Rating (GVWR) Back off the accelerator when going over the top of a hill ***Source: CAT (Canadian American Transportation) Driving Tips and let gravity and momentum do the work. Use cruise control where appropriate. Reduce your speed — driving fast eats up fuel no matter what you drive. Generally, for every 10 km/h over 90 km/h you use 10 per cent more fuel.* Always use the clutch — failure to do so can result in a missed shift or damage the transmission. Practice progressive gear shifting. Shift between 1,400 and 1,600 rpm before you reach the maximum governed rpm. This can help reduce equipment wear, decrease noise levels and save fuel.*** Use the highest gear possible to keep the engine in its most efficient rpm range. Use your retarder properly and turn it off when you don’t need it — let the terrain work for you. Professional Driver's Manual 13 Driving defensively Illegal drugs Smart driving is both an attitude and a skill. A sharp mind and Illegal drugs may cause hallucinations, hostility and shrewd decision making can go a long way toward protecting aggressiveness in addition to dulling normal thought processes your safety and the safety of others — not to mention and slowing down eye-hand coordination. increasing fuel efficiency. Defensive driving allows you to anticipate hazards and maintain a constant speed. When you What are the consequences? drive defensively, you conserve your momentum — which Manitoba continues to have among the toughest penalties means you don’t have to continually build up lost speed. Power for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs in Canada. not used is fuel not burned. Here are some helpful tactics: Impaired driving is a serious threat to public safety with significant sanctions and consequences. Don’t let frustration push you into making unsafe passes or other manoeuvres. Drug impairment Look ahead and anticipate stops. It’s more efficient to coast Drivers suspected by police of being under the influence of to a stop than to brake. any drug can receive an immediate 24-hour roadside license suspension. Maintain a safe driving distance of at least four seconds. Immediate Roadside Prohibition Be aware of your blind spots and check them regularly. The Highway Traffic Act has been amended to adopt an Be aware of your own physical and mental condition immediate roadside prohibitions approach to deal with including the effects of alcohol and drugs, age, attitude, persons driving under the influence of alcohol. This new illness, fatigue, emotion and diet. approach and tough new sanctions would take effect right at roadside, based upon the results of an approved screening Safe stopping device (ASD). Keep a safe following distance so you can always brake safely and efficiently. Driving at 70 km/h requires a stopping Tiered Administrative Licence Suspension distance of about 90 m (300 ft.). Anyone who operates a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration between.05 and.079, registers a warn on an Driving while impaired ASD, or fails a drug screening test, physical coordination test or drug recognition evaluation is subject to an immediate Tiered Alcohol Administrative Licence Suspension. Tiered Administrative Impaired drivers are some of the most dangerous, Licence Suspensions are progressively longer suspensions unpredictable people on our roads and caused 40 per cent ranging from 72 hours to 60 days depending on how many of all traffic deaths in this province in 2018. This is why, in previous suspensions have been issued to the driver within a Manitoba, the laws for drinking and driving are severe. 10-year period: If your ability to drive is impaired, you may be charged with 72-hour driver’s licence suspension for a first occurrence impaired driving regardless of the level of alcohol found in seven-day driver’s licence suspension for a first occurrence your blood. The safest rule to follow is: if you drink, don’t with a person under the age of 16 in the vehicle drive. Alcohol or drug impairment delays reaction times, distorts vision and impairs judgment. Never mix drugs and 15-day driver’s licence suspension for a second occurrence alcohol — even in small quantities. 30-day driver’s licence suspension for a third occurrence Remember, alcohol is a depressant, not a stimulant. It reduces 60-day driver’s licence suspension for fourth and alertness and slows normal reflexes. If you’ve had too much subsequent occurrences to drink, black coffee, food or a cold shower won’t sober you up — only time will eliminate alcohol from your body. Receiving a Tiered Administrative Licence Suspension lowers your Driver Safety Rating by five levels. You may also be Possession of alcohol in a commercial vehicle is strictly subject to a Driver Improvement and Control intervention. prohibited in the United States unless it is part of the load and This could range from a warning letter to a further driver's is manifested. In Manitoba, alcohol must be out of the reach licence suspension. You would also be required to pay a of the driver and the seal cannot be broken. driver’s licence reinstatement charge. *Source: Traffic Collision Statistics Report 2018 If you register a warn on an ASD, you will also face enhanced roadside sanctions, including an administrative penalty and Prescription drugs vehicle impoundment on a first offence. Sanctions increase Tranquillizers, antidepressants, sleeping pills and similar with subsequent offences. prescription drugs can affect driving ability even if taken If you receive two or more suspensions within a 10-year in the prescribed dosage. If you drive while impaired by period, you are also required to complete an Impaired Driver medication, you can be charged with driving while impaired Assessment at the Addictions Foundation of Manitoba (AFM) and face the same consequences as if you were impaired by at your own expense. alcohol. Discuss the possible effects of any medication with your doctor or pharmacist. Always carry prescription drugs in their original containers. 14 Professional Driver’s Manual Three-month Administrative Licence Suspension a court-imposed driving prohibition You will receive a three-month Administrative Licence mandatory driver’s licence suspension under The Highway Suspension if: Traffic Act your blood alcohol concentration is equal to or over.08 participation in Manitoba’s Ignition Interlock Program you register a fail on an ASD possible vehicle forfeiture your blood drug concentration is over 5 nanograms (ng) Some licence suspensions, disqualifications and court of THC imposed driving prohibitions can be appealed to the Licence your combined blood alcohol concentration is over.05 and Suspension Appeal Board. If successful in the appeal, drivers your blood drug concentration is more than 2.5 ng of THC may be required to participate in Manitoba’s Ignition Interlock Program for impaired driving related driving suspensions and/ you refuse to provide a breath, saliva or blood sample or prohibitions. to police For more information, visit mpi.mb.ca. y  ou refuse to perform a physical coordination test or drug recognition evaluation, or refuse to follow a police officer's *A discharge under the Criminal Code of Canada for certain instructions regarding either test driving-related offenses may be treated as a conviction under The Highway Traffic Act. you have any concentration of illegal drugs in your system Receiving this suspension lowers your Driver Safety Rating by Licence suspension for other Criminal Code five levels. You will also be required to pay a driver’s licence convictions reinstatement charge. Additional consequences include: Driving a vehicle in Manitoba is a privilege. People convicted* potential charges under the Criminal Code of Canada of certain offences under the Criminal Code of Canada will vehicle impoundment (except infrastructure equipment) lose that privilege. Some examples of these offences are: dangerous driving, criminal negligence, flight from police, auto a mandatory Impaired Driver Assessment at your expense arson, auto vandalism, take vehicle without owner’s consent, participation in Manitoba’s Ignition Interlock Program auto theft, possession of property obtained by crime and possess, sell or purchase master keys. If you fail or refuse an ASD, you may face enhanced roadside sanctions, including an administrative penalty, vehicle A conviction* of any of these offences results in an automatic impoundment, mandatory Ignition Interlock participation for driver’s licence suspension or eligibility to obtain a licence. one year, and movement of 10 levels down the Driver Safety It also disqualifies you from operating an off-road vehicle. Rating scale. Anyone convicted of any such offence faces a driver’s licence suspension ranging from one year to life. Offenders under Criminal Code offences 16 years of age will have their suspension start on their 16th Criminal Code offences include the following: birthday. driving, or having care and control of a vehicle, while impaired by drugs or alcohol Driving while suspended — consequences impaired driving causing bodily harm or death Vehicles and off-road vehicles (ORVs) will be immediately impounded for a minimum of 30 days for driving while the driving with a blood alcohol concentration equal to or person is suspended or prohibited from driving, or if the over.08 person is disqualified from operating an ORV. driving with a blood drug concentration over 5 ng of THC The vehicle will be impounded even if it is owned or registered driving with a combined blood alcohol concentration over by someone other than the operator at the time of the.05 and blood drug concentration over 2.5 ng of THC offence. It is the owner’s responsibility to ensure that the user is not suspended, prohibited or disqualified. Vehicle owners driving with any concentration of illegal drugs in your system will be responsible for the costs of towing and storage, plus refusing to provide a breath, saliva or blood sample to an impoundment fee, which must be paid before a vehicle is police upon request released. refusing to perform a physical coordination test or drug Additional consequences of driving while suspended recognition evaluation, or refusing to follow a police can include: officer’s instructions regarding either test imprisonment for up to five years and/or fines of If you are convicted* of an impaired driving offence under the up to $2,000 Criminal Code, your driver’s licence will be suspended and a non-appealable licence prohibition under the Criminal you will be disqualified from driving any type of vehicle. A Code, which means that a work licence cannot be obtained conviction may result in a number of sanctions including: a lifetime driver’s licence suspension under The Highway moving an additional five, 10 or 15 levels down the Driver Traffic Act Safety Rating scale additional driver’s licence premiums once the driver’s a significant court-imposed fine licence is reinstated possible imprisonment Professional Driver's Manual 15 Safety considerations Carbon monoxide poisoning Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is an ever-present danger when you operate a motor vehicle. CO is odourless, colourless, tasteless and hard to detect. It is in the exhaust fumes of most motor vehicles. This makes it essential for you to keep a constant check on your exhaust system for leaks. Never run your engine in a closed garage. Don’t follow any vehicle too closely and maintain a safe distance between your vehicle and the one in front of you when you are stopped at traffic lights or stops signs. If you get dizzy or drowsy while driving, stop, get out and get plenty of fresh air. Emotions If enough sleep is not obtained over an extended period, the Some collision investigations have traced the cause of the body will start to accumulate sleep debt that must be repaid. collision to an emotional disturbance that distracted the The sleeping time that has been missed must be made up with driver’s attention from the driving task. extended periods of sleep. Most people will notice they need a Safe driving demands the full attention of the driver at rest and will sleep many more hours than usual when they have all times. gone for an extended period of time (usually after eight to 10 days) with reduced sleep. If a person continually robs their body Arguments at home or at work, anger directed at other of sleep for long periods, it will begin to affect their health. drivers, illness or financial problems are some of the things that can preoccupy a driver’s mind and distract attention from If you’re tired, get some sleep! the important job of driving. A driver may experience a condition called “micro sleep.” This Safety demands a driver’s complete and constant attention to is a short period of time, usually just seconds, when the brain driving situations. tunes out what is going on around it. A driver will have no knowledge of the last few seconds or sometimes minutes, Drowsiness and fatigue cannot recall what has passed and may miss a highway exit or Most transport workers experience fatigue-related problems. drive by a weigh station. These problems are not unique to truck driving. Fatigued drivers may also experience “highway hypnosis,” It is estimated that driver fatigue or extreme tiredness is a where they become inattentive because of uninteresting factor in 30 to 40 per cent of all heavy truck fatalities. Drivers terrain. When this happens, drivers may not be aware of who are fatigued suffer from impaired memory, reduced their surroundings and will not be alert to changing traffic alertness, concentration and ability to respond. conditions. They could tailgate a vehicle and not be aware of the potential danger until it is too late. Studies indicate that drivers are usually unaware they are becoming fatigued and may exceed their own personal limits, Drivers who are extremely fatigued may fall asleep when which significantly increases the risk of having a collision. It driving down the highway. Before this happens, pull off the is important that a driver maintain a regular sleep pattern as road and get some sleep. much as possible. Sleep hygiene is the length and quality of sleep a person A proper diet and exercise will also help. Exercise can be receives daily. It is important for drivers to obtain a sufficient accumulated during the day. This can be accomplished by amount of quality sleep. exercising three times for 10 minutes over the course of the day. This is the same as one 30 minute exercise period. Before starting any exercise program consult with your physician. Circadian rhythms — this is the internal clock that tells the body when to wake or sleep. The majority of people are most alert during the day and require rest at night. Depending on an individual’s makeup, most people require between six and eight hours of sleep per night. 16 Professional Driver’s Manual The effects and onset of fatigue are different for each person. Seatbelts It cannot be regulated or controlled other than by you. It is All drivers and passengers must wear the complete seatbelt important to watch for the warning signs, and do what your assembly in the cab or sleeper berth, unless exempted by law. body tells you. It is the driver’s responsibility to ensure that every minor is Hours of service regulation properly secured. This regulation has been developed to help drivers and Note: Provincial law requires placing children in a size-appropriate companies manage the driver fatigue factor, which is a major car seat until they are at least 145 cm, 36 kg or nine years old. cause of truck collisions. It is important that professional No person shall operate a motor vehicle if the seatbelt drivers be very knowledgeable about the hours of service assembly has been removed or modified to reduce regulations. its effectiveness. For information on hours of service regulations contact: Vehicle collisions are the leading cause of head injuries suffered Motor Carrier Branch by thousands of Manitobans every year. Seatbelts play a Telephone: 204–945–3890 significant role in reducing head injuries. Airbags Many vehicles are now equipped with airbags. They have been shown to reduce injury in high-speed collisions. Airbags work because they reduce the shock of the collisions by distributing the impact over a larger surface area of the body. Airb