Principles and Management Tools and Approaches of Environmental Management PDF

Principles and Management Tools and Approaches of Environmental Management JULIE ROSE. APDOHAN Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) absolute liability for harm to the environment extends not only to compensate the victims of pollution but also the cost of restoring the environmental degrad...

Principles and Management Tools and Approaches of Environmental Management JULIE ROSE. APDOHAN Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) absolute liability for harm to the environment extends not only to compensate the victims of pollution but also the cost of restoring the environmental degradation. Application: In a matters of accidental pollution risk, operator should bear the cost of reasonable measures to prevent and control accident pollution. The pooling among operators of certain financial risks connected with accidents, for instance by means of insurance or within a special compensation or pollution control fund, is consistent with the Polluter-Pays Principle (i.e, EGF) The User Pays Principle (UPP) It is considered as a part of the PPP. The principle states that all resource users should pay for the full long-run marginal cost of the use of a resource and related services, including any associated treatment costs. It is applied when resources are being used and consumed. The user-pay principle is that only those who use the service or facility will pay for its construction and maintenance while the rest of the population — who won’t use them — will be spared of such cost. This characteristic is embedded in the public-private partnership (PPP) mode of construction, procurement, and maintenance of big infrastructure projects. The Precautionary Principle (PP) ensure that a substance or activity posing a threat to the environment is prevented from adversely affecting the environment, even if there is no conclusive scientific proof of linking that particular substance or activity to environmental damage. The words ‘substance’ and ‘activity’ are the result of human intervention. Principle of Effectiveness and Efficiency It is essential that efficiency of resources use may also be accomplished by the use of policy instruments that create incentive to minimize wasteful use. It also applies to various issues of environmental governance by streaming processes and procedures in order to minimize environmental costs. While efficiency refers to how well something is done, effectiveness refers to how useful something is. The Principle of Responsibility It is the responsibility of all persons, corporations and states to maintain the ecological processes. Further, access to environmental resources carries attendant responsibilities to use them in an ecological sustainable economically efficient and socially fair manner. Ecological sustainability should be attained by ensuring the use of resources is properly managed and not wasted, people must go about knowing that one of their duties is to protect the environment, safe applies for firms and corporations extracting and committing gasses polluting the environment. The Principle of Participation It is the duty of all the persons to participate in collectively environmental decision making activities. Some participation areas are related to the use of trees and other plants, minerals, soils, fish and wildlife for purposes such as materials and food as well as for consumptive and non-consumptive recreation. The second issue concerns solid waste i.e. garbage, construction and demolition materials and chemically hazardous waste etc. The third issue of participation is related to pollution generating activities. The Principle of Proportionality The principle of proportionality is based on the concept of balance. A balance is to maintain between the economic development on the one hand and environmental protection on the other hand. It cannot be disputed that no development is possible without some adverse effects on ecology. Therefore, it is essential to adjust the interest of the people as well as the necessity to maintain the environment. Moreover, comparative hardships have to be balanced and benefits to a larger section of the people have to be maintained. Environmental Management Tools and Approaches Environmental management can be applied in the organizational or community, national or government, and in the global or international levels. The most common tools and approaches includes: sustainability approach, spatial approach, ecological approach, environmental management systems (EMS), environmental valuation and accounting, and public participation. Sustainability Approach Neoclassical economics approach - is a complex and debated topic. Key-aspect: Criticism - Market- based solutions: - Short-term focus pollution taxes, emission - Valuation challenges trading, - Inequality: market-based solution can - Cost-benefit analysis: exacerbate inequality if not carefully designed and implemented - Technological progress Sustainability Approach Standards approach - this approach utilizes laws, rules, and regulations to restrict certain economic activities that have adverse impact to the environment. a) Discharge standards b) stock standards c) flow standards Discharge standards. refers to the control of environmental quality (e.g. limiting air emissions) Stock standards. refers to protecting assets (e.g. protecting a wildlife area) Flow standards. For example, an existing habitat of an important species may be utilized and damaged if investment in habitat creation or relocation were made. Spatial Approach Spatial Approach considers the Spatial Approach management of environment at 3 levels: 1. Local level 2. Regional level 3. Global level LOCAL REGIONAL GLOBAL At global level, the spatial dimension and management strategies may be chalked out on the basis of needs, aspirations, perceptions, priorities and inhibitions of the individual, society and government. Ecological Approach Ecological approach considers the Ecological management of ecological resources to Approach save the environment. It has two methods to manage society. 1. Conservation. To utilize the natural environment for social needs but a simultaneous effort to maintain the Conservation Preservation ecological balance 2. Preservation. To save some species or natural environments from social utilization in order to protect them Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a tool for achieving sustainability and sustainable development through the identification and assessment of environmental, social, and economic impacts (compared to baseline conditions) to inform decision-makers prior to the utilization of resources and commitments being made. Environmental Valuation and Accounting The value of direct and indirect benefits that humans are deriving from the environment is enormous. Hence, environmental valuation and accounting is important in environmental management. Environmental Valuation and Accounting Environmental Valuation. deals with the environmental gains and compensation for environmental losses. Environmental gains and losses can be looked into environmental benefits and can be classified into: a) use benefits. Refers to the utility arising from the direct or indirect physical use of a resource which include: commercial, recreational and aesthetic use. Farming, forestry, fishing, grazing, hunting, mining, observing scenic forests, mountains, rivers, waterfalls, etc are examples. b) non-use benefits. refer to utility that is derived from environmental resources without physical interaction with the resource. Example as an irreversible consequence of depleting a resource, extinct plants which could have had medicinal value that cannot be discovered and used anymore. c) stewardship benefits. moral benefits that is derived from knowing that a part as a stewards to nature is done or performed. Environmental Accounting Environmental accounting – also called green accounting, refers to modification of the System of National Accounts to incorporate the use or depletion of natural resources. Environmental accounting is a vital tool to assist in the management of environmental and operational costs of natural resources. Senate Bill No. 2439 or the proposed Philippine Ecosystem and Natural Capital Accounting System (PENCAS) law https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2023/0927_legarda1.asp Environmental Management Systems (EMS) EMS has been defined by ISO 14001 as The part of the overall management system that includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing achieving and reviewing the environmental policy  4 elements of EMS Act – management review, implement corrective action, and improvements Plan – environmental policies, objectives and targets, legal register, significant aspect and impacts Do – procedures, document control, training, and communication Check – internal monitoring and auditing, report the results What EMS does? An EMS brings together the people, policies, plans, review mechanism, and procedures used to manage environmental issues at a facility or in an organization Facilitate environmental compliance Addresses environmental impacts Broadens environmental responsibilities to all whose work can have a significant impact on the environment Workflow of EMS Framework for EMS ISO 14001 standard Code of environmental management principles Compliance-focused EMS Eco-management and Audit Scheme ISO 140001 ISO 14001 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists to help organizations minimize how their operations negatively affect the environment; comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented requirements; and continually improve in the above. Components of ISO 140001 Environmental Policy Planning Implementation and operation Checking and corrective action Management review Environmental Policy An environmental policy is a statement about an organization’s environmental positions and values. The ISO 14001 standards states that an environmental policy is the organization’s overall environmental performance intentions and direction formally expressed by top management. Features : issued with a policy statement signed by facility manager At a minimum, it commits to : ontinual development, pollution prevention and environmental compliance Identifies EMS framework It is publicly available