Environmental Management PDF

Definition and Scope of Environmental 3. Leading: Motivating and inspiring employees to Defining Environmental Management Management achieve their best Randolph (2004): EM controls human-...

Definition and Scope of Environmental 3. Leading: Motivating and inspiring employees to Defining Environmental Management Management achieve their best Randolph (2004): EM controls human- 4. Controlling: Monitoring performance, evaluating environment interactions to protect health What is Environment? results, and taking corrective action as needed. and quality of life. Environment: Sum of all living (biotic) and Antweiler (2014): EM as administrative non-living (abiotic) elements influencing functions for strategy development, human life. Environmental studies: Interdisciplinary, implementation, monitoring. Biotic: Animals, plants, forests, fisheries, integrates life, physical, and earth sciences. Erickson & King (1999): EM helps avoid birds. Climate change impacts everyone. hazards, mitigate problems, and build Abiotic: Water, land, sunlight, rocks, air. Growing population and environmental resilience. stress necessitate regulations. El-Kholy (2001): EM identifies desirable Plan versus Management Proper environmental management is key environmental goals, constraints, and Plan: Structured actions to achieve a goal. to sustainability. feasible options. Key characteristics of a plan include: Importance of environmental management for survival on Earth. Challenges Facing Environmental Management 1. Goal-oriented: A plan is always focused on Climate change effects are being Ecological Crisis: achieving a specific goal increasingly felt. o First warned in Silent Spring 2. Structured: It outlines a sequence of steps Population growth demands environmental (Carson, 1962) and The Limits to or activities. regulations. Growth (Meadows, 1972). 3. Resource-based: It considers the o Sustainable development idea necessary resources (time, money, people, What is Environmental Management? spread in 1986. equipment) to implement the plan. EM Characteristics: o Slow response to crisis, leading to 4. Time-bound: It specifies a timeline for o Generic term. worsening issues. completing the planned activities. o Supports sustainable development. Complexity: o Multidisciplinary. o Many interrelated factors affect Management: Process of organizing, o Integrates science, policy, and ecology. planning, controlling, and leading planning. o Complex systems are hard to resources to meet objectives. Key aspects o Considers short- and long-term predict. of management include: impacts. Uncertainty: o Focuses on stewardship, not o Climate change impacts, recovery 1. Planning: Developing and implementing plans to exploitation. from stress, effectiveness of achieve organizational goals interventions unknown. 2. Organizing: Structuring resources and assigning o Scientific knowledge is evolving. responsibilities to individuals or teams  Gaps in Baseline Data: Treatment of pollutants (air, water, solid o Incomplete knowledge on waste). environmental conditions. Renewable energy (solar, wind, biomass). Unnatural Disasters: Waste recycling. o Externalities ignored until direct Biodiversity conservation. impacts are felt. Environmental awareness programs. Political and governance context in environmental management. Components of Environmental Management Neoliberalism: Market-driven policies, 1. Environmental Perception & Public privatization, reduced government role. Awareness: Environmental Governance: Policy, rules, o Sources, levels, and role in planning and decision-making processes for and management. environmental regulations. 2. Environmental Education & Training. 3. Resource Management: Scope of Environmental Management o Classification, survey, evaluation, Awareness of environmental issues began preservation, and conservation. in the 1970s. 4. Pollution Control & Environmental Movements like Greenpeace, Chipko Degradation Prevention: helped raise awareness. o Prevention of hazards and Science and technology provide tools to disasters, regeneration of degraded manage environmental issues. areas. 5. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Broader Scope of Environmental Management o Evaluating existing conditions, Identify environmental problems and production methods, impacts, and solutions. necessary technological Regulate natural resource use. improvements. Restore degraded environments. Control pollution and mitigate natural disasters. Optimize resource utilization. Assess environmental impacts of projects. Areas Requiring Environmental Management Population growth and healthcare. Principles and Management Tools and The Principle of Responsibility o Spatial approach Approaches of Environmental Management Everyone (individuals, corporations, states) o Ecological approach must maintain ecological balance. o Environmental Management Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) Sustainable resource use is an obligation. Systems (EMS) The polluter bears the cost of Firms must reduce pollution and manage o Environmental valuation and environmental harm. resource extraction responsibly accounting Covers victim compensation and o Public participation environmental restoration. The Principle of Participation Applied in accidental pollution risk Public participation in environmental Sustainability Approach management. decision-making is essential. Neoclassical Economics Approach: Operators bear costs for prevention and Participation areas: o Market-based solutions: pollution control, often pooled through insurance or 1. Use of trees, minerals, soils, fish, taxes, emission trading. compensation funds. and wildlife. o Cost-benefit analysis. 2. Solid waste management (garbage, o Technological progress. The User Pays Principle (UPP) hazardous waste). o Criticism: Short-term focus, Extension of PPP. 3. Pollution control activities. valuation challenges, inequality Resource users pay full marginal costs, risks. including treatment costs. The Principle of Proportionality Applied in infrastructure projects under Balances economic development and Standards Approach: Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) environmental protection. o Uses laws and regulations to limit Recognizes that development affects harmful activities. The Precautionary Principle (PP) ecology. o Includes: Prevents harm to the environment even Prioritizes benefits for the larger population ▪ Discharge standards (e.g., without conclusive scientific proof. while maintaining ecological stability air emissions control). Focuses on substances and activities ▪ Stock standards (e.g., resulting from human intervention Environmental Management Tools and protecting wildlife areas). Approaches ▪ Flow standards (e.g., habitat Principle of Effectiveness and Efficiency Environmental management applies at relocation for infrastructure Efficiency: Optimal use of resources. various levels: development). Effectiveness: Achieving useful outcomes. o Organizational/community Encourages policy instruments to minimize o National/governmental Spatial Approach waste and streamline environmental o Global/international Environmental management at three levels: governance Common tools and approaches: 1. Local: Community-level actions. o Sustainability approach  2. Regional: Broader policies for Environmental Accounting o Improve environmental multiple communities. Also called Green Accounting. performance. 3. Global: International strategies Integrates environmental costs into based on different priorities. national economic accounts. Example: Senate Bill No. 2439 (Philippine Components of ISO 14001 Ecological Approach Ecosystem and Natural Capital Accounting 1. Environmental Policy. Focuses on managing ecological System - PENCAS) 2. Planning. resources: 3. Implementation and Operation. o Conservation: Sustainable use Environmental Management Systems (EMS) 4. Checking and Corrective Action. while maintaining ecological Defined by ISO 14001 as: 5. Management Review. balance. o A structured approach to o Preservation: Protecting species or environmental policies and actions. Environmental Policy environments from human use. EMS integrates planning, operations, and Outlines an organization's environmental reviews to manage environmental issues. goals and commitments. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Features: Evaluates environmental, social, and What EMS Does? o Signed policy statement. economic impacts before resource use. Combines people, policies, and procedures o Commitment to development, Aims for sustainability and informed for environmental management. pollution prevention, and decision-making. Ensures compliance and broadens compliance. environmental responsibilities o Framework for EMS. Environmental Valuation and Accounting o Publicly available. Determines the value of direct and indirect Framework for EMS benefits from the environment. Includes: o ISO 14001 standard. Environmental Valuation: o Code of Environmental o Use benefits: Physical interaction Management Principles. with resources (farming, tourism). o Compliance-focused EMS. o Non-use benefits: Indirect value o Eco-Management and Audit (extinct species with potential Scheme (EMAS) medicinal use). o Stewardship benefits: Moral ISO 14001 responsibility for conservation. A set of standards for organizations to: o Minimize environmental harm. o Comply with regulations.