Porifera PDF

Porifera  Parazoans: sponges and placozoans PaceBeamers Phylum Porifera (“________________”) Sponges are sessile multicellular ______________, water-pumping animals that lack ________________level true tis...

Porifera  Parazoans: sponges and placozoans PaceBeamers Phylum Porifera (“________________”) Sponges are sessile multicellular ______________, water-pumping animals that lack ________________level true tissue organization. tissue __________: 1) Aggregation of simileve ________held together by intracellular matrix an _________________. 2) Cells are organized to perform a specific ________ ___________ function 3) Cells originate from a specific embrienie __________________.  germ Sponges - Phylum Porifera mostly marine _________ and entirely benthic 5-10 thousand species known reproduce sexually and asexually (budding) most are monoecious __________ (= hermaphroditic), some are ____________(= dioecious gonochoristic) suspension Adult sponges are ________________ feeders Suspension feeders eat: phytoplankton small zooplankton bacteria (Archae- and Eubacteria) _____________ monoecious = ____________ diecious = “one house” “two houses” eggs eggs & sperm sperm Porifera 750 mya Fossil forms as old as ____________ -during (??) ______________event Snowball earth (other estimates: 635 540 ______________) mya myer No ______________layers true tissues Specialized water movement cells - _______________ choanocytes _____________ spicules of silica or calcium carbonate _____________ Spongin – a collagen-like protein Natural bath sponge = ________ Spongin Poriferan body plan lack a gut ___, ____________, circulatory systembody cavity, ______ nervous system, _______, any axis of ___________ organs symmetry osculum ostium bunchof little holes ostierplural atrium out osculum ciliatedcellspumpwaterthroughosculum  Body Symmetry bilateral Symmetry _________ _________ radial Symmetry __symmetry A  osculum ostier wiater ~2 cm water out fresh water small brown gun has spierly ______ vase sponge I don't know if true  _________ oscula ___________ encrusting sponge  vase _______ sponge Five of the major cell types: _____________, collarcells Choanocytes or “____________”- feeding and water flow _____________ - specialized surface cells Pinacocytes _____________ Parocytes - surround openings to sponge _____________ - secrete skeleton Sclerocytes _____________ Archaeotytes - transport of food and wastes  cells can Cell functions in sponges are changetype specialized, but: Based on need differentiation communication _____________ and _______________ among cells are weak relative to other metazoans cells functionquite mechanisms ________________________ integration (such as hormones or for chemo-electrical signaling) are not conspicuous indented Sponge cells constantly change ______, _________ shape position and _________ within the whole function http://shapeoflife.org/video/sponges-time- lapse-sponge-cells-recombining  collet flagella choanocytes choanoderm all Seven major cell types make Secrete spongin form skin barium Seal gaps Reproductive cell Pump water & feed Control flow Transport food & waste make Secrete spicules Three regions (not true tissues)  _______________ bring ________________and water oxygen _______ choanocytes into the sponge body food Sponge spicules are made of either ___________ calcium ___________ carbonate or _________ siliett 200 m 200 m Spicule skeleton formation by _____________ sclerocytes Life cycle of poriferans asexual are fragmentation Reproduction Spawning sponge - ________ gametes when in harshconditions Asexual reproduction - _______________ gemmule Sponge reproduction Most are _____________, monoecious but some have ________________ separate sexes diecious Sperm arise from ______________, choanocy eggs from _______________ or _______________ choanocytes archaeoyter ___________ sperm are free-spawned, then drawn into other sponges (______ eggs can be free-spawned as well) ____________ choanocytes engulfs sperm, drops flagellum, and transports sperm to egg swiming __________________ free (= parenchymula) larvae are Parenchymella released from parent (other types as well) larval  Horge Three grades of body structure Think about: how is body complexity related to body size? osculum SA Vmatio ostium atrium Lincenoid Ascenoid Syconoid complexchoanocytes move ostium choanocyte chambers sponge  leny poor anonyly Body structure Larger sponges require greater _______________ internal _______________ areas __________ Body Ascenoid guarder grade ___________ out syconoid grade  Leucenaid ______________ grade out in Phylum Porifera: four classes Class _______________ Hexaetinellida (glass sponges) Class ___________ ulearen (calcareous sponges) Class _______________ Demospengine (most sponges) Class _______________ Homos cleromorpha (recently carved out from Demospongiae) Class Hexactinellida Glass sponges ____________ grade of Syconoid structure Spicules made of ______ silica (__________) fused when together sponge glasshave dies still a skeleton  Euplectella, Class Hexactinellida Venus’ flower basket Silica spicules fused to form a lattice-like _____________ skeleton Mostly found in ______ deep water cells don't have membranes nucleary Syncytial Largely ______________ control regions No all distinctions Siliceous ______-spicules hexa 6 rayed (__________) no distinct Spicules have ___________ 6 points layeroft Spongin fibers ___________ absent Pinacouts Pinacoderm ____________ absent hexaspicules Weaver et al., 2009 Class Calcarea “Calcareous sponges” _______________of all three grades structure Spicules made only of _________________ calcium carbonate 3 or 4 points Spicules have _______________ absent Spongin fibers ______________ Class Demospongiae ______ most of all sponges Leucenoid ____________ grade of structure Spicules made of _______ silica (may also have no spicules, or rarely, have a hard CaCO3 skeleton (“coralline sponges”) Spicules (________) not 6 rayed __________________ megasclues and microscleres Spongin fibers ___________ (some species) present Some _____________ species freshwater ___________ __________ Boring Figure 2. Phylogram showing the relationships among the six genera of Homoscleromorpha based on 18S rDNA analyses. Gazave E, Lapébie P, Renard E, Vacelet J, Rocher C, et al. (2010) Molecular Phylogeny Restores the Supra-Generic Subdivision of Homoscleromorph Sponges (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha). PLoS ONE 5(12): e14290. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014290 http://127.0.0.1:8081/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0014290 Additional class: ___________________ Homo selomorpha -Group of ~100 species that used to be included within the Demospongiae. -Either most closely related to ___________, Calcarea or group with the Eumetazoa Ecological importance – ___________, __________ water filtration nutrientcycling cycling, creation of physical ________________ habitat  Predatory sponges __________________ chemical ___________Defenses defenses HIV (AZT), breast cancer (Halaven), leukemia (Ara C)  scallop defense mutualistic _________ transport interactions sponge sponge on growing scallop  Multicellularity Origins of__________________ Was the ancestral metazoan like ______________? sponge Sponge choanocyte Colonial choanoflagellates  Moran Dr teacherthing I Adv Mar Biol. 2012;61:1- 78. doi: 10.1016/B978-0- 12-387787-1.00007-6. Phylum Placozoa Phylum Placozoa 20 ~________ described species (discovered in 1880s) – genetic data suggests three genera (2017) no known ________ fossils no true ____________ tissues theydon'tgastrulate during development _____________of two layers ciliated cells develops from a ____________ blastula Eumetazoan-like _________________ intercellular junctions  hairy stickies Trichoplax adhaerens, only known species until 2017  view timeline cilium fiber food syncytium intercellular gland cells injection intermediate of having gut not and having one Phylum Placozoa body symmetry – _____________ asymmetric tissue grade – _____________ no true tissues digestion – ____________ intracellular (mostly) skeleton – _________________ fiber syncytium asexual reprod. fission grow certain size – __________ sexual reprod. –? the split in half life style – __________ solitary  Parazoa Eumetazoa Porifera Placozoa Symplasma Cellularia Hexactinellida Calcarea Demospongiae Placozoa Eumetazoa calcareous siliceous siliceus _fiber spicules spicules syncytium Fluey 6rayed yup spicules pinaoderm intercellular junction choanocytes collagenprotein developfrom blastula