Nanotechnology PDF

 Nano technology  It is the science that studies matter on the atomic and molecular scale, and its dimensions are measured in nanometers. (A meter = 1000,000,000 nanometers)  The word nanotechnology is also used in the sense that it is the technology of ultra-fine mater...

 Nano technology  It is the science that studies matter on the atomic and molecular scale, and its dimensions are measured in nanometers. (A meter = 1000,000,000 nanometers)  The word nanotechnology is also used in the sense that it is the technology of ultra-fine materials, microscopic technology, or miniature technology.  The diameter of the genetic material (DNA) is about (2.5 nanometers), while the red blood cells are (2.5 micrometers).  To compare this unit to minute things, the length of the diameter of the hydrogen atom, which is the smallest atom, is equal to (0.1 nanometers), meaning the sum of the diameters of (10 hydrogen atoms) is equal to (1 nanometer). The diameter of a human head hair ranges between (80 thousand to 100 thousand nanometers), the growth of a human fingernail in one second is equal to (1 nanometer), the height of a drop of water after it is completely spread over a surface area of (1 meter square ) is equal to (1 nanometer) and a nanometer is equal to one tenth of the thickness of the colored layer in sunglasses. The Nano was used as an extremely small unit of measurement, as it is equal to one billionth of any scale. The nanometer is equal to one billionth of a meter, the nanosecond is equal to one billionth of a second, and the Nano gram is equal to one billionth of a gram. The most famous ultra-small unit widespread is the nanometer, which is equal to ten times the atomic measurement unit (angstrom). A nanometer is a thousandth of a micrometer, that is, a millionth of a millimeter. The origin of the word (Nano) goes back to the ancient Greek language, where it is derived from the word (Nanos), which means dwarf. One nanometer = one billionth (billion) of a meter (1/1000000000 m). It is also one millionth of a millimeter 1/1000000mm.  How to benefit from this technology The idea of using nanotechnology is to rearrange the atoms that make up the materials, and whenever the atomic arrangement of the material changes, the resulting result changes to a large extent. At the Nano scale, objects behave completely differently than they do at larger scales (sensible size). At these levels, the physical, mechanical and chemical properties change.  By rearranging the atoms in coal, diamonds can be obtained, while by rearranging the atoms in sand and adding a few elements, computer chips can be made. By rearranging the atoms in clay, water and air, potatoes can be obtained. What science is working on now is to change the method of arrangement based on Nano, from one material to another, and by solving this puzzle, what scientists dreamed of centuries ago - converting cheap metals into gold - will be possible, but the reality is that gold will lose its value in this case.  Examples for clarification: Taking iron as an example, cutting an iron cube with a side length of one meter, to obtain eight cubes with a side length of 50 centimeters, and by comparing these cubes with the original cube, we find that they will carry all of its properties, such as color, smoothness (texture), thermal conductivity, melting point, and other properties. By continuing to cut to the Nano scale, at this size all the properties of the material will change completely, including color and chemical properties; the reason for this change is due to the nature of the interactions between the atoms that make up the iron element. In a large volume of iron, these interactions do not exist in it. It is concluded that Nano-sized iron will do a different job than large-sized iron. Taking gold as an example, gold in its normal size is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, but not of light. But properly constructed, gold nanoparticles begin to absorb light and can convert that light into heat, acting as a miniature thermal scalpel that can kill unwanted cells in the body, such as cancer cells. Also, some other materials can become noticeably stronger when built at the Nano scale.  For example, carbon nanotubes, with a diameter one millionth of the diameter of a human hair, are incredibly strong. It is used in the manufacture of bicycles, baseball bats, and some car parts. This saves energy if some of the metals used in making the car are replaced with such a compound.  Carbon nanotubes also conduct heat and electricity better than any metal, so they can be used to protect airplanes from lightning strikes, and they can also be used in electrical computer circuits. Some scientists are even thinking about the possibility of combining carbon nanotubes with plastic to make ships that are much lighter, and at the same time stronger than steel.  Applications of nanotechnology in the field of textiles: Cotton fabrics have good properties such as absorbency, ease of breathability and softness, but there are some disadvantages and problems due to poor durability, wrinkles, dirt, rapid burning and ignition. Fabrics made of synthetic fibers are also characterized by high resistance to wrinkles and dirt, but they are less comfortable compared to cotton fabrics, as they are less permeable to water and air. Which led to the application of nanotechnology in the field of spinning, weaving and clothing to produce cotton fabrics mixed with synthetic fibers (carbon) at the Nano scale, characterized by new, high-quality properties. Applications are divided into: production of filaments from carbon Nano fibers - nanotechnology processing materials.  Nano processing materials: Nano processing materials have been applied by electrical conduction deposition of chemical oxides on different types of fibers and coating products. It is also possible to mix Nano grains of organic and inorganic compounds to produce preparation materials for treating fabrics and making them resistant to friction (padding).  1- Nano silver: Nano silver granules are used as a covering material for fabrics by forming a very thin, highly homogeneous layer on the surface of the fabric, which leads to the production of a product characterized by high durability, resistance to stains and dirt, resistance to bacteria and microbes, and resistance to odor. 2- Nano silicon: Silicon oxides, such as silicon dioxide (silica), are used as a covering material for fabrics, which results in a product that is resistant to flames and easy to care for and clean.  3- Nano titanium: Titanium oxide is used as a coating material for fabrics, resulting in a product that is resistant to abrasion, wrinkles, and resistance to wetness. 4- Nano Zinc: Zinc oxide is used as a coating material for fabrics to obtain a product that is resistant to ultraviolet rays and antistatic electricity  Applications of nanotechnology in textiles and clothing: Nano technology is used in textiles and clothing to add some features to them or to try to get rid of some defects. There are many types of Nano equipment that can be used in textiles and clothing. Properties of textiles treated using nanotechnology include wetness resistance, wrinkle resistance, abrasion resistance, bacteria and odor resistance, antistatic and UV protection, improved absorbency and dye ability, color fastness, soiling resistance (self-cleaning fabrics) and flame resistance.  Swimming suit: It is a shark skin suit that is worn during the Olympic Games, which holds the world record swimming tournament. The suit, which features a plasma layer reinforced with nanotechnology to repel water molecules, is designed to aid swimmers' smooth descent through the water, and has become a common feature in major swimming competitions, with all competitors trying to acquire it to enhance their chances of winning.  Waterproof clothing: Nano-Tex “improves the water-repellent property of fabric by creating Nano-filaments, made of carbon fibers, 1/1000 the size of conventional cotton fibers, which are added to cotton fabric to create a peach fuzz effect without diminishing the quality of cotton. The spaces between the fibers of the fabric are smaller than a drop of water. The water on the top of the bristles thus remains above the surface of the fabric, while maintaining breathability.  UV protective clothing: One of the important functions that clothing performs is to protect the wearer from the weather and from the harmful rays of the sun. It is known that sunlight has wavelengths of 150-400 nanometers, including ultraviolet rays. These protective clothing block ultraviolet rays and prevent their transmission through the fabric to the skin.  Therefore, Nano zinc oxide improves the UV blocking property and is more effective than Nano silver and less expensive. The fabric treated to absorb ultraviolet rays ensures that the clothing deflects the path of these harmful rays from the sun, thus protecting the skin from potential damage. Self-cleaning clothes: These are clothes that are characterized by their resistance to stains, in addition to their resistance to allergies, physical sweating, and bacteria. The fibers used in these clothes are natural and the technology used is environmentally friendly. The price of these clothes is only 20% higher than regular clothes.  Anti-static clothing: Static charges are usually higher in synthetic fibers such as nylon, polyester, and acrylic because they absorb little water. Conversely, cellulosic fibers contain the highest percentage of moisture. To provide synthetic fibers with anti-static properties, research was conducted on improving the anti-static properties of textiles using nanotechnology, and it was determined that processing with Nano-zinc oxide adds anti-static properties to synthetic fibers. Antibacterial clothing: Cotton is a hydrophilic material known for its high water absorption. The humidity with cotton provides a good environment for the growth of microorganisms (viruses, microbes, and bacteria). However, treatment with Nano-silver particles made the material completely waterproof (hydrophobic), and thus the material after treatment became resistant to these organisms.  Customized color changing clothes: Thin tissues were produced that humans could change color on demand. These are color-changing textiles developed for use by army soldiers. These thin “matrix” fabrics consist of tiny Nano spheres that change color according to the length of the light waves that are reflected on them. Textile industries from all over the world have shown interest in the invention with the aim of revolutionizing the world of fashion, textiles and clothing. Other companies interested in construction have also expressed their desire to manufacture wallpaper that changes color upon request. This means that in the future it will be possible to buy one suit and change its color several times at one party, or to keep the suit and only change the color of the shirt and tie. The invention could be important for workers in sites that require constant changing of clothing, as is the case with TV presenters.  Flexible electronic circuits: Nano-ribbons form the basis for the production of flexible chips, and researchers are focusing on developing applications in the healthcare sector. It is believed that these small, flexible electronic chips could one day be used to describe the brain to monitor activities in patients at risk of epilepsy or be integrated into surgical gloves to monitor the patient's vital signs during surgery.