Anatomy 1 Course Lecture 2 - General Anatomy (Joints) PDF

Anatomy 1 course Lecture 2 General anatomy Dr. Hoda Hassan Ass. prof. of anatomy & embryology FOM- SCU Definition of joint. Function Joints in the body Types of joints Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Movements  Definition of joints: A ju...

Anatomy 1 course Lecture 2 General anatomy Dr. Hoda Hassan Ass. prof. of anatomy & embryology FOM- SCU Definition of joint. Function Joints in the body Types of joints Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Movements  Definition of joints: A junction between two or more bones Bone ending Bone ending  Holds bones Functions of Allows Movement Joints Gives space for bone growth Joints names according to Site Bones forming 5  Joints in human body Sutures (between skull bones) Temporo-mandibular (between skull and mandible) 6  Intervertebral (between vertebrae) Atlanto-axial (between first and second cervical vertebrae {C1 and C2}) 7 C1 Axis C2  Sterno-clavicular Sterno-costal (between sternum and ribs) Shoulder joint Elbow Superior Radio-ulnar Inferior Radio-ulnar  Wrist Intercarpal Carpo-metacarpal Metacarpo-phalangeal Interphalangeal Sacro-iliac Symphysis pubis Hip Knee 10  Superior Tibio-fibular Inferior Tibio-fibular Ankle Intertarsal subtalar Tarso-metatarsal Interphalangeal 11  Types of joints According materials connecting bones:  fibrous joints  cartilaginous joints  synovial joints Fibrous joints The articulating surfaces of the bones are joined by fibrous tissue Movement allowed: non to very little movement is possible. Examples: The sutures of the vault of the skull Syndesmoses between tibia & fibula, and between radius and ulna Gomphoses in tooth with sockets Syndesmoses  Cartilaginous Joints 2 Types 1. 1ry cartilaginous joint (SYNCHONDROSES): Bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage (temporary joint / in growing bones) Movements allowed: No movement is possible Site: Epiphyseal cartilage in growing bones 2. 2ry cartilaginous joint (symphysis): Bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage Movements allowed: A small amount of movement Examples:  joints between the vertebral bodies  the symphysis pubis (between hip bones)  Synovial joint A great degree of freedom of movement Structure: Articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage Articular cavity (Joint space) Synovial fluid Fibrous capsule: fibrous membrane surrounds the joint. The synovial membrane lines the capsule and non-articulating surfaces within the joint  Classification of synovial joints Synovial joints are classified according to the arrangement of the articular surfaces 1. Plane or Gliding joint: the apposed articular surfaces are flat or almost flat this permits the bones to slide on one another. Examples of these joints are: between carpals between tarsals 2. Hinge joint Hinge joints resemble the hinge on a door flexion and extension movements are possible. Examples elbow, knee, and ankle joints And between phalanges 3. Pivot joint a central bony pivot is surrounded by a bony ligamentous ring rotation is the only movement possible. The atlantoaxial and superior radioulnar joints 4. Condyloid joint A convex surface that articulate with a concave surface. Examples Wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints (between metacarpals and phalanges) 5. Saddle joint The concavo-convex and resemble a saddle on a horse's back. Example carpometacarpal joint of the thumb 6. Ball and socket joint a ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a socket like concavity of another. free wide range of movements Example The shoulder and hip joints 25 26  Movements of synovial joints (1) Around the transverse or horizontal axis: Flexion and Extension Movements of synovial joints (2) Around the sagittal axis: At the limbs: adduction abduction Movements of synovial joints (3) Rotation At the junction to the trunk: medial and lateral rotation At the forearm: pronation and supination Movements of synovial joints (4) Special movements Circumduction Inversion & evertion of the foot Opposition of the thumb  References Gray’s anatomy for students Clinical anatomy by regions; Richard S. Snell Questions Practical Anatomical position Coronal plane sagittal plane transvers plane Upper limb bones Lower limb bones  Skull Vault Flat bone  Sesamoid bone irregular bone Flat bone Long bone patella Hip bone scapula humerus Long bones Short bones flat bones irregular bones  Hand bones Long bones Long bones Short bones Clavicle Long bone Membranous ossified Joints  suture Syndesmosis Gomphosis 45 Questions