Early Adulthood Ages 20-40 Lifespan Development PDF

EARLY ADULTHOOD AGES 20-40 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENt ALL FROM: Feldman RS. Discovering the Life Span Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 4th Edition  LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT physical Cognitive Psychosocial (social and personality) physical dev...

EARLY ADULTHOOD AGES 20-40 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENt ALL FROM: Feldman RS. Discovering the Life Span Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 4th Edition  LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT physical Cognitive Psychosocial (social and personality) physical development Young Adulthood: The Healthiest part of the life cycle!  Skeletal System Most females Males often attain full attain full height before height in their their 20’s early 20’s Peak Bone Mass at about 35 years old (Begins to decline thereafter)  Brain Development The brain grows in size and weight Myelination increases helping to support cognitive advances in this stage Sensory system All senses are at their peak - changes start in 40’s/50’s visual - minor changes in the elasticity of the eye Hearing Touch/pain Taste Smell Sensory System  Motor Function peak time of psychomotor abilities Reaction Time is Quicker Hand Eye Coordination is better  Muscular System Peak strength between 25 - 30 years old Muscle Endurance Peaks in your 30’s Men with peak muscle mass in 30’s Loose 5 lb of muscle/decade after Gradually declines ~10% between Ages 30-60 y/o  Sleep In your early 20’s: REM (active) sleep is 20% of total cycle, 4-6 times/night Between 25-35y/o: REM SLEEP is 12% of total cycle after 35y/o: REM SLEEP is 5% of total sleep cycle What Trend do you notice here???  Cardiovascular Optimal efficiency of cardiac output throughout this age range by 30’s some arteries begin to thicken and form plaques. Any Plaques/arterial thickening should be reversible with lifestyle changes  Respiratory System Peak lung Gradual loss of alveoli function: elasticity in the 30’s = loss in vital capacity women = 20 Men = 25 Smoking would only compound any potential problems  Healing - is High Thus your bones heal faster until your mid-30’s Osteoblastic activity high until your 30’s Other factors impacting Healing: smoking, obesity, CV health  Cognitive Development  cognitive development Jean Piaget Formal Operational Thought Logic Abstract Thinking Systematic/Logical problem solving Ends at the end of adolescence Postformal thought Early adulthood Life more complex than logic alone Uses practical experience/ morals in addition to logic Accepts lack of clarity/ Logic needed for debate postformal thought Postformal thought K. Warner Schaie Proposed that an adult’s thinking follows a set pattern of stages of cognitive development that start in childhood and extend into adulthood Schaie’s Stages of Development Acquisitive stage In childhood/adolescence consists of acquiring information Achieving Stage early adulthood intelligence is applied to decisions that affect the attainment of long- term goals (partner, career)  Schaie’s Stages of Development Responsible stage Occurs towards the end of early adulthood problem solving focuses on: Personal situations Protecting/feeding spouse, children Career  Schaie’s Stages of Development Executive stage Middle adulthood Nourish and sustain social institutions Reintegrative stage Late adulthood Solve problems of immediate interest to them  Theories of Intelligence Triarchic Theory of intelligence (Sternberg) 3 components: Componential Experiential Contextual Contextual intelligence Practical Intelligence learned by observing others and modeling their behavior Emotional Intelligence Set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions  Question: In what ways is intelligence Best/worst in Early adulthood? Health & Health Risks Health Risks are slight during Early Adulthood Young adults stand a higher risk of dying from accidents (Primarily car accidents) than from most other causes Leading Sources of death for this age group: AIDS, Cancer, Heart Disease, Suicide & Violence  SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY ADULTHOOD The Generations what Millennials think of themselves what others think of Millennials  Generation (Z)-Digital Natives Characteristics Also referred to as Digital Natives Some Similarities to Baby Boomers (no surprise) they were brought up by Boomers We-Centric vs Me-Centric millennials Less preference for working with others Within the sea of information in which they have lived, they may need guidance in navigating it See themselves as problem-solvers Prefer to work alone Mohr K, & Mohr, E (2017). Understanding Generation Z Students to Promote a Contemporary Learning Environment. Journa on Empowering Teaching Excellence, 1(1)  Generation (Z) Mohr K, & Mohr, E (2017). Understanding Generation Z Students to Promote a Contemporary Learning Environment. Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence, 1(1).  Generation (Z) Mohr K, & Mohr, E (2017). Understanding Generation Z Students to Promote a Contemporary Learning Environment. Journal on Empowering Teaching Excellence, 1(1). Millenial vs Gen-Z https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=aqdm6aBUZII Developmental Tasks Societies have different expectations of what should be achieved at different stages of life (developmental task) Gender and expectations  American society: major developmental activities in early adulthood Psychological separation from parents accepting responsibility for one’s own body Awareness of one’s personal history and time limitation  American society: major developmental activities in early adulthood Integrating sexual experience At least 1 in 4 Americans will contract an STD at some point in their lives 66% of STD transmission occurs in those < 25 y/o Most common STDs: Gonorrhea and Chlamydia; usually asymptomatic Chlamydia responsible for infertility in 20% of women  American society: major developmental activities in early adulthood having children? Learning to be a parent Establishing adult relationships with your parent acquiring marketable skills choosing a career  American society: major developmental activities in early adulthood Developing capacity for intimacy with a partner Societal role Adapting ethical/spiritual values Managing Money/Finances Social clock of adulthood Social clock Psychological timepiece that records major milestones in peoples lives sense of when we reach benchmarks early, late or right on time Social clock of adulthood Completing education start career decide on partner (or not) Have children (or not) Finding happiness Discovering what makes you happy Feeling of Independence, competence or self-esteem Relating to other people? Meeting new interesting people? Obtaining money or material possessions? Accepting responsibility Decision making in life is now yours and no one else’s Proper nutrition Stress risky behaviors Awareness of limitations As you plan for the future, you develop an awareness of the impact of your decisions How long will it take to reach goals How long to have a relationship, have children? How many years of work to accomplish work goals 2 major tasks of young adulthood*** Common across all societies: 1. Forging relationships, with a particular focus on selecting a partner and starting a family 2. Choosing and embarking on a career (or identifying how one will contribute to the welfare of the family) Forging relationships family and friends Intimate relationship with a partner  Family relationships Less dependent on parents, physically and emotionally Affected by: length of time in school Ease of contact Family relationships Transitioning from: Child/Adult relationship to Adult/Adult relationship Siblings Relationships altered based on: Pre-existing relationship Their career/family choices and personality development Developing satisfying social relationships Awareness of the solitariness of life? seek affiliation with age groups differentiate between friendships and love Physical attraction vs intimacy Developing satisfying social relationships Develop close friendships with 1-2 people Decide on marriage/children develop new relations with family of origin Case Presentation: 31 y/o Male Case Presentation - 31 y/o Male 31 y/o male electrician exposed to an electrical explosion May, 2012: evaluated at dizziness clinic: February 2013 States that he felt a “shockwave” that “knocked me across the room” from a standing position Suffered 2nd and 3rd Degree burns on 25% of his body: Right side > Left side of body: hands & arms; wears pressure garments Shockwave from Explosion Case Presentation - 31 y/o Male Skin grafts to his to his right ear. No burns to IAC C/o tinnitus and Hearing Loss in right ear Reports persistent imbalance, dizziness and occasional vertigo (which has improved over time) c/o fear of falling into someone on the sidewalk: overall difficulty negotiating his outdoor community environment  Case Presentation - 31 y/o Male c/o Having difficulty concentrating, cognitively Wants to return to work, but the cognitive and motor task requirements of his job which include: climbing a ladder, turning his head while up on the ladder, looking in all directions and lifting heavy objects; preclude him from doing so at this point Headaches: not very often in the beginning but have become progressively worse over time Occasional Diplopia Recently diagnosed with hydrocephalus via MRI and CT Scan Case Presentation - 31 y/o Male Dx: TBI as a result of blast trauma PMHx: Anxiety since accident (when going outdoors), HTN PSHx: Skin Grafts for his 3rd degree burns over 25% of his body Medications: Ibuprofen, Trazadone, Nifedical  Case Presentation - 31 y/o Male Social History Lives with his wife in an elevator apartment in Brooklyn with his wife; polish immigrants Work: was employed Full Time as an electrician until his accident Smoking: No ETOH: No Exercise: 3 days/week, 30 minutes: less than this, since accident Case Presentation - 31 y/o Male FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS Impaired Safety with Outdoor Ambulation Difficulty Negotiating Uneven Surfaces Difficulty Ascending/Descending Stairs and Curbs Difficulty Taking Public Transportation Visual/Spatial over-stimulation Balance and Symptom challenges of ambulating on a moving bus/train Impaired ability to go Food Shopping (Visual and Spatial over-stimulation) Difficulty Household Chores  Case Presentation - 31 y/o Male FUNCTIONAL LIMITATIONS Social/Recreational Activities Limited with this if he is tired/overstimulated, taking subway/taxi to friend’s house with wife: leads to overstimulation and difficulty engaging in conversation: wife says that he kind of “checks out” when he feels like this and friends treating him different as a result. Self-Care Activities Needs more time to complete routine ADL tasks Negotiating Dark Environments A necessity for an electrician from time to time Work Related Activities - adversely affected Theories of Psychosocial development Erikson’s Theory of psychosocial Development Young adulthood = intimacy vs isolation stage core task is intimacy Erikson’s Theory of psychosocial Development Internal intimacy recognize and accept one’s own unique feelings and reactions to life events external intimacy Let others see one’s inner self without fear of disintegration, role confusion, or emotional destruction if the other person disagree’s or criticizes  Sternberg’s Triangular theory Three components of love: Intimacy Closeness, affection, connectedness Passion Related to sex, physical closeness, romance Decision/commitment Recognition of love for another and determination to maintain the love Sternberg’s Triangular theory Sternberg’s Triangular theory 8 types of love along this spectrum non love liking infatuation empty romantic companionate fatuous consummate  Sternberg’s Triangular theory non love liking (good friends, see each other weekly) infatuation (sexual attraction only) empty (agreed partnership without intimacy or sexual relationship)  Sternberg’s Triangular theory romantic (could lead to consummate, but no plans) companionate (still good friends, no longer sexually attracted) fatuous (decide to move in together after 2 weeks) consummate (a loving, sexually vibrant, long term relationship)  All you need is love? What’s most important in forming a marriage? Americans cite it (LOVE) as the most important factor China: Men rank good health higher; woman rank emotional stability and maturity as higher South Africa (Zulu): Men rank emotional stability first; Women rank dependable character Other Factors most important in forming a marriage include: Education Ambition Cultural Financial Social Status Religion Relationships Marriage Partnership - Co-Habitation US Census: POSSLQ (persons of opposite sex sharing living quarters) PSSSLQ Single Trends/statistics Number of new marriages in the U.S. declined by 5% between 2009 and 2010! The Economy 72% have been married at some point. Down from 85% in 1962 60% co-habitate before marriage US Census Bureau  Trends/statistics Americans over 18 who are married = 51% Households with Married couples = 48% in 2005 - unmarried couples became the majority of US households Divorce Rate = 49% - actually trending down US Census Bureau  People are getting married, older Age at marriage for those who divorce in America (2012) Median Age of First Marriage Age Women Men Year Males Females Under 20 years old 27.6% 11.7% 1890 26.1 22.0 20 to 24 years old 36.6% 38.8% 1950 22.8 20.3 1990 26.1 23.9 25 to 29 years old 16.4% 22.3% 2000 26.8 25.1 30 to 34 years old 8.5% 11.6% 2010 28.2 26.1 35 to 39 years old 5.1% 6.5% US Census Bureau Figure MS-2 Median age at first marriage: 1890 to present Age (years) 30 28 26 Men 24 Women 22 20 18 16 189 1890 1900 191 1910 1920 193 1930 1940 195 1950 1960 197 1970 1980 199 1990 2000 2010 201 2018 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Decennial Censuses, 1890 to 1940, and Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 1947 to 2018.  Divorce The divorce rate in America for first marriage is 41% The divorce rate in America for second marriage is 60-67% The divorce rate in America for third marriage is 73-74% https://www.divorcestatistics.info/divorce-statistics-and-divorce-rate-in- the-usa.html-statistics-and-divorce-rate-in-the-usa.html Percent of men/women in the United States who never married 1960-2012  Same Sex Marriage Currently Legal in all 50 states: On June 26th, 2015, US Supreme court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couple to marry in all 50 states Judicial Appeals still in Process in some states  What makes marriage work? Partners show affection negative communication does not regularly occur Relationship is perceived as interdependent rather than as two independent people Similar Interests Agreement on role distribution Parenthood Change in roles to mother/father can bring increased satisfaction to a relationship but... It can be stressful Parenthood Stress New roles for mother/father Provider, caregiver Financial physical Child care Isolation Worry about your child, your role Choosing a career Career Importance Psychiatrist George Valliant’s research demonstrated that career selection has an importance equal to Erikson’s intimacy/ isolation stage in young adult psychological identity  Theories about career Choice Ginzberg’s stages theory People move through stages in choosing a career Fantasy ➝ tentative ➝ Realistic Too simplistic? Career selection Theory J.L. Holland’s Personality Type Theory: 6 types that are important: Realistic Social enterprising Intellectual Conventional Artistic Holland’s personality type theory Realistic: Down to earth, practical problem solvers: physically strong w/ mediocre social skills (farmers, laborers, truck drivers) Intellectual: Theorists, not always good with people (careers:math,science) social: Interpersonal Relations: strong verbal skills (sales, teachers, counselors) Holland’s personality type theory Conventional: Prefer Highly structured tasks (clerks, secretaries, bank tellers) Enterprising: Risk Takers & Take charge types(Leaders, managers, politicians) Artistic: Use art for self expression (artists, writers)  Why do we work? Extrinsic motivation - Prestige, money Intrinsic motivation - personal enjoyment, satisfaction So what does it all equal? I’m going to be What am i going to be? a parent? Student loans! Am I a good Climbing the parent corporate ladder Buying a house? How do I pay the bills? Who am I going to Marry?  Case Studies You will be divided into 7 different groups (Breakout Rooms). Depending on your breakout room number, you will be assigned to one of 7 different scenarios. Go to Gradescope and choose “Early Adulthood Group __” based on your breakout room number. collaborate with your group members on building a meaningful scenario based on the concepts reviewed in class. choose a group presenter and we will re-convene as a class and present these scenarios to one another.