Sexuality Across The Lifespan Notes PDF

Chapter 12: Sexuality Across the Lifespan - Americans learn much later on in life about sex - Sexual behavior starts in womb - Erect penis/vaginal lubrication - Girls have more negative feelings when it comes to normal sexual behaviors - Large % of girls experience sexual contact w...

Chapter 12: Sexuality Across the Lifespan - Americans learn much later on in life about sex - Sexual behavior starts in womb - Erect penis/vaginal lubrication - Girls have more negative feelings when it comes to normal sexual behaviors - Large % of girls experience sexual contact with adult before 18 - 80+% adult–child contacts involved the adult touching the genitals of the child - Girls are more likely to be molested by relatives, boys by family friends. Less than 10% of contacts are with strangers. - preadolescence=more informally the “tween years, may be marked by some degree of increased sexual feelings and behaviors - early preadolescent years (say, around age 8 or 9) are the time when most children learn about coitus and other “facts of life - Preadolescent children spend much of their free time in all-male or all-female groups - 3% of high schoolers—more boys than girls—reported that they had sexual intercourse for the first time before the age of 12 - adolescence is used to mean roughly the teen years (13–18, or 13–20), biological events of puberty, such as menarche or first ejaculation - beginning of adolescence is usually marked by a great increase in a boy’s or girl’s sexual feelings and often by an increase in sexual behavior as well - rising blood levels of sex hormones - testosterone level is quite a strong predictor of when they will begin to engage in partnered sex - American teens typically have their first experience of partnered genital sex (not necessarily coitus) at the age of 16 and of coitus at 16 to 18. - Age of first sex percentage is higher among less-educated, less-religious, and less-affluent peopl - Comprehensive sex-education programs, which discuss the risks of sex as well as the means (such as contraception) to mitigate those risks, have had better results - adolescents are often reluctant to admit that they masturbate - only about one-third of 13-year-old boys said that they masturbated, but when these same individuals were reinterviewed in adulthood, more than twice as many said that they had masturbated at that age - frequency of masturbation increases during early and mid-teen years and that boys masturbate more frequently than girls - Black teens are the most likely to have experienced coitus, and Asian American teens are the least likely - In 1991, 25% of 15-year-old females had a child before the age of 20, but by 2021 that figure had dropped to just 6%  - Cohabitation is the word we use to describe the relationship of a couple—opposite-sex or same-sex—who live together in a sexual relationship without being legally married - The numbers of cohabiting Americans continues to grow until they reach their mid-30s to mid-40s, by which time two-thirds of Americans are married - Anyone who marries someone while still married to someone else is committing the crime of bigamy - there is a loss of sexual interest associated with habituation; that is, increasing familiarity between the partners is associated with the dimming of passionate love. - a rapid decrease in sexual activity begins around age 50, which is about the age of women’s menopause - About half of all sexually active older people experience at least one troublesome sexual problem, Chapter 13: atypical sexuality - kinks= discuss unusual sexual interests and practices - sadist may be applied to any cruel person and the word, Sadists are sexually aroused by inflicting such pain or humiliation on others - masochist to anyone who is a “glutton for punishment, masochists are sexually aroused by experiencing pain or submitting to humiliation themselves - he psychological pressure on the submissive partner. - BDSM is the term generally used for the entire collection of sexual behaviors involving the infliction of, or submission to, pain, humiliation, restraint, and the like - dominatrix= woman who is paid to inflict pain or humiliation in a BDSM setting - Women are more likely to be aroused by taking the submissive than the dominant role in BDSM play - fetish= any such sexual attraction comes to play a central role in a person’s sexual life - partialism= If the focus is on specific body parts - media fetishism= fetishistic desire is directed toward materials—such as leather, rubber, silk, or fur—that are arousing regardless of the specific object into which they are fashioned - object fetishism= Fetishism involving inanimate objects not associated with bodies - urolagnia.= fetish focused on urine - transvestic fetishism= wear clothes typical for the other sex because they find the practice itself sexually arousing - infantilism= sexual satisfaction from acting as if they were infants or toddlers - cuckolding = a man is sexually aroused by watching his partner have sex with someone else—usually another man - hybristophilia= Sexual attraction to violent criminals. - exhibitionism= applies to people—nearly always men—who are sexually aroused by the act or fantasy of exposing their genitals to unsuspecting strangers.  - voyeurism=obtaining sexual arousal from watching unsuspecting people while they are undressing, naked, engaged in sexual behavior, or urinating or defecating - frotteurism=obtaining sexual arousal from physical contact with others in public places without their consent, and often without their knowledge - pedophile=nearly always a man—who has a persistent sexual attraction to prepubescent or early pubescent children, generally defined as children up to the age of 12 or 13 - child molester (or sexual offender against children) =any adult who has sexual contact with a child - beastiality=Sexual contact between humans and non-human animals—a behavior traditionally - Necrophilia =a sexual fixation on corpses - autoerotic asphyxia=practitioners partially asphyxiate themselves while masturbating Chapter 14: Sexual Disorders - Men’s problems most commonly have to do with sexual performance - women’s problems most commonly have to do with sexual feelings - Primary disorder= not preceded by healthy function - secondary= disorder have some healthy functions - situational= only under certain circumstances - Female sexual arousal disorder= Lack or insufficiency of physiological sexual arousal in women - dyspareunia= pain during sex - vaginisumus= Inability to experience coitus due to pain, or fear of pain, and spasm of the muscles surrounding the outer vagina - anorgasmia,=Difficulty experiencing or inability to experience orgasm. In women, also called female orgasmic disorder. - discrepant sexual desire=where one partner in a relationship is more interested in sex than the other - premature ejaculation=This condition, also called early or rapid ejaculation, is ejaculation that occurs before the man wants it to - Delayed (or absent) ejaculation =he man can reach the point of ejaculation and orgasm only with difficulty or not at all - hypersexuality= excessive interest in sex Chapter 15: Sexually Transmitted Infections - reportable diseases=meaning that medical professionals who encounter cases are required to notify state or federal authorities. - They are more common among African Americans and less common among Asian Americans than they are among White Americans. - Commons STIs - Pubic lice - Symptoms: Itching - How to tell: Can visually see - Treatment: lotions, shampoos - Scabies - Symptoms: Itching, rash - How to tell: microscope - Caused by mites that tunnel into skin and cause rash - Syphilis - Symptoms: rash, fever, lesions - How to tell: microscope, discharge, blood test - Longterm effects: organ damage if not treated - Can be spread through non sexual contact - primary= initial onset with lesions - secondary= fever, rash onset - tertiary= most severe, beginning organ failure - Can become latent (asymptematic phase) - congenital= given to child from mother while a fetus - Gonorrhea - Symptoms: cloudy discharge, inflammatory disease, asymptomatic - How to tell: pee test - Can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which is the inflamation of the reproductive tract in women leading to possible infertitility - Chlamydia - Symptoms: discharge, pain peeing, often asymptomatic - How to tell:pee or swab test - Most common - Herpes - Symptoms: bisters and pain - How to tell: blood or swab - Not curable - Also comes in oral herpes or cold sores (developed during childhood typically and allows for resistance to HSV-1) - Genital warts - Symptoms: painless warts - How to tell: visually - Hep A + B - Symptoms: jaundice, fever - How to tell: blood test - Long Term effects: chronic, liver failure  - No cure - HIV/Aids - Symptoms: flu symptoms, cancers - How to tell: blood test - Not curable - retrovirus = uses RNA to become part of the infected persons DNA - asymptomatic carriers= Someone who is infected with a disease organism but is not experiencing symptoms. - Urethritis= an infection or inflammation of the urethra, is very common Chapter 16: Sexual assault, harassment, partner violence - Sexual assualt= broad term covering any violent or nonconsensual act involving physical contact of a sexual nature (criminally reserved for non-rape acts) - rape= penetration of the vagina or anus by the penis or any other body part or object or penetration of the mouth by the penis, when performed by force or the threat of force - majority of rape convictions are for rapes of women by men - made-to-penetrate (MTP)= when men are forced to engage in penetrative acts - Statutory rape= coitus, anal penetration, or oral penetration performed without force but also without the partner’s consent; it is usually applied to cases in which the partner cannot legally give consent on account of young age or mental incapacity - Date rape= rape that occurs in the context of a social or romantic interaction between two people, includes situations in which some form of sexual interaction is already under way, whereupon one person continues to sexual penetration against the will of the other person - Young women are most often the victims - Majority of sexual assaults are by known perps - Most rapes go unreported - Male students who join fraternities are three times more likely to commit sexual assaults than those who do not - Male college athletes—football players especially—are far more likely to commit sexual assaults than non-athlete men, - Colleges risk being sued if the college’s action or inaction facilitated a sexual assault - Number one date rape drug is alcohol - incapacitated rapes= Rape in which the victim was unable to resist on account of intoxication by alcohol or drugs. - Rape kits= Samples collected from a rape victim’s body or clothing for the purpose of identifying the perpetrator. - PTSD= A cluster of persistent physical and psychological symptoms seen in victims of catastrophic events, such as sexual assault or other violence  - In the first 2 weeks after the assault, 94% of women have symptoms of PTSD, and 46% still exhibit symptoms at 3 months after the event - prolonged exposure therapy= A form of psychotherapy for victims of rape or abuse in which they are encouraged to recall the traumatic event repeatedly in a safe environment. - If a man develops an erection while he is being sexually assaulted, that fact does not mean that he wants to have sex, but it may cause him to feel an irrational guilt about the event - marital exemption= that it was not rape for a man to force sex on his wife (overturned in 1993) - Rpae shield laws= Laws that protect rape victims—for example, by limiting the introduction of evidence about their prior sexual behavior, defendant can no longer escape from legal penalty by painting the victim as a “slut.” - About half of all men arrested for rape are convicted (usually of felony rape)—most after a guilty plea. - About 5% of rape reports are found to be false - motives for false rape allegations include revenge, regret at having consented to sex, desire for sympathy or attention, need for an alibi (e.g., for an illicit affair that has been discovered), material gain (e.g., to dispose of a rival for a promotion), and mental illness - 8% of convicted and then released offenders reoffend within 9 yrs of their release - Rapists typically: - Have worse relationships with their parents - Less capacity for empathy - Athletes, frat men - 1 in 5 women and 1 in 12 men in the United States have experienced some kind of contact violence at the hands of an intimate partner or ex-partner over their lifetime - Learned helplessness= a type of ptsd, Depression associated with failure to escape intimate partner violence. - When kids are present - very often witness the violence directly - at risk of being assaulted themselves - profoundly affect the children’s social development - Increases likelihood they will commit intimate partner violence, abuse children, or other behvaior problems in future - Partner violence cycle - Tension-building - increasingly moody, nitpicky, or sullen - threaten the victim - commit minor assaults or property damage  - The victim may attempt to stop the progression of the cycle by trying to calm him - Violent phase - constitutes the shortest phase, - often occurs during a bout of binge drinking - victim tries to protect herself (and her children if she has them), fights back, kicks the abuser out, or flees - Reconciliation phase - perpetrator is apologetic and tries to make amends by declarations of love - promises to cease the abusive behavior, to stop drinking, or to seek treatment - He showers the victim with gifts and attention. - victim is relieved and happy, forgives the abuser, and returns to him - Victims of intimate partner violence may stay with their partners because they are socially isolated, are economically dependent, lack self-esteem, or believe that separation and divorce are wrong - They may believe, incorrectly, that the battering is caused by some fault in themselves, perhaps because the perpetrator is leading them to believe so (gaslighting) - Sexual harassment= Unwanted sexual advances or other intimidating sexual behavior, usually in the workplace (most by men onto women) - quid pro quo - (literally “what for what?) - Unwelcome sexual advances - usually made to a worker in a subordinate position, accompanied by promises or threats - Usually to subordinate - Hostile environment - pattern of unwelcome attention, advances, or statements that make life difficult for the victim - behavior must relate to the victim’s sex or gender, but it need not be sexual in nature (ex: general comments about how awful women are) - Third-party - behavior must relate to the victim’s sex or gender, but it need not be sexual in nature - Ex: the employee who doesn't get the promotion bc the one who slept with the boss did - stalking= Obsessive pursuit of a previous, current, or desired sex partner in a way that puts that person in a state of fear. - cyberstalking= via the internet  - Intimate partner stalking=the victim is stalked by a current or former spouse, cohabitational partner, boyfriend, girlfriend, or date, usually caused by anger - Obsessive relational intrusion= Obsessive pursuit of a person by a rejected lover. - Delusional stalking= the stalker has the fixed belief that the victim is in love with them or could easily be made to fall in love with them, even though there has never been an intimate relationship between the two - Grudge stalking= the stalker pursues the victim to seek revenge for some actual or imagined injury, not usually sexual Chapter 17: Sex Work - Sex worker= A person who engages in prostitution, pornography, or another sex-related occupation. - Prostitute= person who engages in sex for money - Sex trafficker= Making money from coerced or juvenile prostitution. - courtesans= Historical term for a high-class prostitute who moved in aristocratic circles. - “red-light districts,” = areas in which prostitution was tolerated or, in a few locations, even legal - pimps=A man who manages prostitutes in exchange for part of their earnings. - massage parlor (or even strip club)= An establishment for massage that may also offer the services of prostitutes - exotic dancers may provide sex by rubbing their body against the customer’s genitals during a “lap dance.” Alternatively, sex may take place in a “VIP room” or off-site after the show - Brothel= house of prostitution - madams= pimp - Escort services= A service that provides prostitutes, generally contacted online or by phone. - gigolo= A male prostitute who caters to women. - Sex tourism= Traveling to a foreign country to find sex partners (usually prostitutes). - Excotic dancers= more commonly known as strippers, may be female or male. They usually perform in strip clubs - Can be restricted to certain parts of a city - Full nudity may or may not be allowed (usualy it is) - some places no contact between dancer and customer is permitted - Many strip clubs have private areas where there is little oversight over what transpires - Phone sex= Erotic telephone conversations, usually carried out for pay. - Sexual webcamming= Live sexual performances or nudity supplied over the internet for pay. - can request specific acts, for which they tip with “tokens” purchased ahead of time - pornography= Material (such as art, writing, photographic images, and film) that is intended to be sexually arousing. Also called porn. - eortica=Sexually themed works, such as books or sculpture, deemed to have literary or artistic merit. - Comstock act= Federal and state laws enacted in the late 19th century that criminalized pornography. - Miller v california= A 1973 Supreme Court definition of the characteristics of pornography that can be made illegal. - All porn involving children is illegal - materials in which adult actors are made to look like minors, or minors are made to look as if they are engaged in sexual activity, or videos showing believable computer-generated simulations of minors engaged in sexual activity are all illegal under U.S. law - Producers of commercial pornographic videos in the United States are legally obliged to document that their actors are over 18 - Soft core porn= Related to relatively nonexplicit pornography. - hardcore= Related to explicit pornography, such as images of penetrative sex and ejaculation. - Gonzo porn= intended to make the viewer feel like a participant in the action rather than a passive onlooker (also called pov porn) - The sexual content of porn has evolved over the years, with larger numbers of videos featuring kinks of various kinds - Tube sites= A website that aggregates amateur and commercial pornographic videos from multiple sources (porn hub) - Most porn is produced by and market to men - 25% of videos feature violence against women -