2 - Cardiovascular.docx

**Cardiovascular Study Guide** [Part 1: The heart] Definition/Identification - Be able to define the terms and locate any structures on a figure. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - endocardium | - diastole |...

**Cardiovascular Study Guide** [Part 1: The heart] Definition/Identification - Be able to define the terms and locate any structures on a figure. +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - endocardium | - diastole | +===================================+===================================+ | - myocardium | - cardiac myocytes | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - epicardium | - functional syncitium | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - visceral pericardium | - CCS | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - parietal pericardium | - SA node | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - fibrous pericardium | - AV node | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - serous pericardium | - bundle branch block | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - location of the heart | - pathway of cardiac impulse | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - atrium | - bundle branches | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - ventricle | - purkinje fibers | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - AV valves | - components of an ECG | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - SL valves | - depolarization | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Skeleton of the heart | - repolarization | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - artery | - cardiac cycle | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - vein | - lubb | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - name the chambers and valves | - dupp | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - pathway of blood through | - tachycardia | | heart | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - systole | - bradycardia | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Content goals: Be able to fully answer these questions or provide sufficient explanation. - Be able to describe the pathway of blood through the heart. - Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood? Which veins carry oxygenated blood? - Compare cardiac muscle to skeletal muscle. Explain why cardiac muscle forms a functional syncitium. - Describe the pathway a cardiac impulse travels through the CCS. - Explain why the SA node reaches threshold spontaneously. - Explain why the CCS is necessary \[hint: think about how quickly the impulse would travel though the syncitium without it - would the atria and ventricles contract properly?\] - Explain why the CCS causes the apex of the ventricles to contract first. - Why is ventricular fibrillation more serious then atrial fibrillation? - Describe what happens in the heart as an impulse travels along the CCS \[what is contracting and relaxing, what is filling and emptying\]. - Be able to explain the electrophysiology associated with each part of an ECG trace (e.g. what is taking place when the P wave is recorded?\] - Why doesn\'t repolarization of the atria show up on an ECG? - How would a bundle branch block affect an ECG trace? - Explain what causes the heart valves to open and close - Be able to explain, in detail, what is happening in the heart at any given point of the cardiac cycle. - what is the pressure in the atria and ventricles? - what is taking place on the ECG? - which chambers are in sysole? in diastole? - which heart sound (if any) is being made at a given point. - Essentially - be able to recapitulate figure 15.22 from the book. [Part 2: Systemic circulation] +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - systolic pressure | - endo/exocytosis | +===================================+===================================+ | - diastolic pressure | - hydrostatic pressure | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - hemodynamics | - osmotic pressure | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - artery | - albumins role in osmosis | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - 3 layers of a blood vessel | - heart rate | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - 3 layers of tunica interna | - stroke volume | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - composition of all three | - cardiac output | | layers | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - arterioles | - peripheral resistance | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - anastamosis | - blood volume | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - two ways to alter BP | - blood pressure | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - vasoconstriction | - MAP - defined | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - vasodilation | - MAP - equations (both) | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - neural regulation of BP | - CO - equation | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - CV center | - viscosity | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - vasomotor center | - components that cross | | | capillary through pores | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - baroreceptors | - components that can be forced | | | out by bulk flow | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - chemoreceptors | - components that diffuse | | | through capillary walls | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - hormones that control BP (and | | | their mechanism of action) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - capillary | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - continuous capillary | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - fenestrated capillary | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - sinusoid | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - venule | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - compare artery and vein wall | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - blood distribution | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Content goals: Be able to fully answer these questions or provide sufficient explanation. - Explain why the circulatory system is a closed system. - Be able to list and describe the layers of a blood vessel wall - Why are arteries so much thicker than veins? What other adaptations do arteries have because of this? - Where are the arterial baroreceptors? What are they detecting? - What ions are detected by the chemoreceptors in the CV center? - Describe the mechanism of action of the hormones that regulate blood pressure - Compare the structure of a capillary to other blood vessels. - Tell where you might find the three different types of capillaries. - What is the relationship between capillary arrangement and tissue metabolic demands? - Explain how skeletal muscle contraction is essential for venous blood flow. - Why is blood pressure read from an artery? - Explain the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure at each end of a capillary bed. - Why doesn\'t all the fluid that leaves a capillary at the arterial end return at the venous end? - Be able to calculate CO, MAP, SV, HR, PR, and BV. - Be able to explain the three physical factors that influence blood pressure (CO, PR, BV). - What is the relationship between blood vessel diameter and length to peripheral resistance? - What is the relationship between PR and blood viscosity?