Building Stones PDF

WHAT ARE ROCKS? A ROCK IS A NATURALLY OCCURRING SOLID MIXTURE OF ONE OR MORE MINERALS, OR ORGANIC MATTER ROCKS ARE CLASSIFIED BY HOW THEY ARE FORMED, THEIR COMPOSITION, AND TEXTURE ROCKS CHANGE OVER TIME THROUGH THE ROCK CYCLE  BUILDING STONES Geological...

WHAT ARE ROCKS? A ROCK IS A NATURALLY OCCURRING SOLID MIXTURE OF ONE OR MORE MINERALS, OR ORGANIC MATTER ROCKS ARE CLASSIFIED BY HOW THEY ARE FORMED, THEIR COMPOSITION, AND TEXTURE ROCKS CHANGE OVER TIME THROUGH THE ROCK CYCLE  BUILDING STONES Geological Physical Chemical Igneous Stratified Calcareous Metamorphic Anstratified Argilliceous sedimentary Foliated Silicieous IGNEOUS ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCK BEGINS AS MAGMA. MAGMA CAN FORM: WHEN ROCK IS HEATED WHEN PRESSURE IS RELEASED WHEN ROCK CHANGES COMPOSITION MAGMA FREEZES BETWEEN 700 °C AND 1,250 °C MAGMA IS A MIXTURE OF MANY MINERALS http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/igneous.htm IGNEOUS ROCKS  Intrusive igneous rocks (Plutonic): magma pushes into surrounding rock below the earth’s surface  E.G., gabbro,  Extrusive rocks (Lava or volcanic): forms when magma erupts onto the earth’s surface (lava), cools quickly with very small or no crystals formed  E.g. Granite, basalt , scoria, pumice USES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS: Granite Granite is a hard igneous rock made of clearly visible crystals of various minerals. Granites are used for buildings and houses, especially in the kitchen and bathroom. -Ballast for railways 6 USES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS: Pumice Pumice is a light igneous rock with thousands of tiny bubbles in them. They are used to remove dead skin from the bottom of our feet. It is used in abrasive cleaning products. 7  USES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS: Basalt Basalt is a dark-coloured, fine-grained igneous rock. Basalt is one of the main rocks that are prevalent in the oceanic crust. As basalt is rich in iron, it is used as an ingredient in concrete. Basalt is the most common type of igneous rock. -Commonly used in road construction -Masonry works 8  SEDIMENTARY ROCKS  Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion  Sediments are moved from one place to another  Sediments are deposited in layers, with the older ones on the bottom  The layers become compacted and cemented together http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/sediment.htm  SEDIMENTARY ROCK  Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or near the Earth’s surface  No heat and pressure involved  Strata – layers of rock  Stratification – the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers EXAMPLES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS SANDSTONE SANDSTONES IN COMBINATION WITH SILICA CEMENT ARE USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF HEAVY STRUCTURES. IT IS FOUND IN DIFFERENT COLORS SUCH AS WHITE, GREY, RED, BUFF, BROWN, YELLOW, AND DARK GRAY. IT SHOULD BE KNOWN THAT WEATHERING SANDSTONE MAKES IT UNSUITABLE FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION. EXAMPLES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS LATERITE COMPOSED OF IRON AND ALUMINUM OXIDES EXAMPLES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS LIMESTONE  METAMORPHIC ROCK  Meaning to change shape  Changes with temperature and pressure, but remains solid  Usually takes place deep in the Earth http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/metamorph.htm EXAMPLES SLATE SLATE SHOWS GREAT VARIATION IN ITS BUILDING PROPERTIES WHICH DEPEND ON THE THICKNESS OF THE SHEETS AND THE COLOR OF THE ROCK. IT IS USED AS ROOFING TILES, SLABS, AND PAVEMENTS. EXAMPLES MARBLE IT IS USED FOR FACING AND ORNAMENTAL WORKS IN COLUMNS, FLOORING, AND STEPS MARBLE STONES ARE QUITE STRONG, UNIFORM IN TEXTURE, LEAST POROUS, AND TAKE AN EXCELLENT POLISH. IT CAN BE EASILY CUT AND CARVED INTO DIFFERENT SHAPES. MARBLE IS AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT COLORS LIKE WHITE AND PINK.