2 - 1050 F2F Basic Anatomical Organization and Tissues FA2024 PDF

You are invited to participate in a research study: Impact of the MindMatters Mini-Sessions Pre- and Post- course questionnaires (15min) Enter into a draw for $50 gift cards to the bookstore What to do: Follow the link to: Provide consent Complete questionnai...

You are invited to participate in a research study: Impact of the MindMatters Mini-Sessions Pre- and Post- course questionnaires (15min) Enter into a draw for $50 gift cards to the bookstore What to do: Follow the link to: Provide consent Complete questionnaire https://trentu.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_6feqorKWVLVukWa  Unit 2: Basic Anatomical Organization & Tissues Chapter 1 and Atlas A Chapter 5: 5.1-5.4 REMEMBER: UNIT 2 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY REVEALED ASSIGNMENT DUE MONDAY SEPTEMBER 16 - 11:59PM  Slido https://app.sli.do/event/4tFXjbP Peq3HJ7oU29oW3m Define "Anatomy" in one word. ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide. Define "Physiology" in one word ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide. We will examine “normal” anatomy Language of Anatomy Most medical terms come from Greek and Latin roots Back pages of the textbook has a lexicon of biomedical word elements Terms are generally formed with one or more of the following: Root (stem), bearing the core meaning of the word Ex. cardi- means heart, cardiology is the study of the heart Combining vowels, inserted to join roots Ex. Cardiomyopathy has the roots cardi-, my- and pathy- all joined by vowels for easier pronunciation Medical terms Prefix, modifies the core meaning of the word Ex. Gastric pertains to the stomach or to the belly of a muscle takes on new meaning given different prefixes Epigastric – above stomach Hypogastric – below stomach Endogastric – within the stomach Suffix may be added to the word to modify the core meaning Ex. Microscope vs microscopy vs microscopic vs microscopist Spelling counts! Small differences in how you spell a word results in you pointing to a completely different part of the body! Ileum (final portion of small intestine) and Ilium (part of the hip bone)  1. a- (i.e. acellular) a. Pain Prefixes, 2. acoust- (i.e. acoustic b. Vessel Suffixes, meatus) c. An enzyme and Root 3. adipo- (i.e. adipose) d. Hearing 4. -algia (i.e. neuralgia) Words 5. andro- (i.e. e. Without f. Male A androgens) g. Self 6. angio- (i.e. angiogram) h. Fat 7. anti- (i.e. antiviral) i. Against 8. -ase (i.e. lipase) 9. auto- (i.e. autoimmune) Anatomical Position Person standing with both feet on the ground, arms at the side with palms facing forward All descriptions of anatomy are based on someone in anatomical position Fig. 2.2 – Wise Lab Manual  Planes Sagittal plane vertical through body divides into left and right median (midsagittal) plane cuts in equal halves Frontal (coronal) plane Vertical Divides into front and back Transverse (horizontal) plane across the body/organ perpendicular to long axis superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portion Planes Sagittal plane vertical through body divides into left and right median (midsagittal) plane cuts in equal halves Frontal (coronal) plane Vertical Divides into front and back Transverse (horizontal) plane across the body/organ perpendicular to long axis superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portion Directional terms Directional Terms Fig. 2.2 – Wise Lab Manual Describe to your neighbor… 1. Where is your heart located? 2. Where is your foot located? 3. Where is your nose located? 4. Where is your bellybutton located?  Body Regions 2 major regions: 1. Axial Head (cephalic, facial), neck (cervical), trunk trunk = thoracic & abdominal regions 2. Appendicular Upper and lower limbs Many smaller areas within these two major regions Fig. A.3 Body regions Appendicular Upper limbs brachial (arm) antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) manual (hand) digits (Fingers) Lower limbs femoral (thigh) crural (leg) tarsal (ankle) pedal (foot) Digits (toes) Fig. A.3 Body Cavities and Membranes Body wall has numerous cavities lined with membrane and containing viscera (internal organs) Fig. A.5  Thoracic Cavity Pleural Cavities Each lung enfolded by membrane called pleura Visceral pleura (external surface of lung) Parietal pleura (lines inside of rib cage) Pleural cavity with pleural fluid is found between the two pleura Thoracic cavity is divided by the mediastinum Between the lungs - Occupied by heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea and bronchi, thymus Pericardium Visceral pericardium forms the surface of the heart itself Parietal pericardium Fig. A.6 Two layers separated by the pericardial cavity that contains pericardial fluid Abdominopelvic Cavity Contains: digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, ureters Separated by the brim of pelvis Contains: rectum, urinary bladder, Fig. A.5 urethra, and reproductive organs Contains a 2-layered serous membrane = Peritoneum 1. Parietal peritoneum lines cavity wall (outer layer) 2. Visceral peritoneum suspends certain viscera from body wall, covering organs and holding in place Histology and Tissues The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs Histo = tissue; logy = study of Lecture Overview: 1. The Study of Tissues 2. Epithelial Tissues 3. Connective Tissue 4. Nervous and Muscular Tissues – Excitable Tissues  Interpreting Tissue Sections Histologists preserve, slice and section tissues Fixative – prevents decay/holds sample together (i.e. formalin) Section – tissue sliced into thin sections 1-2 cells thick (NOTE: sometimes you use smears instead of sections) Stains – add stains to provide contrast between tissues or components of cells planes Sectioning reduces 3-dimensions to 2 Fig. 5.1 Sections Longitudinal Section: cut on long axis Cross/Transverse Section: cut perpendicular to long axis Oblique Section: cut on a slant between a longitudinal and cross section Fig. 5.2 Practice Identifying Sections In this image of the stomach, draw a line to indicate where would cut for: A Transverse section? Longitudinal section? Oblique section?  Tissue Types Tissue: a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ Four primary tissues types are: 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Nervous 4. Muscular Tissue Types Defined by: Fig. 1-16 Pathophysiology, 7th Ed. Types and functions of cells in the tissue Characteristics of extracellular matrix (ECM) Amount of space occupied by cells vs matrix Matrix composed of: Fibrous proteins Interstitial fluid - clear gel (aka ground substance, tissue fluid, extracellular fluid) Epithelial tissue Epithelia = sheets of closely adhering cells ≥ 1 cell thick Upper surface usually exposed to environment or internal space in body Functions: Covers body surfaces Protection Lines body cavities Secretion Forms external and internal linings of organs Excretion Constitutes most glands Absorption Filtration Sensation Avascular (nourished by underlying connective tissue) Lumen Basement membrane – layer between epithelium Apical and underlying connective tissue Anchors epithelium to connective tissue Basal Basal surface faces basement membrane Apical surface faces away from the basement membrane Categories of Epithelia Simple Every cell touches basement membrane Simple Stratified squamous Some cells rest on top of other cells and do not contact basement membrane Most common Fig 5.4 In pseudostratified – all cells reach basement membrane Fig. 5.3  Function → Form Form → Function Type? Single row of thin cells Rapid diffusion/transport of substances (it’s thin) Secretes serous fluid E.g. alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium Fig. 5.4 Type? Single layer of square or round cells Absorption/secretion, mucous production, mucous movement Found in liver, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, kidney tubules Fig. 5.5 Type? Oval nuclei at basal half of cell Brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may have goblet cells Absorption and secretion, secretion of mucous Found in GI tract lining, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes Fig. 5.6 Type? Nuclei at several layers Cilia and goblet cells Secretes and propels mucous E.g. respiratory tract, portions of male urethra, lining of stomach, intestines, and gallbladder, uterus Fig. 5.7 Type? Keratinized Nonkeratinized Keratinized (cornified) Found on skin surface, abrasion resistant, and has layer(s) of dead cells without nuclei Cells contain keratin and water repellent glycolipid i.e. Epidermis, palms and soles Nonkeratinized Lacks surface layer of dead cells Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens Fig. 5.8 Fig. 5.9 Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina Type? Two or more cell layers, square or round surface cells Rare Secretes sweat, produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones Found in sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, and seminiferous tubules Fig. 5.10 Connective tissue Most abundant, distributed, and histopathologically variable of all primary tissues Defining characteristic: FUNCTIONS: cells (-blasts) occupy less space than Binding of organs – tendons and ligaments the matrix that they secrete, with most cells not in direct contact with each other Support – bones and cartilage Supports, connects, and protects Physical protection – cranium, ribs, organs sternum Highly variable vascularity Immune protection – white blood cells loose connective tissue - many blood vessels Movement – bones provide a lever system cartilage - few or none Storage – fat, calcium, phosphorus Heat production – metabolism of brown fat Mature connective tissue falls into one of in infants four groups: 1. Fibrous connective tissue Transport – blood 2. Adipose tissue 3. Cartilage and bone (supportive connective tissues) 4. Blood (fluid connective tissue) Connective Tissue: Fibrous Connective Tissue 1. Loose connective tissue Much of space occupied by gel-like ground substance between cells Fig. 5.14 2. Dense connective tissue Fibres occupy more spaces than cells and ground substance Types vary in fibre orientation: Fig. 5.16 A. Dense regular connective tissue (e.g. tendons and ligaments) B. Dense irregular connective tissue (e.g. dermis, capsule around organs) Fig. 5.17 Connective Tissue: Adipose Tissue Adipocytes = dominant cell type Space between adipocytes contains loose connective tissue and blood capillaries White fat - resembles chicken wire Contain fat, the body’s primary energy reservoir Provides thermal insulation Cushions organs (e.g. eye and kidney) Brown fat Found mainly in infants and children Colour from blood vessels and mitochondria Heat-generating tissue Fig. 5.18 Connective Tissue: Cartilage Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix Ear, tip of nose, “adam’s apple” Produced by Chondroblasts Secrete matrix until surrounded Become trapped in lacunae → become Chondrocytes No blood vessels → slow healing Nutrients and wastes transported by diffusion Types of cartilage: 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage  Connective Tissue: Bone Tissue = Hard, calcified connective tissue Compact Bone * Bones of skeleton are organs made of bone tissue, a.k.a. cortical bone cartilage, marrow, and other tissue types 85% of skeleton Solid and extremely strong Layers of bone matrix arranged in circular system = lamellae Spongy Bone a.k.a cancellous bone 15% of the skeleton Filled with red bone marrow Layers of bone matrix arranged in delicate struts = trabeculae Covered by compact bone Found in heads of long bones Fig. 43-4 (e.g. femur) and middle of flat bones (e.g. sternum) Compact Bone Dense, calcified, no visible spaces Cells and matrix surround vertically oriented blood vessels in long bones Arranged in cylinders (osteon) that surround central canals that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones Blood vessels and nerves travel through central canal Bone matrix deposited in concentric lamellae Fig. 5.22  Connective Tissue: Blood ~50-60% of the normal blood volume Contains: Transports cells and dissolved Water (95%) matter (food, waste, oxygen, Dissolved proteins carbon dioxide) Clotting factors Electrolytes Hormones Carbon dioxide Fig. 5.23  Nervous tissue Specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals Consists of: 1. Neurons (nerve cells) Detect stimuli, respond quickly, transmit coded information rapidly to other cells Three main parts: Neurosoma (cell body) Dendrites Axon (nerve fibre) 2. Neuroglia (glial) Protects and assists neurons More numerous than neurons Fig. 5.24 Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal – voluntary, made of muscle fibres containing striations (dark and light bands) Most skeletal muscle attach to bone Contains multiple nuclei 2. Cardiac – only in heart, involuntary, striated Myocytes (cardiocytes) are branched, shorter than skeletal muscle fibres Contain one nucleus, intercalated discs join cardiocytes end to end 3. Smooth – involuntary and lacks striations Most is visceral muscle, making up parts of the walls of hollow organs Fig. 5.25, 5.26, 5.27 What is one interesting thing that you learned today? ⓘ Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.