Cartography PDF - University of Northern Philippines

SUBJECT Name of College CARTOGRAPHY Pamela Aurey A. Plete Faculty-in-Charge 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 1 HISTORY OF MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY History Elements of Maps Common Types of Maps Geographi...

SUBJECT Name of College CARTOGRAPHY Pamela Aurey A. Plete Faculty-in-Charge 1st Semester I AY 2024-2025 TOPIC 1 HISTORY OF MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY History Elements of Maps Common Types of Maps Geographic Information System Remote Sensing CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering CARTOGRAPHY the science and art of making maps or graphical representations showing spatial concepts at various scales. Maps convey geographic information about a place and can be useful in understanding topography, weather, and culture, depending upon the type of map. This presentation explores the evolution of maps from ancient times to the digital age. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering EARLY FORMS OF CARTOGRAPHY CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering EARLY FORMS OF CARTOGRAPHY CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering CARTOGRAPHY CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering CARTOGRAPHY Today, maps can show a plethora of information. Technology such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) allows maps to be made relatively easily with computers. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering EARLY MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY Some of the earliest known maps date back to 16,500 BCE and show the night sky rather than the Earth. Ancient cave paintings and rock carvings also depict landscape features like hills and mountains. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering EARLY MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering EARLY MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY Maps were created in ancient Babylonia (mostly on clay tablets), and it is believed that they were drawn with very accurate surveying techniques. Babylonian clay tablet has been generally accepted as “the earliest known map” CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering EARLY MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY The Babylonian World Map, created in 600 BCE, is considered to be the earliest map of the world. It is unique because it is a symbolic representation of the Earth. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering CARTOGRAPHY CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering The Greeks: First Paper Maps Ancient Greeks created the earliest paper maps that were used for navigation, and to depict certain areas of the Earth. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering The Greeks: First Paper Maps Anaximander was the first of the ancient Greeks to draw a map of the known world, and, as such, he is considered to be one of the first cartographers. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering Oldest Known World Map Imago Mundi Babylonian Map 6th century BC Babylonia CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering The Greeks: First Paper Maps Hecataeus, Herodotus, Eratosthenes, and Ptolemy were other well- known Greek map makers. The maps they drew were based on explorer observations and mathematical calculations. Eratosthenes and Ptolemy came up with the idea of imaginary lines drawn horizontally across the surface of earth. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering The Greeks: First Paper Maps Many Greek philosophers considered the Earth to be spherical, and this knowledge influenced their cartography. Ptolemy, for instance, created maps by using a coordinate system with parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude to accurately show areas of the Earth as he knew it. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering The Greeks This system became the basis for today’s maps, and his atlas "Geographia" is considered to be an early example of modern cartography. In addition to the ancient Greek maps, early examples of cartography also come out of China. These maps date to the fourth century BCE and were drawn on wooden blocks or produced on silk. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering China Furthers Cartography Cartography continued to develop in China throughout its various th dynasties, and in 6 century an early map using a grid system was created by Pei Ju of the Sui Dynasty. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering AGE OF EXPLORATION Cartography developed further in Europe during the Age of Exploration as cartographers, merchants, and explorers created maps showing the new areas of the world that they visited. The cartographers also developed detailed nautical charts and maps that were used for navigation. In the 15th century, Nicholas Germanus invented the Donis map projection with equidistant parallels and meridians that converged toward the poles. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering CARTOGRAPHY CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering AGE OF EXPLORATION Throughout the rest of the 1500s and into the 1600s and 1700s, further European exploration resulted in the creation of maps showing various parts of the world that had not been mapped before. At the same time as the mapped territory expanded, cartographic techniques continued to grow in their accuracy. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering AGE OF EXPLORATION Gerardus Mercator, invented the Mercator map projection. This projection was based on mathematics and was one of the most accurate for worldwide navigation. The Mercator projection eventually became the most widely used map projection and was a standard taught in cartography. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering CARTOGRAPHY CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering MAPS Maps are primary tools of Geographers, Cartographers, Urban and Environmental Planners Maps are visual representations of geographical areas, used to depict spatial relationships and convey information about locations, features, and distances. Maps are synoptic meaning they show many things at once, revealing connections CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering CARTOGRAPHY is both an art and science. -the art includes determining what to include on the map CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering ELEMENTS OF A MAP typically found on a map 1. Title 2. Legend 3. Scale 4. Direction 5. Graticule 6. Grids and Coordinates 7. Projection 8. Inset 9. Labels 10. Neatline 11. Credits or Author CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering ELEMENTS OF A MAP typically found on a map Title It provides a clear indication of what the map represents Legend The map legend or key explains map symbol, like a visual dictionary CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering ELEMENTS OF A MAP typically found on a map Maps scale represents the relationship between the distance on the map and on the actual ground CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering ELEMENTS OF A MAP typically found on a map The closer you zoom in, the more you approach 1:1 CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering ELEMENTS OF A MAP typically found on a map The directional sign can be a simple north arrow or more complex like a compass rose -on most maps, north is up CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering ELEMENTS OF A MAP typically found on a map CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering ELEMENTS OF A MAP typically found on a map Graticule is the grid of latitude and longitude lines (parallel and meridians) CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering ELEMENTS OF A MAP typically found on a map A map projection is a method of representing the 3D earth globe into flat 2D plane, based on mathematical equation CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering  ELEMENTS OF A MAP typically found on a map A locator map zooms out to show the larger region An inset map zooms in to show a detailed area A neatline shows the limits of the mapped area on the page CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering  ELEMENTS OF A MAP typically found on a map A cartouche is a decoration used to highlight and emphasize certain parts of a map CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering TYPE OF MAPS CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering REFERENCE VS THEMATIC MAP A reference map shows only locations of things but no special information about them CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering REFERENCE VS THEMATIC MAP A thematic maps shows special information about the features on the map CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering REFERENCE VS THEMATIC MAP Thematic Map: John Snow’s famous 1854 Cholera Map of London CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering THEMATIC MAP CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering  CARTOGRAM It is a type of thematic map that substitutes a variable for distance or area CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering CARTOGRAM CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering Common Type of Maps CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering Choropleth Maps use levels of shading or colors to show the value of a statistical variable CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering Choropleth Map CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering TOPOGRAPHIC MAP A topographic map is any map showing variations in elevation aka relief CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering TOPOGRAPHIC MAP Topographic maps often use contour lines to show elevation CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering TOPOLOGICAL MAPS Are simplified so that vital information remains Logos=thought, essence CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering TOPOLOGICAL MAP CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering GIS (Geographic Information System) Connect maps with valuable information in databases Locations are associated with income levels, forest fires, traffic accidents, etc. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering Geographic Information System GIS uses thematic map layers backed by data Users can run complex math functions across multiple overlapping layers CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering GIS CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering REMOTE SENSING Is acquiring information using a sensor far away Sensor examples: camera, microphone, radar, laser, thermometer, barometer CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering Satellites monitor many features of earth CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering Satellite images are often used to monitor changes CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering  ACTIVITY #1 1. Find a map: Choose any map. You can use a physical map or any type of map. 2. Identify Map Elements: Look for and identify following elements on the map. 3. Label the Elements: Using a pen or highlighter, clearly label each identified element on your map. CARTOGRAPHY College of Engineering CONNECT WITH ME Feel free to get in touch! En gr. Pam ela Au rey A. P lete I n st ru c to r 1 [email protected] Messenger: Pamela Aurey Astom Plete