1st Quarter Biology/Science Notes PDF

**Respiratory System** - - - Parts of Respiratory System 1. - - 2. 3. 4. - 5. - - - 6. - - 7. - - 8. - 9. - 10. - 11. - - - Pathway of air during exhalation and inhalation Inhalation - - - Exhalation -...

**Respiratory System** - - - Parts of Respiratory System 1. - - 2. 3. 4. - 5. - - - 6. - - 7. - - 8. - 9. - 10. - 11. - - - Pathway of air during exhalation and inhalation Inhalation - - - Exhalation - - - Air Pathway 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. **Circulatory System:Integrated Science Handout** HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1. - - - 2. 3. - - 1. 2. 3. Human Composition of Blood 1. 2. 3. **Arteries** **Veins** **Capillaries** ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ From heart to rest of body From rest of body to heart Connects arteries and veins Carries mostly oxygenated blood Carries mostly deoxygenated blood Carries both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood High pressure with thicker walls Low pressure with thinner walls Walls only one-cell thick for diffusion No valves Has valves No valves Blood speed fast Blood speed slow Heart Left and Right Side Right Side - - - - - - Left Side - - - - - - Heart Chambers Oxygen-poor blood - - Oxygen-rich blood - - Heartbeat The sound of a heartbeat is the sound of the heart valves. Lub-dub is the sound of our heartbeat. - - Circulations Pulmonary Circulation - - - Systemic Circulation - - Pulmonary = heart and lungs - - Systemic = heart and body - - **Diseases and negative effects of smoking** Respiratory System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Circulatory System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **Incomplete Dominance and Codominance** Summary of Mendel's Law +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Law | Parent Cross | Offspring | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Dominance | TT x tt | 100% Tt | | | | | | | Tall x short | Tall | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Segregation | Tt x Tt | 75% Tall | | | | | | | Tall x tall | 25% short | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Independent | RrGg x RrGg | 9/16 round seeds & | | Assortment | | green pods | | | Round & green | | | | | 3/16 round seeds & | | | X | yellow pods | | | | | | | Round & green | 3/16 wrinkled seeds & | | | | green pods | | | | | | | | 1/16 wrinkled seeds & | | | | yellow pods | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ Your body is made of cells Cell - chromosome \]- DNA - Genes DNA Genes ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- DNA is a chemical which stores the genetic information of an organism Genes are the DNA stretches which are encoded for different proteins Determines many functions such as gene regulation Determine the traits of an organism A long chain polynucleotide Small stretches of DNA Not the only genetic material shared by organisms Made up of either DNA or RNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid A sequence of DNA or RNA Chromosomes - 46 Pair of chromosomes - 22 +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Genotype | Phenotype | +===================================+===================================+ | An organism's genetic information | The set of observable physical | | | traits | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Example: | Example: | | | | | BB(homozygous dominant) | Purple | | | | | Bb(heterozygous) | White | | | | | bb(homozygous recessive) | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Incomplete Dominance - - - Example: R W --- ---- ---- W RW WW w RW WW Offspring: 2-RW, 2-WW Genotypic Ratio - 2:2 or 50% WW, 50% RW Phenotypic Ratio - 2:2 or 50% White, 50% Pink Codominance - - - Example: R R --- ---- ---- R RR RR W RW RW Offspring: 2-RW, 2-RR Genotypic Ratio - 2:2 or 50% RW, 50% RR Phenotypic Ratio - 2: or 50% Roan, 50% Red DNA Components: Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous base(ladder) A - Adenine T - Thymine C - Cytosine G - Guanine AT = PAIR CG = PAIR **Non-Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance** **Multiple Alleles** Multiple Alleles - - Phenotype Genotype --------------- ---------- --------------------------- Blood Type A \|ᴬ\|ᴬ Homozygous blood type A \|ᴬi Heterozygous blood type A Blood Type B \|ᴮ\|ᴮ Homozygous blood type B \|ᴮi Heterozygous blood type B Blood Type AB \|ᴬ\|ᴮ Blood type AB Blood Type O ii Blood type O Note: Pag may i then heterozygous sya 1. 2. 3. 4. Example: i i ----- ------ ------ \|ᴮ \|ᴮi \|ᴮi i ii ii Offspring: 2-Bloody Type B, 2-Blood Type O Phenotypic Ratio/Probability - 2:2 or 50% B, 50% O Relationships Between Blood Types and Antibodies Blood type Antigens on RBC Can donate blood to Antibodies in Cerum Can receive blood from ------------ ----------------- --------------------- --------------------- ------------------------ A A A, AB Anti-B A,O B B B, AB Anti-A B,O AB A and B AB None AB, O O None A, B, AB, O Anti-A and Anti-B O **Non-Mendelian Pattern of Inheritance** **Sex Related Inheritance** Sex Chromosomes - - Sex Related Inheritance - A. B. C. A. - Note: Female will only be considered not lactating if both alleles are small. Male can never be lactating even if both of its alleles are small. Example: Xˡ Yˡ ---- ------ ------ Xᴸ XᴸXˡ XᴸYˡ Xᴸ XᴸXˡ XᴸYˡ Offspring: 2-XᴸXˡ, 2-XᴸYˡ Phenotypic Ratio - 2:2 or 50% Female Lactating Cattle, 50% Male not Lactating Cattle B. - Note: Male is considered bald if both alleles are small. Female is considered bald if both alleles are big. Example: Xᴮ Yᴮ ---- ------ ------ Xᴮ XᴮXᴮ XᴮYᴮ Xᵇ XᴮXᵇ XᵇYᴮ Offspring: 1-XᴮXᴮ , 1-XᴮXᵇ, 1-XᴮYᴮ, 1-XᵇYᴮ Phenotypic Ratio - 2:1:1 or 50% Male Bald, 25% Female Bald, 25% Female non-bald C. - -  Note: A normal female has both of its alleles in big letters, female carrier normal has one big and one small allele,and it is considered hemophiliac female when both alleles are small. Male do not possess a carrier so a big letter allele in the X of male is normal and small letter allele means a hemophiliac male. Example: Xᴴ Y ---- ------ ----- Xᴴ XᴴXᴴ XᴴY Xʰ XᴴXʰ XʰY Offspring: 1-XᴴXᴴ, 1-XᴴXʰ, 1-XᴴY, 1-XʰY Phenotypic Ratio- 1:1:1:1 or 25% Normal Female, 25% Female Carrier (normal), 25% Male, 25% Hemophiliac Male Note: If both alleles in females are small then it is a colorblind, if only one of the alleles is small then it is a female carrier(normal), and if both alleles are big it's a normal female. If the allele of X in male is big then it is normal and if small it's colorblind. **Biodiversity** **Species Extinction** Bio-Life Diversity-Variety - - Species of Fish Species of Corals Species of Sharks Species of Dolhpins and Whales Species of Birds Nesting Hawksbill and Green Sea Turtle ----------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------------------- ------------------ ---------------------------------------- 600 360 11 13 100 Carrying Capacity - Ecological Footprint - Philippine Biodiversity 1. 2. 3. Endemic - species that are found only in specific place or environment. Importance of Biodiversity - - Threatened Species - Criteria Categories ----------------------------------------------- ----------------------- Destruction and modification of their habitat Critically endangered Natural or man-made Endangered Population size reduction Vulnerable Species' geographic range Critically Endangered Species - - Endangered Species - - Vulnerable Species - - Biodiversity loss Extinction - Causes - Natural Causes of Extinction - - - Anthropogenic Causes of Extinction H Habitat Destruction --- --------------------- I Invasive Species P Population Growth P Pollution O Overexploitation Invasive Species - Refrigeration= 26% Solvents= 16% Foams= 25% Aerosols= 26% Others=7% **Cellular Respiration** Adenosine Triphosphate - - - - - Cellular Respiration - - - - - - - - 3 Stages 1. - - - - - - - - 2. - 3. - **Photosynthesis** - Most plants have green leaves: - - Leaves - Photosynthesis - - - - Chloroplast structure 1. 2. 3. 4. Chlorophyll - Stages of Photosynthesis 1. - - 2. - - -