1st Lecture Anatomy and Menstrual Cycle PDF

Care of Female Reproductive Organs Disorders of the female reproductive systems Hormonal control on the female reproductive system Menstrual cycle Sexual Response Cycle 2- Internal genital organs 1- External genitalia (Vulva) Female Reproductive System: consist of Outlines 4. Explain comm...

Care of Female Reproductive Organs Disorders of the female reproductive systems Hormonal control on the female reproductive system Menstrual cycle Sexual Response Cycle 2- Internal genital organs 1- External genitalia (Vulva) Female Reproductive System: consist of Outlines 4. Explain common disorders of the female reproductive systems. 3. Discuss the effects of hormonal control on the female reproductive system. 2. Describe female reproductive physiology, including the phases of the menstrual cycle, oogenesis, follicle development, and ovulation. 1. Describe the anatomy & functions of the female reproductive organs. At the end of the session, the students will be able to: Objectives: Elastic, thin-walled muscular accordion-like tube; 3-4 inches long (7.5 9 cm) pH is 3.5 4.5 restricts growth of pathogen tilted back; Posterior to the bladder/Anterior to the rectum Function: Receives penis & semen and serves as birth canal & passage for menstrual flow. Stage at which the individual first becomes capable of sexual reproduction. A girl has entered puberty when she begins to menstruate. A boy enters puberty when he begins to produce spermatozoa Puberty occur between 11-14 years. Begins when pituitary gland initiates release of FSH and LH, which increases the ovaries production of estrogen & progesterone, which cause the development of female secondary sexual characteristics(Pelvis widens; Pubic hair grows); Menarche occurs during this time, although it may be a few months before or after ovulation begins 30 minute period during external and internal genital organs return to an unaroused state. Resolution Vigorous contraction of muscles in pelvic area expels blood and fluid from area of congestion. Average contraction is 8 to 15 at intervals of 1 every 0.8 seconds. Shortest stage in the cycle. Orgasm Reached just before orgasm. Clitoris drawn forward and retracts under clitorial prepuce, lower part of vagina become extremely congested, increased nipple elevation. Plateau Physical and psychological stimulation (sight, sound, emotion, or thought) causes parasympathetic nerve stimulation. Increased blood supply leads to vaso congestion and increasing muscular tension. Excitement Menstruation: uterine lining is shed if no pregnancy; tissue and blood exit the introitus Four body structures are involved in physiology of MP: Hypothalamus; Ovaries; Pituitary glands; and Uterus Menstrual cycle has four phases: Follicular phase Ovulation phase Luteal phase Menstrual phase Odor "similar to that of marigolds" Color of menstrual flow Dark red , combination of blood , mucus , and endiometrical cells Amount of menstrual flow From 30 80 ml per menstrual Duration of menstrual flow 2-7 days , but range from 1-9 days not abnormal Average 28 days cycles between 23-35 not unusual Average age of onset 12 or 13 , average range is 9-17 years Four hormones control the menstrual cycle. Estrogen Progesterone Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Hormonal Control of Female Reproduction Also known as the proliferative phase and/or follicular phase. A drop in progesterone and estrogen stimulates the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary (under the control of The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) FSH stimulates the maturation of an ovum with graafian follicle. The growing follicle becomes a temporary endocrine gland, secreting increasing amounts of estrogen which inhibits FSH production in the pituitary. The follicular phase: During the follicular phase, a certain number of follicles start to grow, and usually only one succeeds to continue through the pre-ovulatory follicle stage. Menstrual Cycle (Days 6 13) Preovulatory Phase Again, day 14 is only an average; ovulation occurs anywhere from 12 16 days before the next menstrual flow. When estrogen levels reach their peak, the pituitary releases a surge of LH, the release of LH increases causing a release of the ovum, which is known as ovulation. The LH surge signals the onset of ovulation within 12 to 24 hours. At ovulation, the ruptured follicle (left behind after ovulation) begins to secrete progesterone and backs off on estrogen secretion. Signs of Ovulation -Increase in body temperature -Changes in cervical mucus -Cervix softens Menstrual Cycle Day 14 Ovulation > This structure forms after the egg is expelled from the follicle. Also called the luteal or secretory phase because the cells of the corpus luteum they will produce large amounts of progesterone under the effects of high levels of LH Progesterone inhibits release of LH from the pituitary gland and continue to rise, maintaining the thickened endometrium in case fertilization occurs Menstrual Cycle Days 15 -28 Postovulatory Phase through uterine contractions for 3-7 days. A lack of signal from a fertilized egg influences the drop in estrogen and progesterone production. A drop in progesterone results in the sloughing off the thick endometrial lining which is the menstrual flow. Menstrual phase endometrial buildup is expelled Menstrual Cycle Days 1-5 Menses phase (caffeine, soda, alcohol, processed foods, sugar), Decrease salt intake to relieve bloating and edema. 3 to 14 days prior to the menstrual period, during the postovulatory/luteal phase, and are relieved by onset of the menses. Experienced by one-third to one-half of women between 20 and 50. Symptoms include weight gain, irritability, mood swings, edema, headache, inability to concentrate, food cravings, acne, and many others. Can be alleviated by pharmacological interventions, diet, Menstrual Problems Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Absence of menstruation. Can be primary or secondary. Primary amenorrhea defined as absence of menstruation by age of 17. Can be related to anatomical or genetic abnormalities. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual flow in a woman who has had previous menstrual periods, may result from nutritional deficits (anorexia nervosa), excessive exercise, emotional disturbances, endocrine dysfunction, side effects of medication, pregnancy, and lactation. Management. NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs). Analgesia (aspirin mild prostaglandin inhibitor ; Adequate rest and sleep and regular exercise, showers and heating pad. S&S Painful abdominal cramping, backaches, headaches, feeling bloated and nausea more common in nulliparous women and in women who are not having intercourse. Excessive bleeding for an extended period of time can cause a woman to become anemic from the chronic blood loss Hormonal disturbances, infections, and growths inside the uterus can cause menorrhagia Either in terms of the amount of blood lost or the number of days that bleeding lasts Excessive bleeding during a menstrual period Is bleeding between menstrual period Its normal in some adolescence whose spotting at the time of ovulation It may occur in client on oral contraceptive drugs Vaginal irritation from infection may cause mid cycle spotting low level of progesterone production and endometrial sloughing Postmenopausal is the time of life following the final menses. Perimenopausal is used to denote the period during menopausal changes occur. Approximately 40 and 55 years of age. Change pads and tampons regularly during menstruation Genital self-exams are recommended for women to be familiar with their genitals and any possible abnormalities Routine gynecological examinations recommended once menstruating Go to a doctor if infection Wash outer genitalia regularly and thoroughly Care of Female Reproductive Organs