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Immunology Dr. Nadeem Ikram MBBS, DCP (Clinical pathology), FCPS (Immunology) IMMUNOLOGY Divided into two major categories Normal individual has two levels of defense against foreign agents Innate, Natural or non specific Immunity Acquired, Specific or adaptive Immunity PROPERTIES OF NON SPECIFIC...

Immunology Dr. Nadeem Ikram MBBS, DCP (Clinical pathology), FCPS (Immunology) IMMUNOLOGY Divided into two major categories Normal individual has two levels of defense against foreign agents Innate, Natural or non specific Immunity Acquired, Specific or adaptive Immunity PROPERTIES OF NON SPECIFIC OR INNATE IMMUNITY First line of defense Response is antigen independent No memory of an encounter with a foreign organism Defense is the same with repeated exposure to pathogens ELEMENTS OF NON SPECIFIC OR INNATE IMMUNITY Anatomic barrier Physiologic barrier Secretory molecules Cellular components ANATOMIC BARRIER Skin Mucous membrane Intestinal movement Oscillation of bronchopulmonary cilia Hairs in the nose, eyelashes PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS pH temperature oxygen tension acid environment of stomach commensal flora cough reflex SECRETARY MOLECULES Acids in skin secretions Bile acids in GIT Lysozyme Complement Acute phase proteins Interferon COMPLEMENT Complement consists of more than 20 proteins present in plasma and on cell surfaces that interact with each other to produce biologically active inflammatory mediators that promote cell and tissue injury THE COMPLEMENT CASCADE CELLS OF THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM Circulatory cells Neutrophils (Polymorphonuclear leukocytes) 40-60% Eosinophils 1-4% Basophils