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Disease Mechanism Epidemiology Time Course Symptoms Signs Dx Tests Treatment/ Prognosis 1 Upper respiratory tract infections Inflammation in the upper respiratory system brought on by viral, bacterial, infectious, or non-infectious causes may lead to this condition. (2) Children are more likel...

Disease Mechanism Epidemiology Time Course Symptoms Signs Dx Tests Treatment/ Prognosis 1 Upper respiratory tract infections Inflammation in the upper respiratory system brought on by viral, bacterial, infectious, or non-infectious causes may lead to this condition. (2) Children are more likely than adults to get upper respiratory tract infections as they go to school in winter and fall. (3) It takes around two to three days for symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection to become apparent (2) Nasal congestion Headache Low-grade fever rhinorrhoea Coughing and sneezing (3) bluish discoloration of the skin Rapid breathing Difficulty breathing high-pitched whistling sound when the patient exhales (3) Some tests for URTI are a chest x-ray or CT, a pulmonary function test (PFT), a nasal and throat swab, and a review of sputum. (3) Advising normal patients to rest. The primary approach to treating upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) in immunocompetent adults is symptom-based therapy. However, in some cases, the use of antibiotic or antiviral medication may be suitable for certain individuals. Prognosis: Consideration of the risks vs benefits of antibiotic treatment (3) 2 Bronchiolitis The presence of this viral infection induces an inflammatory response and results in the accumulation of mucus inside the respiratory passages, so impeding the process of respiration. (3) More common in young children under the age of 2. Mostly seen in females (2) The majority of cases exhibit moderate symptoms and resolve spontaneously over a period of 2 to 3 weeks, often without the need for medical intervention. (2) Runny nose Coughing Makes grunting noises with each breath. fever (3) Fast breathing with wheezing and noise Patient may have cyanosis around lips and fingernails due to low oxygen levels. Struggles to breathe and can't speak or cry. Refuses to drink enough or to eat. (2) physical examination, Nasal swab, chest xray and CBC (Complete Blood Count) (3) Patients diagnosed with bronchiolitis often have a favorable prognosis, with recovery typically occurring within a week when appropriate treatment measures are administered effectively (2) 3 Bronchitis inflammation of the lining of bronchial tubes and bronchial lumen gets narrower as a result. Caused by viral infections, such as the cold or influenza (flu). Occasionally, a bacterial infection can cause acute bronchitis. (3) Young children are more affected by acute bronchitis, but chronic bronchitis is more frequent among those aged 44 to 65. Bronchitis often manifests with flu-like symptoms and exhibits an exacerbation during the first three to four days. Its duration typically spans a period of a week to 20 days. Coughing with phlegm, SoB (Shortness of Breath) chest pain when coughing Cyanosis Narrowing of the Bronchial lumens Fever physical exam Chest x ray, sputum test, Pulmonary function test Bronchitis normally goes away on its own in about three weeks. If bronchitis is caused by a bacterial illness, antibiotics may be prescribed. Bronchodilator beta 2 agonist drugs can be used to alleviate the symptoms of narrowed bronchi. 4 Bronchiectasis Excess mucus builds up and makes the lungs more susceptible to infection in people with Bronchiectasis, a disorder in which the Bronchi become broader as a result of fibrotic tissue shrinking and dragging the bronchi walls outwards. More common in extremes of age (very young children and the elderly) Women are more likely than men to have bronchiectasis. (3) May persist for an extended duration, often spanning many years. However, with the use of antibiotics, the duration of each episode is reduced to around 14 days. (2) Sputum and phlegm SoB haemoptysis (coughing out blood) fatigue (3) chronic cough lasting for a duration exceeding three weeks, recurrent chest infections, and discomfort in the chest region. (2) History/ Examination, HRCT, chest x ray (2) Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory condition that lacks a definitive treatment; nevertheless, its symptoms may be successfully controlled using medication, exercise regimens, and surgical procedures. Antibiotics are the primary therapeutic approach for managing the recurrent lung infections associated with bronchiectasis. (2) 5 Pneumonia Pneumonia is an illness that causes swelling and fluid in the lungs. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It makes it hard to breathe and can result in a fever and cough that makes mucus that is yellow, green, or even red. (3) Higher incidence in children and elderly. Old people over the age of sixty five) young children under the age of five are the main targets for this disease. The WHO estimates that one in three newborn infant deaths are due to pneumonia (2) It almost takes half a year for the patient to fully recover. (1) SoB, chest pain, breathing difficulty with sounds and noises, fatigue, Cough, fever, (3) Tachypnoea, Difficulty breathing, goosebumps and chattering, fever, toxicity (3) Chest x ray, Blood tests, such as a complete blood count (CBC), pulse oximetry (2) For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics may be given. When someone has viral pneumonia, antiviral medicine is sometimes given. For fungal pneumonia, antifungal medicines are given. People may be given over-the-counter drugs to treat fever and joint pain or to help them breathe better. (2) 6 Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is an infectious illness carried by airborne bacteria. The patient's alveolar macrophage cells ingest the bacteria and then release them into the lung's epithelium. (3) Six million men, 3.4 million women and 1.2 million children. TB is present in all countries and age groups. Immunocompromised patients, people who get involved with tuberculosis bacilli or get in contact with a person that has this disease (3) The time between infection and the formation of a main lesion or substantial tuberculin response is around 3-9 weeks. The incubation phase lasts 2 to 10 weeks, and therapy may last 6 months to 2 years, yet the virus stays dormant in the body. (3) SoB, Coughing, fever, fatigue, loss of weight and appetite (2) Coughing up blood, purulent sputum, fibrillation (2) TB skin test (TST), Tuberculin, gamma interferon, (2) The majority of patients have a favourable prognosis when provided with appropriate therapy. However, if left untreated, the death rate will increase. Isoniazid, rifampicin morphazinamide, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomysin (2) 7 Asthma It's a breathing disorder brought on by inflammation and muscular stiffness around the airways causing a decrease in the airflow. (2) Adult women are more likely to have asthma than adult men. About 10.8% of adult women have asthma, while only 6.5% of adult men do. It is the most common long-term illness in children. (2) Attacks of asthma may last anywhere from a few minutes to many hours or even days. It is a lie-long disease. (2) Wheeze while exhaling dyspnoea chest tightness episodic attacks (2) SoB cyanosis Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath respiratory distress (2) Spirometry bronchodilator response test PEF variability test Broncho provocation test (3) Quick-relief inhalers (bronchodilators), anti-inflammatory drugs (2) 8 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a collection of illnesses characterized by obstruction of the airways and associated breathing difficulties. (2) COPD prevalence increased with age, and females consistently had greater rates than males over the lifetime. (2) In most instances, the onset of COPD is delayed by many years. The last, irreversible stage is hastened and made worse by excessive smoking and harmful substances. (3) SoB, Cough phlegm, chest tightness, wheezing and noises while exhaling (2) Unintended weight loss, fatigue or tiredness, Decreased breath sounds, barrel chest, , tripod position, recurrent infections (3) Chest x ray PFT test, Spirometry, PFT, ,CT (2) It depends on the stage of the COPD and other factors such as smoking or pulmonary diseases. Smoking cessation, beta agonist drugs, anti-inflammatory agents (2) 9 Pulmonary Embolism The abrupt obstruction of the pulmonary arteries, which are responsible for transporting blood to the lungs. (2) People withy older age. Cancer and cancer therapy patients. Certain medical conditions, such as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), high blood pressure, stroke, and inflammatory bowel disease are at higher rate of PE risk. (3) The time it takes for symptoms to appear and circulation to fail might vary from minutes to days. After a few weeks or months of rest, many individuals are able to make a full recovery and resume their previous activities without any problems. (3) Coughing, including coughing with crimson mucus. a feeling of dizziness. pulse palpitations are the sensations of a rushing or throbbing pulse. Leg ache or edema. an abrupt and severe chest discomfort. (2) SoB, Chest pain, coughing up bloody mucous, Breathlessness that intensifies with exertion (2). Chest x ray. V/Q scan (ventilation-perfusion scan) Angiogram of the lung. Computed tomography spiral. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Duplex ultrasound imaging. Electrocardiogram or electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) (3) The primary treatment for PE is a blood thinner (anticoagulant). Depending on the severity of the blockage and its impact on other organs such as the heart, you may also undertake thrombolytic therapy, surgery, or interventional procedures to enhance blood flow in your pulmonary arteries. (3) 10 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a serious chronic disease that affects the lung tissue surrounding the alveoli, or air sacs. This condition develops when for unknown reasons the lung tissue becomes dense and rigid. (3) IPF patients have a mean age between 65 and 70 years, with the incidence increasing with age, and the likelihood of developing this condition tends to rise as individuals get older. The prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in Europe shown a range of 1.25 to 23.4 cases per 100,000 individuals within the population. The yearly occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in the United States was estimated to be between 6.8 and 8.8 cases per 100,000 individuals. (3) Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive (worsening) disease. There is no cure, and it generally results in mortality. IPF patients have a median survival of 2 to 5 years, but the disease's progression is highly variable. (2) shortness of breath. An ongoing raspy cough. a state of fatigue. Appetite loss and weight loss. (3) Fast, shallow breathing. Gradual unintended weight loss. Tiredness. Aching joints and muscles. fingertips that are bulbous and distended (clubbed fingers). (3) Lung biopsy, High resolution chest CT scan (2) Included in this category are nintedanib and pirfenidone. These medications are known as anti-fibrotic agents because they have been shown in clinical trials to delay the progression of lung fibrosis or scarring. (2) 11 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by the accumulation of fluid in the small, elastic air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. The fluid prevents your lungs from filling with sufficient air, resulting in less oxygen entering your bloodstream. This prevents your organs from receiving the oxygen they require to function. (2) ARDS is always caused by a lung injury, whether through illness or accident, and can affect individuals of any age. Approximately 190,000 Americans are diagnosed with ARDS each year in the United States. (2) The onset of the initial symptoms of ARDS typically occurs within a few hours to a week following lung injury. People commonly experience extreme difficulty inhaling and breathlessness. (3) Shortness of breath, tachypnea (1) Severe shortness of breath, labored and unusually rapid breathing, low blood oxygen levels, and a crackling sound in the lungs are symptoms of severe respiratory distress. (2) Physical examination, chest x-ray to detect edema, and blood test to determine blood oxygen levels. (2) Oxygen therapy to deliver oxygen in a variety of methods, thereby increasing oxygen levels in the circulation. Provide respiratory support with prone positioning and ECMO to remove carbon dioxide from the blood. (2) 12 Pulmonary hypertension Blood pressure increase due to congenital heart disease or other diseases, cirrhosis… (2) Women are more at risk especially around ages 30 - 60, Afro-american race gets effected more (2) SoB, malaise, pain in the chest (1) Hypoxia, cyanosis Tachycardia (2) (1) Cardiac catheterization, echacardiography, blood tests (2) Adequate treatment leads to a better fate for the disease Wayfaring or other anticoagulants can help, home oxygen therapy is also helpful (2) 13 Pneumothorax Air entering the thorax causing lung to collapse (2) Men are more at risk compared to woman, its more common for tall and underweight people(2) The Duration of therapy relies on the amount of air entered, it can differ between couple of days to 2 weeks(2) SoB, Pain in the chest, cough, malaise(2) Stabbing pain, dry cough, tachycardia, dyspnoea, cyanosis (2) Chest x ray, CT (2) If the injury is small then it can heal on its own and the prognosis is very good. The air can be taken out by tube insertion or needle aspiration (2) 14 Lung Cancer Cancer begins in the lungs (3) Heavy smokers, people who get involved with air pollutants and silica and asbestos are more likely to have lung cancer. Genetics and life style of the person also has an effect on the incidence rate (2) Doubling time required for lung cancer can differ from 229 days to 647 days (2) Coughing, loss of appetite, SoB, wheezing, malaise, sudden weight loss (3) Clubbing, hoarseness, wheezing, dysphagia, chronic cough, hemoptysis (2) CXR, MRI, CT , PET, sputum inspection, biopsy (3) Metastatic patients have 5% rate of 5 year survival, early diagnosed patients have 56% but they make only 16% of the cases (2)