Molecular Science In Daily Life PDF

SCIE1007 Molecular Science in Daily Life (BIOL & CHEM) Science and our daily life Disease and drug How environment affects Disease and diet our health...

SCIE1007 Molecular Science in Daily Life (BIOL & CHEM) Science and our daily life Disease and drug How environment affects Disease and diet our health Environment and Food science and health human wellness Food quality and environment 2 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention After this lecture, you will… Understand the benefit and health risks of calcium and vitamin supplements, antioxidants, and artificial sweeteners 3 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention 1. Benefits of calcium and vitamins supplements 2. Health benefits of antioxidants (NMN) 3. Diabetes and artificial sweeteners 4 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Benefits of calcium and vitamins supplements 5 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention News about calcium 6 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention What is calcium? Most abundant mineral in the body About 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in bones, the remaining 1% is found in blood, muscle, and other tissues Our bodies cannot produce calcium on their own 7 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention The importance of calcium A key element to activate different enzymes and helps our bodies release hormones Assist with blood clotting https://www.eufic.org/en/vitamins-and-minerals/article/calcium-foods-functions-how-much-do-you-need-more 8 https://medmovie.com/library_id/3255/topic/ahaw_0079i/ Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention How much calcium do we need? International osteoporosis foundation 9 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Variation between regions International osteoporosis foundation 10 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Calcium content of common foods International osteoporosis foundation 11 International osteoporosis foundation Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Calcium comparison (8 oz milk) https://www.milkmeansmore.org/why-milk/ 12 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention  Different forms of calcium Calcium Citrate Calcium lactate Calcium Carbonate Only 21% calcium Only 13 – 18% 40% calcium (the highest Less dependent on stomach Less dependent on stomach amount of elemental calcium) acid for absorption → can be acid Requires stomach acid for intake directly absorption → intake with food Other forms: calcium ascorbate, hydroxyapatite, gluconate, and phosphate Vitamin D and magnesium are important in calcium absorption, so calcium supplements may include one or both of them 13 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Daily value Daily Value (DV) is the recommended amounts of nutrients to consume or not to exceed each day Percent Daily Value (% DV) is how much a nutrient in a single serving of an individually packaged food or dietary supplement contributes to your daily diet 5% DV or less → low 20% DV or more → high DV for calcium: 1,300 mg for adults and children aged 4+ E.g., if the DV for a certain nutrient is 300 mcg and a packaged food or supplement has 30 mcg in one serving → % DV for that nutrient in a serving of the product would be 10% 14 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Who should take calcium supplements? It's important to eat a well-balanced diet instead of relying on supplements alone Calcium supplements may benefit those who are not getting enough calcium from food and women who have reached menopause People who have lactose intolerance might have difficulty getting enough calcium through their diet alone 15 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Advantages of consuming calcium 1. Reduce the risk of osteoporosis A bone disorder characterized by porous and fragile bones, and is associated with bone fractures 2. Provide protection for colon health Research suggested a 35% reduction in some colon cancers with higher doses (1,250 mg calcium/day ) 3. Reduce the risk of preeclampsia Occurs in pregnant women, e.g., high blood pressure A significant reduction in the risk of high blood pressure, preeclampsia, and premature births https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-support/topics/pregnancy/preeclampsia 16 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Risks of consuming calcium The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) of calcium → 2,500 mg/day for adults ages 19 to 50 1. Gastrointestinal side effects E.g., bloating and constipation Calcium carbonate appears to cause more of these side effects than calcium citrate, especially in older adults who have lower levels of stomach acid 2. Hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood) It can cause health issues that include kidney stones and other renal (kidney) damage. 3. Milk-alkali syndrome 17 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Other examples of minerals 18 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Types of vitamin Types of vitamin Water Soluble Fat Soluble Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed with the other fats from the food and stored in your body’s fat tissue and liver Water-soluble vitamins enter the bloodstream and don’t get stored in body 19 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention What is vitamin? 20 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention  Vitamin B and C Consists of 8 kinds of vitamins (e.g., B1, B2, B5) Keeps the immune system strong Important for preventing heart disease Also act as an antioxidant Beans, eggs, meat, dairy products Fruits like cabbage, cauliflower, potatoes, and broccoli 21 https://www.lybrate.com Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention  Vitamin A and D Enhances the vision, supports the immune system Helps in the proper absorption of phosphorous and Also act as antioxidant calcium Carrot, sweet potato, pumpkin, and broccoli Sun exposure, tuna, and sardines 22 https://www.lybrate.com Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention  Vitamin E and K Important to vision, reproduction, and the health of Requires in small amount → micronutrients your blood, brain and skin For healthy functioning of many organs (pancreas etc.) Canola oil, olive oil, almonds, meats, and dairy Broccoli, kiwi, cabbage, green snap beans 23 https://www.lybrate.com; https://myhealthonly.net/vitamin-e-benefits/ Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Dietary intake Source: Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); and Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). 24 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Risks of vitamin supplements Common side effects of multivitamins E.g., constipation, diarrhea, nausea, etc. Risk of toxicity Especially fat-soluble vitamins, excess levels of these vitamins can build up in the body Large amounts of supplemental vitamin A can be harmful to bones Excess vitamin D increases calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and results in hypercalcemia Interaction with other medications E.g., vitamin K may interact with blood thinning medications and interfere with the effectiveness 25 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention  Health benefits of antioxidants 26 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Antioxidants in cosmetics product 27 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention What are antioxidants? 28 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Examples of antioxidants Eliminating free radicals from our body Vitamin E – e.g., nuts and seeds, sunflower and other vegetable oils, and green, leafy vegetables Beta-carotene – brightly colored fruits and vegetables, e.g., carrots, spinach, and mangoes Lycopene – pink and red fruits and vegetables, e.g., tomatoes and watermelon Lutein – e.g., kale, corn, and oranges Selenium – e.g., Brazil nuts, tuna, and eggs https://www.botanical-online.com/en/medicinal-plants/antioxidants 29 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention  Anti-aging agents 30 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention What is NMN? Nicotinamide mononucleotide A type of nucleotide (ribonucleotide) Made up of a nitrogenous base (nicotinamide), a sugar (ribose), and a phosphate group A precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) NMN helps increase NAD+ levels in cells One of the derivatives of vitamin B3 (niacin) NAD+ is produced from B vitamins in the body 31 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Importance of NAD+ Abundant in mitochondria, the cell cytoplasm, and the nucleus Acts as a coenzyme in mitochondria Plays an active role in metabolic processes, e.g., glycolysis, the TCA Cycle, and the electron transport chain Controls DNA damage DNA repair protein PARP (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) depends on NAD+ to function Activates Sirtuins (to repair damaged DNA) → without NAD+, the SIRT1 genes cannot work 32 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention NAD+ level and age 33 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Intake of NAD+ NAD+ as a straight supplement is very difficult to maintain in capsule form The molecule degrades quickly when exposed to light and heat, and deteriorates when exposed to water NAD+ is a large phosphorylated molecule that can only enter a cell through special doorways known as transporters The digestive process breaks down orally-administered NAD+ into common NAD+ precursors before the cells get a chance to absorb it 34 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Mechanism Tryptophan, nicotinamide (Nam), nicotinic acid (NA, or niacin), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) are the precursors of NAD+ Three pathways for synthesizing NAD+ In pathway 3, NR is phosphorylated to NMN by nicotinamide riboside kinases (NRKs) Once NMN is synthesized, it is converted to NAD+ by three NMN adenylyltransferases, NMNAT1-3 35 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Benefits of NMN Improve muscle function E.g., NMN improves muscle strength and performance in older men, and enhances oxygen utilization and exercise endurance in middle-aged runners Prevent obesity and diabetes E.g., NMN has been shown to improve muscle insulin sensitivity in older women One study looked at the effects of taking 250 milligrams (mg) of NMN per day for 10 weeks in postmenopausal women with prediabetes and overweight or obesity. Those who took NMN had increased insulin sensitivity and signaling Prevent chemo-induced mitochondrial defects in neurons E.g., Rashid et al. (2023) and colleagues found that with NMN pretreatment, cisplatin- induced DNA damage and increases in mROS were greatly reduced 36 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Benefits of NMN Improve brain function Improve cognition in rodents with Alzheimer’s and reduce brain plaques and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s mice Prevent stroke damage, and improve cognition and mitochondrial health after stroke in rodents Restore blood vessel health Reverse vascular aging by restoring blood vessel elasticity in mice Promote heart and organ health Improve heart metabolism and protect against heart failure Reverse intestinal aging, protect against age-related kidney deterioration, and inhibit the onset of liver fibrosis in rodents 37 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention NMN in natural food It will be difficult to supplement NMN by eating beneficial foods alone NAD+ molecules were too large to be taken directly and needed to be raised using a precursor such as NMN 38 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Appropriate dose of NMN?? “NMN is generally considered safe, and no major side effects have been reported in humans,” “Since NMN is a relatively new supplement, long-term safety data is limited” First clinical study in 2016 by researchers at Keio University School of Medicine For healthy Japanese men, a single oral administration of NMN (between 100 and 500 mg) was safe and effectively metabolized without causing any significant adverse effects https://www.forbes.com/health/healthy-aging/nicotinamide-mononucleotide/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31685720/ https://www.nmn.com/taking-nmn 39 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention  Diabetes and artificial sweeteners 40 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention What is diabetes? 41 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Diabetes The pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces Insulin – a hormone that regulates blood glucose Hyperglycaemia (raised blood glucose/raised blood sugar) A common effect of uncontrolled diabetes Over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, as well as Gestational diabetes (occurs during pregnancy) 42 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Type 1 diabetes Insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset An autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake), stopping the body from making insulin Require daily insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump 43 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Type 2 diabetes Being overweight, not getting enough exercise, and genetics The body doesn’t use insulin well and can’t keep blood sugar at normal levels (insulin resistance) Develops over many years and is usually diagnosed in adults Can be prevented or delayed with healthy lifestyle changes, e.g. diet and exercise 44 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Health problem High blood sugar can damage blood vessels and the nerves that control your heart High blood pressure High blood sugar damages blood vessels in the retina (a light-sensitive layer of cells in the eye) Causing blurry vision or stopping blood flow High sugar content in saliva Bacteria use sugar as food Cause tooth decay 45 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention What are artificial sweeteners? Synthetic sweeteners with little or no calories Characterized by a strong sweetening flavor – nearly 300 to 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar or sucrose Mainly found in soft drinks, snack foods, sugar-free candies, and dairy products Aspartame – is currently the most-used artificial sweetener 46 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Sugar vs. artificial sweeteners 47 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Why do sweeteners taste sweet? Binding of molecules to specific receptor proteins in our taste buds Releases a signaling molecule to an adjoining sensory neuron, causing the neuron to send impulses to the brain Within the brain, these signals derived from the taste bud cause the actual sensation of sweetness Cause a sweet taste 48 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Triangle of sweetness Specific shape of the molecule is required Allow specific binding to the receptors through lock-and-key mechanism Contain two sites for forming hydrogen bonds with the receptor (NH/OH and O/N atom) The “triangle of sweetness” in saccharin https://sciencefocus.ust.hk/the-sweetest-encounter-discovery-of-the-first-artificial-sweetener 49 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Examples of artificial sweeteners Low-calorie → metabolised into its basic components, e.g. amino acids, aspartic acid, phenylalanine, and a small amount of ethanol Aspartame Approximately 200 times sweeter than sugar Applications: e.g. drinks, desserts, sweets, chewing gums, energy-reducing and weight-control products, etc. Calorie-free 300–400 times sweeter than regular sugar Saccharin Have an unpleasant, bitter aftertaste Fairly stable and has a long shelf life Applications: e.g. jams, jellies, cookies, medicine, etc. 50 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Examples of artificial sweeteners (con’d) Calorie-free About 600 times sweeter than sugar Sucralose Exceptionally stable → foods and beverages sweetened with sucralose stay sweet under a wide range of conditions Applications: e.g. frozen foods like ice cream, baked goods, etc. Calorie-free Acesulfame A slightly bitter aftertaste > 200 times sweeter than sugar potassium Stable when heated (acesulfame-K) Applications: e.g. baked goods, chewing gum, beverages, frozen desserts, etc. 51 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Examples of artificial sweeteners (con’d) Calorie-free 7,000 – 13,000 times sweeter than table sugar High heat and pH stability compared to Aspartame Neotame Leaves no aftertaste Applications: e.g., preserved fruits, carbonated drinks, baked goods, confectioneries, etc. Calorie-free About 30 times the sweetening power of sucrose Cyclamate Stable to heat and readily soluble in water Applications: e.g. baked goods, confections, desserts, soft drinks, salad dressings, etc. 52 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Acceptable daily intake 53 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Risks of having sweeteners WHO: replacing free sugars with sweeteners does not help with weight control Sweeteners are not essential dietary factors and they have no nutritional value Some scientists however believed that sweeteners can be used to manage weight in short term A few studies have shown that headaches in a small percentage of individuals can be caused by aspartame or sucralose 54 Lizuka, K., Nutrients, 2022, 14, 2, 4446 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention Aspartame “Limited evidence” for carcinogenicity in humans IARC reaffirmed the acceptable daily intake of 40 mg/kg body weight Classified aspartame as possibly carcinogenic to humans on the basis of limited evidence for cancer in humans 55 Molecular Science in Daily Life Diet and dietary supplements for disease prevention  Quiz Time! 56 Molecular Science in Daily Life Green chemistry Thank You! 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