1c. Common practice of disease prevention (1).pdf

SCIE1007 Molecular Science in Daily Life (BIOL & CHEM) Science and our daily life Disease and drug How environment affects Disease and diet our health...

SCIE1007 Molecular Science in Daily Life (BIOL & CHEM) Science and our daily life Disease and drug How environment affects Disease and diet our health Environment and Food science and health human wellness Food quality and environment 2 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention After this lecture, you will… Understand the development history of cancer drugs Able to explain development process and patent of commercial drugs Able to describe the importance of different protective measure, including face mask, hand rub, antibacterial spray, and exercise 3 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Disease prevention 1. Introduction to cancer drug 2. How are drugs discovered and developed? 3. Protective measures: face mask, hand rub, antibacterial spray, and exercise 4 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention  Introduction to cancer drug 5 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Classical treatment Before 1950s, the only treatment of tumors available was surgical removal During 1949–1955, the only marketed drugs were mechlorethamine, ethinyl estradiol, triethylenemelamine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, and busulfan 6 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention History of cancer drug Initial drugs were based on nitrogen mustards, an extremely powerful class of alkylating agents. Mustard gas is a vesicant chemical warfare agent synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860 The sulfur mustard gas used in chemical warfare 7 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention WWII mustard gas incident The bombardment of the Italian town of Bari in 1943 SS John Harvey, which had a stockpile of 100 tons of mustard gas, sank → emitting the mustard gas The military and civilian victims began to develop familiar signs of mustard gas exposure Victims were found to have a particularly low white blood cell count 8 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention WWII mustard gas incident (con’d) Bone marrow and lymph nodes were markedly depleted Mustard could be useful in killing rapidly dividing cancer cells as well Nitrogen mustard: highly electrophilic reagents that can react with a huge number of cellular nucleophiles Add alkyl groups onto bases in DNA is the critical lesion that results in the death of cancer cells 9 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention History of cancer chemotherapy DeVita, V. T., Chu, E. Cancer Res, 2008, 68, 21, 8643-8653 10 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Cisplatin The first metal based anticancer drug Tumour cells are more sensitive to cisplatin than normal cells By interfering with DNA replication and transcription processes Ghosh, S. Bioorg. Chem., 2019, 88, 102925 11 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention The mechanism of cisplatin 12 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Cancer drugs Functions of cancer drug Stop cancer cells from dividing and growing Keep tumors from growing blood vessels Attack the cancer cells’ genes so the cells die and can’t grow into new tumors Types of cancer drug Alkylating agents Antimetabolites Antitumor antibiotics Topoisomerase inhibitors Mitotic inhibitors Corticosteroids Others (e.g. Asparaginase, Mitotane, Procarbazine, etc.) 13 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Side effects of cancer drug Most cancer treatments cannot distinguish between cancer cells and normal healthy cells Not every drug causes every side effect Some healthy cells also divide rapidly, such as hair follicles → hair loss Chemotherapy damages the cells lining the mouth and gastrointestinal tract → sore mouth 14 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention  Drug development process 15 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Myths about drugs 16 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Five steps of drug development Step 1: Discovery and development Step 2: Preclinical research Step 3: Clinical research Step 4: FDA review Step 5: FDA post-market safety monitoring 17 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Cost and success rate 18 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Drug discovery Through accident In the early 1940s, an explosion exposed sailors to poisonous mustard gas. They began treating Hodgkin lymphoma with a byproduct of mustard gas known as nitrogen mustard. Test plants, fungi, and animals Paclitaxel (Taxol): first found in the bark of the Pacific yew tree. The cancer drug eribulin (Halaven) was developed from the sea sponge, a small ocean animal. 19 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Drug discovery (con’d) Study the biology of cancer cells Compare the genes found in DNA. Study the growth patterns of cancer cells to healthy cells and find drugs to stop the process. Make drugs that can target specific genes found in cancer. E.g. 20% of all breast cancers have an abnormal amount of a certain protein, called HER2 (for controlling the growth and spread of cancer cells). Multiple drugs have been developed over the years to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. Understand the chemical structure of a drug target Scientists can use computers to mimic how a potential drug will interact with its target. 20 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Drug discovery (con’d) Create drugs biosimilars Biologic drugs: made from living things like cells, tissues, or proteins. Biosimilars: almost the same as an existing biologic drug that has already been approved by the FDA. Similar structure and function to the reference drug and have no large differences. 21 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Pharmaceutical development 22 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Pharmaceutical development (con’d) 23 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention FDA approval A new medicine may be prescribed by doctors once it has obtained FDA approval. The FDA may also require that the sponsor conduct more clinical trials Phase IV clinical trials Look for more possible side effects or confirm that the treatment is beneficial Study the drug in different doses, new combinations Study the drug's long-term effects The FDA also continues to monitor the safety of drugs currently on the market Post-marketing monitoring 24 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Drug patent A legal agreement between a drug company and the government Exclusive rights to manufacture and sell a particular drug for a certain period of time (usually ~20 years) Allows the company to recoup the costs of developing the drug and make a profit on their investment 25 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Evergreening Various legal, business, and technological strategies by which producers extend the lifetime of their patents Prevents generic competition Drug prices stay up 26 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Criticism of patent 1. High drug prices Giving drug companies a monopoly on the market 2. Blocking innovation Most companies are no longer innovating new medications but monopolizing existing ones 3. Ethical concerns It is unethical for drug companies to prioritize profits over human health 27 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention  Protective measure 28 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Protective measure Face mask Hund rub Antibacterial Exercise spray 29 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Face mask Made from materials like cotton, polyester, or polypropylene Reusable or disposable Trap droplets that are expelled when a person talks, coughs, or sneezes Reduce the transmission of respiratory viruses like COVID-19 30 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Component of a face mask 31 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Component of a face mask (con’d) 32 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Criteria for face mask Bacterial Filtration Efficiency (BFE) - for size: 3 µm Particle Filtration Efficiency (PFE) - for size: 0.1 - 5 µm Virus Filtration Efficiency (VFE) - for size: 0.1 µm 33 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Common types of face mask Made of multiple layers of tightly woven fabric like cotton Fabric/cloth masks Easy to purchase or make Can be washed and worn again Made with non-woven fabric → better bacteria filtration and air permeability Surgical masks Common material: polypropylene, polystyrene, polycarbonate, (medical masks) polyethylene, or polyester Loose-fitting and disposable Provide a higher degree of protection → filters out both large and small particles when the wearer inhales N95 masks N class respirators/cartridges are not resistant to oil mists Filter at least 95% of 0.3 micrometers 34 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Medical and fabric mask 35 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Problems arises from face masks Skin irritation The skin barrier can be compromised due to increased humidity and temperature Follicular occlusion, increases sebum secretion, and changes skin microflora Difficulty in breathing, e.g. N95 masks require a tight seal around the face Communication barrier 36 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Environmental issues 1.56 billion masks were inappropriately released into the ocean in 2020. An additional 4,680 to 6,240 metric tones of marine plastic pollution Harm marine wildlife and the ecosystem Masks can take as long as 450 years to break down. 37 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Alcohol-based hand rubs Excellent antimicrobial activity against gram- positive and gram-negative vegetative bacteria Most effective: 60-80% alcohol Less drying and irritating to hands than soap Sanitizers contain emollients to moisturize hands Choose alcohol-based hand rub products: Meet the EN1500 testing standard for the bactericidal effect Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approval as a hand hygiene product for a healthcare setting 38 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention  39 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Alcohol-based hand rubs (con’d) 40 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Antibacterial spray Bacteria reproduce and multiply quickly Antibacterial cleaning spray: Stop the growth of bacteria, and prevent bacteria from multiplying Contain antibacterial agents such as triclosan Require a longer cleaning process or dwell time in order to be effective Reapplied more regularly in order to continue protecting from bacterial growth. 41 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention How do disinfectants work? 42 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Overuse of antibacterial spray Create strains of bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. Multi-resistant organisms (MROs) The antimicrobial agents in cleaning products may not be enough to completely destroy germs. Most germs die but some may survive and multiply. These strains can develop resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants 43 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Exercise How can exercises reduce the chance of cancer? Reduce inflammation Help regulate blood sugar and hormones (that contribute to the development of cancer) Improve metabolism and immune function Maintain a healthy weight American Cancer Society's Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Cancer Prevention: Being more physically active can reduce the risk of several types of cancer, including breast, prostate, colon, endometrial and possibly pancreatic cancer 44 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention What is endorphins? 45 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Endorphins Around 20 types, but beta-endorphins are the most commonly explored Contribute to well-being and pain relief, producing effects similar to those of the pain drug morphine. Benefits of Endorphins Reduce depression, anxiety, pain Improve self-esteem Regulate or modulate appetite Enhance immune response 46 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Endorphins and dopamine Difference between endorphins and dopamine Endorphins: hormones that help you cope with pain and stress Dopamine: a neurotransmitter that boosts mood and motivation High endorphin levels can boost dopamine production 47 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Endorphins and exercise Sitting or lying down for long periods of time throughout the day isn’t good for our health Adults: at least 150 minutes of moderate- intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity each week Moderate-intensity activities (e.g., dancing, bicycling, yoga, golfing, softball) Vigorous-intensity activities (e.g. jogging, running, fast bicycling, swimming, aerobic dance, soccer, basketball) 48 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Summary 1. Introduction to cancer drug Mustard gas Cisplatin 2. How are drugs discovered and developed? Preclinical trial Clinical trial (3 phases) Post-market monitoring 3. Protective measures: face mask, hand rub, antibacterial spray, and exercise Overview of each measure Function and mechanism Advantages and disadvantages 49 Molecular Science in Daily Life Common practice disease prevention Thank You! All rights reserved © 2023 BIOL & CHEM, HKBU