1a.1 Terminology PDF

[00:00:00] >> [MUSIC] [00:00:09] Anatomical terminology creates the foundation for the language that we use to talk about the body, its positions, and its movements. This will be helpful information for you to reference throughout your PT education. This lecture is going to cover basic anatomical t...

[00:00:00] >> [MUSIC] [00:00:09] Anatomical terminology creates the foundation for the language that we use to talk about the body, its positions, and its movements. This will be helpful information for you to reference throughout your PT education. This lecture is going to cover basic anatomical terminology that will be helpful in your study of anatomy, as well as movement science and throughout your PT career. [00:00:34] So we're going to start with anatomical position, which is going to help us define where the body is in space, followed by an exploration of planes and sections, looking at how we break the body down. As well as relationships and comparisons, looking at things like what's more proximal, what's more distal, using terminology about how we define the body areas or regions. [00:00:57] And finally, a brief overview of the movements and positions of the body that will be used throughout anatomy and your movement science. Anatomical position is the reference position for the body when we are talking about relationships, planes, and movements. So for anatomical position, we imagine that the body is standing upright with the gaze and the eyes and the toes directed forward. [00:01:27] So as we see in this picture to the right, we have the body standing upright. The feet are pointing forward, the eyes are looking forward. We also notice that the arms are right at the side of the body, essentially as if they were just hanging from your shoulder. [00:01:43] And the palms are facing anteriorly, or as we will come to know, they are supinated. And finally, the lower limbs are close together and the feet are parallel. So I always recommend that students practice standing in anatomical position. And then you can work on defining your movements, your planes, all of the relationships in your own body to help learn this. [00:02:11] We use three primary planes to break the body into different regions and also to define where movements occur. The sagittal plane is one that cuts the body in half left to right. So a median sagittal plane will perfectly cut down the middle of the body to have equal left and right halves. [00:02:33] But you can also cut a sagittal plane through any section of the body so that you can cut a sagittal plane through the arm or through the leg. The frontal plane, which is also considered the coronal plane, we have multiple different words to describe these, will cut the body in half front to back. [00:02:54] So this will cut the front half of the body from the back half of the body. And finally, a transverse plane, or also sometimes termed an axial plane, will cut the body up in half from top to bottom, or across any section. So transverse planes are often referred to as our cross-sections, which we'll talk about later, where a sagittal plane may be referred to as a longitudinal section. [00:03:26] In our study of anatomy, we will often use sections of the body to be able to view the layering of tissues within the body. These are also areas you will become familiar with as you learn more about imaging, such as MRI and CT scans, as they tend to present images that are sections of the body. [00:03:47] As we mentioned on the previous slide, a sagittal plane will create a longitudinal section. So this is cutting a section of the body or the entire body in half from left to right. A transverse section will be cut by the transverse or axial plane. So this is essentially cutting a section out across a limb or across the body such that it's separating it from top to bottom. [00:04:17] And then finally, an oblique section does not correspond to any specific plane, it is an angled section that is cutting across the limb. So these terms, longitudinal, transverse, and oblique, you will see showing up as we talk about imaging. Relationships and comparisons give us vocabulary to talk about how one body part relates to another. [00:04:44] We can also use these comparisons to help us as we talk about movements. I'm not going to define every term on this slide, as much of this should be review. However, we'll discuss how these can be helpful to us. So, for example, the terms medial and lateral, medial is going to tell us that something is towards the center of the body or that it's moving towards the center of the body. [00:05:10] And lateral is going to tell us that something is closer to the outside or the lateral edge of the body. These are terms that will be helpful to us as we define some of our movements, and also as we talk about relationships. For example, in the hand, from anatomical position, we talk about the thumb being lateral to the digits. [00:05:34] Another terminology that we will see is things like superior and inferior. So superior is going to mean it's closer to the top or to the head of the body, and inferior is going to mean it's closer to the feet or the lower part of the body. So for example, we might say things like, the eyes are superior to the mouth. [00:05:56] We can also talk about surfaces of the body, and specialized areas that you'll see that we talk about are with the hands and the feet. So with the hands, we may refer to something as being palmar, which would obviously be on the palmar side, or dorsal, which would be on the posterior or back side. [00:06:17] So the word dorsal really refers to things to the back. So we may also use that in relation to structures that are posterior. So from those, I recommend that if you are not familiar with these terms, please review these as these will be referenced quite often. One other piece that we will also talk about is superficial and deep. [00:06:44] So superficial simply means closer to the skin or closer to the outside of the body, and deep means further towards the center of the body. The next two slides will overview basic movements of the body. We will go into more depth as we explore each joint and muscle as they create movement, and you will also be addressing these in your movement science. [00:07:13] So as we talk about basic movements, the first piece we want to consider is what plane is the movement in? So for example, this first series of pictures that are showing movements such as flexion or extension. This showing at the hip or at the shoulder, or we can also see flexion and extension at the elbow and at the knee. [00:07:39] Or of the full trunk, flexion or extension, these are all happening in the sagittal plane. What you can imagine is that there is a plane that cuts the body in half left to right, and if you perform any of these movements, you would not hit that plane. I often refer to this as if there was a piece of glass that cut you down the center of your body. [00:08:05] If you flex or extend your shoulder or your hip, it will move parallel to that piece of glass so you would not hit that piece of glass. I'm not going to describe every single motion demonstrated in these slides, as we will get into these more as we talk about the different body parts. [00:08:25] But another plane of motion is motion that is in the frontal plane, and actions such as abduction and adduction would happen in that frontal plane. So, for example, in anatomical position, so once again, place yourself in that position, and if you abduct, so take your fingers away from midline or move your fingers closer to midline. [00:08:52] You would be moving parallel to that piece of glass cutting you in half front to back. This slide presents further images of the movements that we'll be talking about. So for example, this first image is giving us additional pictures of movement in the frontal plane. So abduction essentially means to move away from midline, while adduction is going to move closer to midline. [00:09:23] On the other side of this body, we see movements in the transverse plane, which is our rotations. So lateral rotation means the body part is rotating so that it faces more towards the outside of the body, or towards the lateral surface. Medial rotation means that the body part is rotating around its longitudinal axis so that it's rotating in that transverse plane towards facing closer to midline. [00:09:55] These are areas we can be very familiar with, with rotation at the shoulder and rotation at the hip. But we can also see rotation around the spinal column when we look at rotation of the neck or rotation of the spine. So these are simply examples. If you are not familiar with this terminology, I recommend that you take a little bit of time to review this as we will be referring to this vocabulary throughout our study of anatomy and movement.