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One sense of the word rational is that a person is following the rules and norms for good reasoning, such as reasoning logically. Another sense of the word discussed in the critical reading discussion concerns:
One sense of the word rational is that a person is following the rules and norms for good reasoning, such as reasoning logically. Another sense of the word discussed in the critical reading discussion concerns:
Damasio (1994) studied a man named Elliot who had damage to the orbital prefrontal region of his brain; Elliot experienced dramatic changes in his behavior after much of this area was removed. Which interpretation of Elliot's case reflects Damasio's findings?
Damasio (1994) studied a man named Elliot who had damage to the orbital prefrontal region of his brain; Elliot experienced dramatic changes in his behavior after much of this area was removed. Which interpretation of Elliot's case reflects Damasio's findings?
Physiological markers measured on a polygraph (lie detector) indicate changes in stress or anxiety and, therefore, may also indicate lying. People show great differences in their physiological responses measured on polygraphs, and some people beat the machine. Taken together, this evidence suggests that:
Physiological markers measured on a polygraph (lie detector) indicate changes in stress or anxiety and, therefore, may also indicate lying. People show great differences in their physiological responses measured on polygraphs, and some people beat the machine. Taken together, this evidence suggests that:
The process of experiencing an emotion often begins with interpretation of the situation, which is called a(n):
The process of experiencing an emotion often begins with interpretation of the situation, which is called a(n):
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Are often marked by expressive behaviors, subjective experience, motivated dispositions to behave a certain way, and physiological changes.
Are often marked by expressive behaviors, subjective experience, motivated dispositions to behave a certain way, and physiological changes.
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Theories maintaining that emotions are discrete assume that basic emotions, such as fear and anger, are:
Theories maintaining that emotions are discrete assume that basic emotions, such as fear and anger, are:
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The text discusses a UFO cult and its leader, Dorothy Martin. Even though Martin's prophecy about aliens did not come to pass, she told her followers that she maintained contact with the aliens. Martin's response provides a good example of which thinking error?
The text discusses a UFO cult and its leader, Dorothy Martin. Even though Martin's prophecy about aliens did not come to pass, she told her followers that she maintained contact with the aliens. Martin's response provides a good example of which thinking error?
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Confirmation bias and belief perseverance are both examples of:
Confirmation bias and belief perseverance are both examples of:
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The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge of their own biases is MOST related to a deficiency in which aspect of critical thinking?
The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge of their own biases is MOST related to a deficiency in which aspect of critical thinking?
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The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge or awareness of their own biases is called:
The tendency for people to lack accurate knowledge or awareness of their own biases is called:
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The fundamental attribution error and the better-than-average effect are both related to the ______ as a tendency to evaluate oneself favorably.
The fundamental attribution error and the better-than-average effect are both related to the ______ as a tendency to evaluate oneself favorably.
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Aliyah's critical thinking instructor was talking about the importance of being fair-minded in considering the sides of an argument. Aliyah said to herself, "I think I am more fair-minded than most of the students I have met." If Aliyah's self-evaluation reveals that she is showing a thinking error, it is MOST likely:
Aliyah's critical thinking instructor was talking about the importance of being fair-minded in considering the sides of an argument. Aliyah said to herself, "I think I am more fair-minded than most of the students I have met." If Aliyah's self-evaluation reveals that she is showing a thinking error, it is MOST likely:
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Eliza said that the reason she was unable to get a job during the recession was because employers were not hiring in her field, but as soon as they began to hire again she got a job because she is a hard worker. According to Eliza, many other unemployed people did not get jobs because they are simply lazy What is the thinking error she seems to be making?
Eliza said that the reason she was unable to get a job during the recession was because employers were not hiring in her field, but as soon as they began to hire again she got a job because she is a hard worker. According to Eliza, many other unemployed people did not get jobs because they are simply lazy What is the thinking error she seems to be making?
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The research by Tetlock and Kim (1987) on motivated reasoning found that when participants made predictions about how other people would respond on a personality test, the participants considered more alternative interpretations if they:
The research by Tetlock and Kim (1987) on motivated reasoning found that when participants made predictions about how other people would respond on a personality test, the participants considered more alternative interpretations if they:
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The BEST interpretation of the reaction shown by people who were affected by the 1938 radio play broadcast of The War of the Worlds suggests that:
The BEST interpretation of the reaction shown by people who were affected by the 1938 radio play broadcast of The War of the Worlds suggests that:
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Arousing and directing a behaviour towards a goal is a common definition of:
Arousing and directing a behaviour towards a goal is a common definition of:
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Study Notes
Critical Thinking Errors and Biases
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Rational Decision-Making: One sense of "rational" is following sound reasoning rules. Another aspect involves whether thinking maintains subjective bias and promotes goals.
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Elliot's Case Study: Damage to the orbital prefrontal region of the brain (as in Elliot's case) significantly impacts decision-making, highlighting the role of emotion in rational choices.
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Polygraph Accuracy: Physiological markers (like those measured on a polygraph) are not always reliable indicators of lying; individual variations and deception techniques impact accuracy.
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Emotional Process: Emotional experiences begin with the interpretation (or appraisal) of a situation.
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Emotions: Emotions involve expressive behaviors, subjective experience, motivational behaviors, and physiological changes.
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Discrete Emotions: Theories about discrete emotions assume basic emotions (fear, anger) are distinct and natural, not learned or varying degrees.
Motivated Reasoning and Bias
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Confirmation Bias/Belief Perseverance: These biases exemplify thinking errors in motivated reasoning; people favor information confirming existing beliefs and resist contradictory evidence.
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Bias Blind Spot: People often lack awareness of their own biases, hindering self-assessment of fairness.
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Better-Than-Average Effect: This bias is a self-evaluation error where individuals rate themselves more favorably than others.
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Cultural Influence: Emotional expression and interpretation can vary across cultures.
Other Thinking Errors and Examples
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Dorothy Martin Example: A cult leader maintaining contact with extraterrestrials despite false prophecies, illustrates belief perseverance.
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Critical Thinking Skills vs. Knowledge: Knowing rules of reasoning or the subject matter is important, but metacognitive reflection on one's own biases are critical to avoid thinking errors
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My-Side Bias: A bias towards one's own perspective and not fully considering opposing viewpoints, a cognitive error.
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Fundamental Attribution Error: This involves interpreting one's own behavior through situational factors, but others' as personality related.
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Emotional Impact of Events: The broadcast of "The War of the Worlds" illustrated how strong emotions to real and staged events can influence perceptions and behavior.
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Motivated Reasoning: Emotional and personal preferences can influence interpretations of situations.
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Eliza's Error: Eliza's explanation that unemployed individuals are lazy exemplifies the fundamental attribution error—attributing others’ failures to personal shortcomings instead of situational factors.
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Tetlock and Kim's Study: People are more open to different interpretations of events when held accountable for their judgments.
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Motivation: Arousing and directing behavior towards a goal is a common definition of motivation.
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