Administering Medication PDF

Administering Medication Admin, ​ Administering: Actually given to a patient at the office Prescribing, ​ Prescribing: Provider authorizes the dispensing of a drug Dispensing ​ Dispensing: Medication is given and to be taken home ( i.e sample) Common Routes ​...

Administering Medication Admin, ​ Administering: Actually given to a patient at the office Prescribing, ​ Prescribing: Provider authorizes the dispensing of a drug Dispensing ​ Dispensing: Medication is given and to be taken home ( i.e sample) Common Routes ​ Oral, sublingual, inhalation, buccal, rectal, vaginal, topical, intradermal, of Admin subcutaneous, and intravenous PDR sections ​ Freq used in med offices, info on major prescription pharm products in the U.S. Sec 1: Lists pharm manufacturer in alphabetical order (i.e Name, address, phone number, product I.D,) Sec 2: Brand and Generic name Index Sec 3: Product Category Index ❖​ Based on the action it has on the body Sec 4: Product I.D Guide ❖​ Provides full color photograph of tablets and capsules included Sec 5: Product Information: -​ Description: Brand & Generic, dosage, Rx, & if available OTC) -​ Clinical Pharm: How drug functions) -​ Indication & Use: FDA List of condition the medication treats -​ Contraindications: Situation in which drug should be used (i.e allergy or pregnancy) -​ Warnings: safety hazards -​ Precautions: Info on special care that needs to be taken by the physician for safe use -​ Adverse Reactions: Undesirable effects that may occur with use -​ Overdosage: Symptom associated with an overdose of drugs -​ Dosage & Administration: Recommended adult dosage -​ How Supplied: Dosage forms available, units, shape and color, and storage conditions FDA ​ Federal Agency of Health and Human Services ​ Responsible for determining whether food, drugs or vaccines are safe before being released ​ Determines safety and effectiveness of non prescriptions and OTC ​ Responsible for determining whether a medication will be available with/without a prescription 4 Names of 1.​ Chemical: provides precise description of drug’s chemical comp Drugs 2.​ Generic: assigned by the pharm manufacturer before FDA approval, is usually used for the official name 3.​ Official: Name listed under USP and NP 4.​ Brand: name under which a pharm manufac markets a drug (tylenol, Tempra etc) Liquid Prep ​ Liquid: ❖​ Elixir: dissolved in a solution of alcohol, water, and are sweet ❖​ Liniment: drug combo with oil, soap, alcohol or water ❖​ Lotion: aqueous preparation that contains suspended ingred. ❖​ Solution: liquid prep, contains one or more completely dissolved substance ❖​ Suspension: a drug that contains insoluble drug particles in a liquid ❖​ Tincture: a drug dissolved in a solution of sugar The Metric ​ Metric System: most commonly used, more exact, & easier to use. System ​ Basic metric units: gram (solids), liter (liquids), & meter (length or distance) ​ Weight: heaviness ​ Volume: amount of space occupied by a substance ​ Length: a unit of linear measurement of the distance from one point to another Household ​ More familiar among individuals, more complicated, less accurate, System ​ Basic Unit: Gtt (drop) = 0.6 mL Controlled Drugs ​ Schedule I: High potential for abuse, not accepted medical use in Schedule treatment (i.e : GHB, Heroine, LSD) ​ Schedule II: High potential, currently accepted medical use, must be in writing, no refills allowed ( i.e Cocaine, codeine, fentanyl) ​ Schedule III: Less potential for abuse, currently accepted, telephone/fax, refilled 5 x ​ Schedule IV: Lower potential, currently accepted, telephone/fax ​ Schedule V: Low potential for abuse, accepted Parts of ​ Superscription: Rx (take thou) Prescription ​ Inscription: I.D name, drug, & dose ​ Subscription: designate quantity of drug ​ Signatura: info to be included on medication label (directions) Generic Prescribing: provider writes prescription using generic rather than the brand name of the drug Disposal of Drug take back programs medication a)​ Collection events: Federal, State, or local law enforcements host community drug take backs b)​ On-Site collection Receptacle: located permanently in a specific location c)​ Mail back programs: Some pharmacies may offer mail back envelopes to assist in safely disposing of unwanted medication. Household disposal a)​ Remove medication from original container b)​ Mix medication with an undesirable substance (kitty litter or coffee grounds) c)​ Place mixture in a disposable container d)​ Remove personal info Function of EHR ​ Reduces time needed to prescribe and refill, can transmit prescriptions, can generate and print out prescriptions Purpose of ​ To allow the provider to tell at glance what medication,& how much the Medication patient is taking record Factors Affecting ​ Age: children and elderly respond more strongly Drug Action ​ Route of administration: Orally are absorbed slowly, paternally (injection) are absorbed more quickly ​ Size: thin patients req smaller amount of drug ​ Time of administration: oral route is absorbed more rapidly when the stomach is empty ​ Tolerance: a certain drug over a period of time may develop a tolerance to it Allergic drug ❖​ Anaphylactic reaction reaction & -​ Sneezing Idiosyncrasy -​ Urticaria (hives) -​ Itching -​ Erythema (reddening of the skin) -​ Angioedema (localized urticaria) -​ Disorientation ❖​ Idiosyncrasy: abnormal or peculiar response to a drug that is unexplained and unpredictable, elderly are more prone to these reactions Oral ​ Most convenient, most used, absorption occurs in small intestine Administration ​ Advantages: Patients find it easier to swallow a tablet or capsule Parenteral ​ Advantages: SQ, IM, and IV are absorbed more rapidly and completely Administration than oral medications, and are sometimes the only way a medication can be given ​ Disadvantages: Pain, discomfort, and possibility of infection Parts of a needle ​ Hub: fits onto the top of the syringe and syringe ​ Shaft: inserted into the body tissue ​ Lumen: the opening of the shaft and is continuous with the hub ​ Point: at the end of the needle so that it can penetrate the tissue ​ Bevel: the top of the needle, is slanted, designed to make a narrow slitlike opening in the skin ​ Barrel: holds medication and contains calibrated markings ​ Flange: helps inject medication ​ Plunger: movable cylinder that slides back and forth Types of Syringe ​ Hypodermic: 2, 2.5, 3, & 5 mL ​ Insulin syringe: common type is U- 100 syringes ​ TB syringe: 1 mL, divided into 10ths, and hundredths Needle Lengths 1.​ ⅜ inch 28 gauge and Gauges 2.​ ½ inch 27 gauge 3.​ ⅝ inch 25 gauge 4.​ 1 inch 22 gauge 5.​ 1 ½ inch 21 gauge Safety ​ Purpose: To prevent needlestick injury and injury among healthcare engineered workers syringes Vial, Ampule, & ​ Vial: closed glass or plastic container with rubber stopper, injectable Pre-filled medication may be available in single-dose vial, multiple-dose vial, or both disposable ​ Ampule: a small sealed glass container that holds a single dose of syringes medication. ​ Prefilled syringes: does not require drawing up Reconstitution ​ The process of adding a liquid to a powdered drug is known as reconstitution ​ Diluent: liquid used to reconstitute a powdered drug, consists of sterile water or normal saline ​ Examples: measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) SQ injection ​ Injected into adipose(fat) tissue, ​ Common sites include: Upper lateral of the arm , anterior thigh, upper back, and abdomen, & should not exceed 1 mL ​ ½ to ⅝ inch & 23 to 25 gauge IM injection ​ Up to 3 mL into gluteal or vastus lateralis muscle, is more rapid in absorption because of more blood vessels ​ Common sites: Dorsogluteal, Deltoid, Vastus Lateralis, Ventrogluteal ​ 1-3 inches (Adult) ​ 1 ½ (average-sized adult) ​ 1 inch (thin adult or child) ​ 2-4 (obese adult) ID injection ​ Absorption is slow, usually ⅜ to ⅝ inch long & 25 to 27 gage ​ Common sites: anterior forearm, and middle of the back Tuberculosis ​ Tuberculosis: infectious bacterial disease that can occur in any part of the body but most commonly the lungs ​ Purpose of TB test - i.d individuals who are infected with M. tuberculosis ​ Mantoux TB skin test - named after Charles Mantoux, administered ID, vial must be stored in refrigerator ​ 2-step TB test: recommended by CDC, for most healthcare workers Diff between ​ Active TB: active and latent - Symptoms: Patient feels sick, cough & fever TB - TB bacterial status: active tb is present in the body - Diagnostic Test: Patient usually has positive TST or QFT-G blood test result - Ability to infect others: Patient is infectious & may spread the disease - Treatment: Patient needs treatment ​ Latent T: - Symptoms: Patient feels fine, has no symptoms - TB bacterial status: TB alive but inactive - TB test result: patient has positive blood test - Diagnosis Test: patient has positive TST or QFT-G blood test result - Ability to affect others: Patient is not infectious - Treatment: Provider may consider treatment to prevent active Tb Interpretation of ​ Positive reaction TB Mantoux test -​ Induration of 5 mm or more ​ Negative reaction -​ Induration of 9 mm or less ​ Positive reaction -​ An induration of 15 mm or more ​ Negative reaction -​ Induration of 14 mm or less IGRA’s ​ Used to i.d individuals who are infected with M. tuberculosis, cannot differentiate between active and latent forms of infection ​ QFT-GIT :14 hours ​ T-SPOT: 8 hours Advantage and ❖​ Advantages Disadvantages of ​ Only needs to visit office one time IGRA ​ Results are available within 24 hrs ​ Provide objective evaluation ​ Tests are not affected by the booster effect ​ Provide negative and positive test result ​ BCG does not show false negative result ❖​ Disadvantages ​ Specific time period ​ Errors in collection ​ Cost are higher In vitro allergy ​ Measures the amount of IgE antibodies in the blood that respond to testing common allergens ​ Advantages: the results are not affected by medications, there is no danger of adverse reactions because the is performed in vitro(outside the body), can be performed on patients who have skin eruptions ​ Disadvantages: expensive, does not provide immediate test results