Vijayanagara Empire and Bahmani PDF

## Vijayanagara Empire and Bahmani ### Vijayanagara Empire: 1336-1565 AD - Meaning: City of Victory - The ruins of Hampi was brought to light in 1800 by an engineer and antiquarian named: Colin Mackenzie - On the banks of Tungabhadra river - It is also known as Hampi, the name derived from that of...

## Vijayanagara Empire and Bahmani ### Vijayanagara Empire: 1336-1565 AD - Meaning: City of Victory - The ruins of Hampi was brought to light in 1800 by an engineer and antiquarian named: Colin Mackenzie - On the banks of Tungabhadra river - It is also known as Hampi, the name derived from that of the local mother goddess, Pampadevi. - Capital of Vijayanagar - Contemporaries describe this empire as: Karnataka Samrajya - Local communities of merchants were known as: Kudirai Chettis - On their northern frontier, they competed with contemporary rulers including: the Sultans of Deccan (called the Ashvapati) and the rulers of Odisha (called Gajapati) - Vijayanagar rulers were also known as: Narapati - Early Vijayanagar rulers called themselves as: Hindu Suratrana - Hampi declared as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986 ### Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by four important Dynasties: | Dynasty | Period | Founder | |---|---|---| | Sangama | 1336-1485 | Harihar and Bukka | | Saluva | 1485-1505 | Saluva Narsimha | | Tuluva | 1505-1570 | Veer Narsimha/Narasa Nayaka | | Aravidu | 1570-1650 | Tirumala | - Feudatories of Kakatiyas ### Sangama Dynasty: 1336-1485 AD - Founder: Harihar and Bukka (sons of Sangama) - Later become ministers in the court of Kampili - Vijayanagar Kingdom lay in the Deccan → South to Bahmani Kingdom - The kingdom can be divided into 4 dynasties: - Sangama - Saluva - Tuluva - Aravidu - Traveller visited: Ibn Battuta - Title taken by Harihar 1: Karnataka Vidhya Vilas - Bukka credited with renaming Vidyanagar to Vijayanagar. - Feudatories to Kakatiyas and Vijayanagar ### Deva Raya 1 - During his reign Nicolo De Conti (from Italy) visited Vijayanagar Empire - He also built various dams/tanks and canals ### Deva Raya II (1423-46) - During his reign Abdur Razzaq (from Persia) visited ### Saluva Dynasty: 1486-1505 AD - Founder: Suluva Narasimha (1486-91) ### Tuluva Dynasty: 1505-1570 AD - Founder: Vira Narasimha (1505-09)/Narasa Nayaka ### Krishna Deva Raya (1509-1529 AD) - Saluva Timma, the chief minister of Veer Narasimha placed him on throne - He built: - Vijaya Mahal (House of Victory) - Hazara Rama Temple - Vitthal Swami Temple → Dedicated to Lord Vishnu - Title taken: - Abhinava Bhoja → After restoring Mahmood Shah as Bahmani Sultan - Andhra Bhoja → Yavana Kindgom i.e. Bidar Kingdom) - Andhra Pitamaha/Andhra Pratimah - He founded a suburban township of Nagalapuram after his mother - He was gifted scholar in both: Telugu and Sanskrit - His works: - Amuktamalayada (Telugu work on polity) It is book of statecraft and polity - Jambavati Kalyanam (Sanskrit drama) - Travellers visited: Duarte Barbosa and Domingo Paes (Portuguese travellers) - His court was adorned by: Ashtadiggajas (Example: Tenalirama) - He gave permission to Albuquerque (a Portuguese) to build a fort at Bhatkal (port) - He defeated rulers of Odisha in his initial days - He defeated Ismail Adil Khan and restored raichur doab Cregion between Krishna and Tungabhadra) - During his times Amarnayakas-Military commanders flourished - After Krishna Deva Raya his brother Achyuta Deva Raya ascended the throne - He was visited by a French traveller Fernao Nuniz ### Aravidu Dynasty: 1570-1650 AD - 1565: Battle of Talikota (before establishment of Araividdu Dynasty) - Also known as Battle of Rakshasi Tangdi - Last ruler: Sri Ranga III (1678 AD) - Administration - Amara Nayakas - Raya: Ruler - Under Nayaka: Military chief - Sadasiva Raya (puppet ruler of Tuluva) - Aliya Rama Raya (CM) - Interfering in internal matters of Deccan - Ayangar System - Village committee - 12 members - Travellers visited: - Ibn Battuta: Harihara and Bukka - Duarte Barbosa - Domingo Paes - KDR - Nicolo de Conti: Deva Raya I - Abdur Razzaq: Deva Raya II - Fernao Nuniz: Achutya Raya - In Royal Centre: 30 palaces and 60 temples were seen - Sacred Centre - Call temples were here - Royal Centre (Southwest to Tungabhadra river where Kings used to reside) - Urban Centre - Residential buildings were seen here ### Royal Centre - Lotus Mahal (Possibly Council meet used to happen here) - Elephant Stable - 11 elephants made - Possibly made by KDR - Hazara Rama Temple ### Sacred Centre - Mahanavami Dibba - Gopuram ### Vitthal Swami Temple - Built by: Krishna Deva Raya - Seen in 50₹ note - Vithal is Lord Vishu ### Virupaksha Temple, Hampi - Built by: Lakkan Dandesha under Deva Raya II - Gopuram was built by Krishna Deva Raya - Lord Virupaksha was considered as one of the avatars of Lord Shiva and most of the rulers claimed that they ruled on behalf of him. - According to legends, Goddess Pampadevi performed penance on the hills along Tungabhadra river to marry Lord Virupaksha ### Fortification - According to Persian traveller Abdul Razzaq there were 7 levels of fortification in Vijayanagar Empire - 1-4 levels: to protect agricultural fields and granaries - 5-6 levels: consists of Royal and Sacred Centre - Provida architecture (type of architecture introduced by Vijayanagar rulers) is Indo-Islamic architecture ### Kamalapuram Tank (Stepped tank) - By: Krishna Deva Raya - Anantaraj Sagar Tank was built by Vijayanagar Empire, which was ruled by Sangam Dynasty - Hiriya Canal was also built by Vijayanagar Empire ## Bahmani Kingdom ### Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah (1347-58) - Founder - Capital: Gulbarga (first capital) - Also known as Hasan Gangu - Defeated: Kakatiyas of Warrangal ### Tajuddin Firozabad Shah (1397-1422) - He defeated: Deva Raya I and got defeated in the subsequent Battle - Tajuddin married Deva Raya's daughter ### Ahmad Shah Wali (1422-35) - Shifted capital from Gulbarga to Bidar - Entire Bahmani Kingdom was divided into 4 administrative units called Province (“Taraf”) - Gulbarga - Bidar - Berar - Daulatabad - Tarafdar: Someone who governed the provinces — Extracted revenues ### Mahmud Gawan (a trader) - Peshwa during Bahmani Kingdom - Title: Malik-ut-tujjar (chief of merchants) by Humayun Shah - He also received another title of: Khwaju-i-Jahan - Gawan conquered the Vijayanagar territories up to Kanchi. On the western coast, Goa and Dhabol were conquered - Bahmani Shah ruler who was noted for cruelty and hence got the title as "Zalim": Humayun Shah ### Traders during Bahmani Kingdom - They were also known as Amirs and were of two types (provided military support to Bahmani rulers) - Afaqui/Pardesi: Sunni muslims from Iran, Iraq - Deccani: Local Shia muslims ### Disintegration of Bahmani Kingdom | Kingdom | Founder | Dynasty | |---|---|---| | Berar | Fatullah Imad Shah | Imad Shahi | | Bijapur | Yusuf Adil Shah | Adil Shahi | | Ahmednagar | Malik Ahmed | Nizam Shahi | | Golconda | Quli Qutub Shah | Qutub Shahi | | Bidar | Amir Ali Barid | Barid Shahi | ### Ibrahim Adil Shah - Introduced: Dakhni as court language in place of Persian - Gol Gumbaj was built by Muhammad Adil Shah - Famous for "Whispering Gallery" - Architect by: Yakut of Dabul ### Quli Qutub Shah - The famous Golconda Fort was first built by Kakatiyas Dynasty and was later fortified by Qutub Shahi rulers - Golconda is famous for Diamond mines ### Khalisa Land - Land that was demarcated to run the expenses of King and royal household ### Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah - Greatest ruler of Qutub Shahi Dynasty - Founded the city of Hyderabad (originally known as: Bhagyanagar after the name of Sultan's favourite, Bhagyamati) - He also built the famous Charminar ### Golconda Fort ### Charminar