Middle East College Digital Electronics Laboratory Manual PDF

Department of Computing and Electronics Engineering LABORATORY MANUAL ‫دليل المختبر‬ ELEC 20015 Digital Electronics I Code of Conduct for the Laboratories: 1. You have to be punctu...

Department of Computing and Electronics Engineering LABORATORY MANUAL ‫دليل المختبر‬ ELEC 20015 Digital Electronics I Code of Conduct for the Laboratories: 1. You have to be punctual for your laboratory session. 2. You are allowed inside the laboratory only when instructor or lab technician is present. 3. You have to obey the instructions, provided by lab instructor during the course of laboratory session. 4. Before the lab session, make sure that you have gone through the theoretical concepts from your textbooks and familiarized yourself with materials of the respective experiment. 5. You should not stand on the worktable or chairs of the laboratory. 6. Retain the worktable tidy and do not keep bags or pullovers on the tables. 7. Turn ON the power supply of the circuit only after supervisor has inspected the interconnection of the circuit. 8. Before leaving the laboratory, you must make sure that All the equipment are turned off and returned back to the designated locations, The computers are logged off and monitors are turned off ; and Chairs are placed properly. 9. You should properly garbage all the wastes like papers to the dustbin provided. Damaged or burned components or ICs should be returned to the lab technician for safe disposal. 10. You are not allowed to open, remove cover or repair any lab equipment.. 11. You should not remove power cables, test leads or test equipment from the laboratory without the permission. 12. Do not move instruments from one lab to another lab. 13. Drinking, Eating or Smoking in the laboratories are not allowed. 14. You are not allowed to use mobile phones or any messaging devices during the laboratory sessions. 15. You are not allowed to play games in the lab computers. Specific Safety Instruction for Laboratories: 1. You should not mutilate or tamper the leads or the equipment and should not insert connectors forcefully into the sockets. 2. Do your connections on breadboard, other setups, and cautious checkout of the circuit connections before switching on power supply. Do not make circuit connection changes or perform any wiring when power supply is on. 3. Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits. 4. Do inform to the lab technician or instructor regarding the broken or malfunctioned equipment. Do not return the defective equipment or components back to the storage area. 5. Do not work on circuits with the supply voltage more than 40V without specific approval from your lab instructor. In such cases, you should get special permission from your supervisor and follow necessary safety instructions before commencing the work. 6. When not in use, always return the soldering iron to its stand and never keep it directly on your worktable 7. Turn off or unplug the soldering iron, if it is not to be used for more than 10 minutes. 8. Never touch the tip of a hot soldering iron or never leave a hot soldering iron unattended. 9. While soldering, always keep a wet cleaning sponge near. 10. You should not strip insulation from the wire with your nails, teeth or a knife; always use a suitable wire-stripping tool. 11. In microwave lab devices, make sure that you keep enough distance from Power source and Antenna. II III  Index SI No: Name of the Experiment Page No: Verification Of Logic Gates 1 1. Verification Of Demorgan's Theorems 3 2. Universal Gates 5 3. Adder And Subtractor 7 4. Multiplexer & Demultiplexer 9 5. Flip – Flops 12 6. IV Experiment 1 Verification of Logic Gates Aim: 1. To study and verify the truth table of different logic gates. Apparatus / Component: 1. Logic gate ICs 7404, 7408, 7432, 7402, 7400, 7486. 2. Connecting wires. Theory: A logic gate is an electronic circuit which takes in one or more inputs and produces a single output. The possible combinations of the inputs and the corresponding outputs are tabulated in a truth table. The main logic gates are: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and EX-OR gates which represented by the symbols below: Circuit Diagram: Procedure: - Give the connections as per the circuits given. - Switch on trainer kit. - Note down the output for each possible combination of the inputs. 1 Observation: Observe, draw and fill the truth table for each gate: 1- AND gate: 2- OR gate: 3- NOT gate: 4- NAND gate: 5- NOR gate: 6- EX-OR: Conclusion / Reflection: Question / Further Analysis / Post Class Activity: Draw the following equations by using Basic Logic Gates: a) F (A,B,C) = (A+B). (B. C).A b) F (A,B,C,D) = (A+B+D). (B. C. D).C 2 Experiment 2 Verification of Demorgan's Theorems Aim: 1. To verify the De-Morgan’s theorem Apparatus / Component: 1. Logic gate ICs 7432, 7408, 7404. 2. Connecting wires. Theory: De-Morgan’s theorem states that, "the complement of a product is equal to sum of the complements and the complement of a sum is equal to product of the complements". (i) A + B = A. B (ii) A.B = A + B They are duals of each other. These laws can be expressed as: a. The individual variables can be removed from under a NOT sign. b. It allows the transformation from a sum of products form to a product of sums form. Circuit Diagram: A+ B= A. B A.B = A + B 3 Procedure: - Give the connections as per the circuits given. - Switch on trainer kit. - Note down the output for each possible combination of the inputs. Observation: Observe, draw and fill the truth table for each expression of Demerger’s theorem. 1. A+ B= A. B 2. A.B = A + B Conclusion / Reflection: Question / Further Analysis / Post Class Activity: Task 1(a): Implement the following function using NAND gates only. 𝑌(𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶) = 𝑋̅𝑌 + 𝑋𝑌̅ Task 2(b): Implement the following function using NOR gates only. 𝑍(𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶) = (𝐴𝐵̅ + 𝐴̅𝐵)(𝐶 + 𝐷 ̅) ) 4 Experiment 3 Universal Gates Aim: 1. To verify the truth tables of OR, AND, NOT, NOR gates by using discrete components. Apparatus / Component: 1. Logic gate ICs 7402, 7400. 2. Connecting wires. Theory: The gates NAND and NOR can be used to develop only one of the three basic building blocks. Since the basic building blocks can be used to realize any Boolean expression, it means that one can use only NAND gates or only NOR gates to realize any Boolean expression. Hence these two gates are known as universal building blocks. The manner in which these two gates can be used to develop the basic building blocks is shown below. Circuit Diagram: A) NAND gate: 5  B) NOR gate: Procedure: - Construct the realization of the NOT, OR & AND gates on the trainer using only NOR gates - Switch on trainer kit. - Verify the truth table for each circuit. - Repeat the procedure using only NAND gates. Observation: Observe, draw and fill the truth table for each gate by using NOR gates. - NOT gate: - OR gate: - AND gate: Observe, draw and fill the truth table for each gate by using NAND gates. - NOT gate: - OR gate: - AND gate Conclusion / Reflection: Question / Further Analysis / Post Class Activity: Task1: Implement the basic logic gates using universal gates a. NAND as a universal gate: b. NOR as a Universal gate: 6 Experiment 4 Adder and Subtractor Aim: 1. To verify the truth tables of half-adder, full-adder, half subtractor and full subtractor. Apparatus / Component: 1. Logic gate ICs 7404, 7408, 7486, 7432. 2. Connecting wires. Theory: The basic operations in a digital computer are addition and subtraction, as multiplication is repeated addition, and division is repeated subtraction. Hence the binary adder and subtractor are important building blocks in a digital computer. The binary addition is done either serially or paralleled. In serial addition, the execution time is more and hard ware is less. Depending on the number of bits to be added the adder can be classified as half- adder or full-adder. Circuit Diagram: HALF ADDER HALF SUBTRACTOR FULL ADDER FULL SUBTRACTOR 7 Procedure: - Give the connections as per the circuits given. - Switch on trainer kit. - Verify the tables for half-adder, full-adder, half-subtractor and full-subtractor. Observation: Observe, draw and fill the truth table for each operator. - half-adder: - half-subtracrtor: - full-adder: - full-subtractor: Conclusion / Reflection: Question / Further Analysis / Post Class Activity: Task1: Verify the truth tables of half-adder, full-adder, half subtractor and full subtractor by using simulation tools. 8  Experiment 5 Multiplexer & De-multiplexer Aim: 1. To study the function of multiplexer & demultiplexer. Apparatus / Component: 1. Logic gate IC 74153 & IC 74139. 2. Connecting wires. Theory: The multiplexer and the De-multiplexer are two important circuits in digital electronics.The multiplexer is a special combinational circuit that is one of the most widely used standard circuits in digital design. The multiplexer is a logic circuit that gates one out of several inputs to a single output. The input selected is controlled by a set of select inputs. Pin configuration of a multiplexer (IC74153) is shown below. Demultiplexers take one data input and a number of selection inputs, and they have several outputs. They forward the data input to one of the outputs depending on the values of the selection inputs. It is used when a circuit wishes to send a signal to one of many devices. This description sounds similar to the description given for a decoder, but a decoder is used to select among many devices while a demultiplexer is used to send a signal among many devices. Block Diagram: Pin configuration of a multiplexer (IC74153): It has two 4-line inputs (A0, B0, C0, and D0) and (A1, B1, C1, D1). These are two outputs Y0 and Y1, G0 and G1 are the strobes for section-0 and section-1 respectively. Select lines A and B are common for both the sections. The truth table of 74153 is given in the below. (Anon., n.d.) 9 Pin configuration of a de-multiplexer(IC 74LS139): (Anon., n.d.) 10 Procedure: Multiplexer 1. Connect four input logic level switches to the A0, B0, C0, D0 (orA1, B1, C1, D1) terminals. 2. Connect one input logic level switch to the terminal and two switches to the select A and select B inputs. 3. Connect Y0 (or Y1) terminal to the LED output terminal. 4. Switch on trainer kit. 5. Verify the truth tables. De-multiplexer 1. Connect one input logic level switches to the 1G’ (or 2G’) terminal. 2. Connect two switches to the select 1A and select 1B inputs. 3. Connect 1Y0, 1Y1, 1Y2, 1Y3 (or 2Y0, 2Y1, 2Y2, 2Y3) terminals to the LED output terminals. 4. Switch on trainer kit. 5. Verify the truth tables. Observation: 1. Observe, draw and fill the truth table for Multiplexer. 2. Observe, draw and fill the truth table for De-Multiplexer. Conclusion / Reflection: Question / Further Analysis / Post Class Activity: Task1: Verify the functionality of 8:1 Multiplexer & 1:8 De-multiplexer. 11