15. Growth .pptx

GROWTH V Manonmani GROWTH Growth is defined as: increase in size and number. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT TOGETHER CAN BE DEFINED AS A PROCESS OF: TRANSFORMATION OF A SINGLE CELL INTO AN INFANT, AND THEN INTO AN ADULT FETAL GROWTH 1st WEEK : FERTILIZATION, IMPLANTATION STARTS 6th DAY. 2nd WEEK : TWO...

GROWTH V Manonmani GROWTH Growth is defined as: increase in size and number. GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT TOGETHER CAN BE DEFINED AS A PROCESS OF: TRANSFORMATION OF A SINGLE CELL INTO AN INFANT, AND THEN INTO AN ADULT FETAL GROWTH 1st WEEK : FERTILIZATION, IMPLANTATION STARTS 6th DAY. 2nd WEEK : TWO LAYERS (BILAMINAR) 1. ENDODERM. 2. ECTODERM. FETAL GROWTH (CONTD) 2nd WEEK : IMPLANTATION COMPLETED 3rd WEEK : THREE LAYER (TRILAMINAR) 1. ENDODERM 2. MESODERM 3. ECTODERM FETAL GROWTH (CONTD) 4th WEEK : 4 mm SIZE. 6th WEEK : 21 – 23 mm SIZE. 8th WEEK : 5 cm & 8 g. 10 – 12 WEEK : EXTERNAL GENITALIA DISTINGUISHABLE. 20 WEEK : 20 cm & 450 g FETAL GROWTH (CONTD) 24 WEEK : SURFACTANT PRODUCTION BEGINS. 25 WEEK : 25 cm & 900 g. 28 WEEK : 1300 g. 39 WEEK : 50 cm & 2800 g. Factors Factors affecting affecting growth growth  Heredity Embryonic life begins from fertilized ovum. Genetically determined by both parents. Ht, Wt, Physical similarities.  Sex  Racial & National characteristics  Environment  Disease Factors Factors affecting affecting growth growth  Internal environmental factors – Hormonal influences Intrauterine growth (insulin / placental lactogen / IGF / thyroxine) Childhood growth (growth hormone / thyroxine) Pubertal Growth (growth hormone / testosterone / estrogen) Factors Factors affecting affecting growth growth  External environmental factors – Nutrition: quantitative & qualitative – Emotions: relationship with parents, siblings, teachers play a vital role. o Climate & season o Exercise: Promotes physiologic activity & stimulates muscular development o Ordinal position in the family: first born receiving all care & support than others. Factors Factors affecting affecting growth growth  Disease – Acute serious diseases produce temporary cessation of growth especially weight. – Chronic disease: Both weight and height are affected. General General consideration consideration of of growth growth Growth does not occur in a strictly regular rate. It is variable. Spurts of growth seen. Different organ systems have different growth rates. Single record of growth not helpful vs Serial record Comparision made in similar age, children from same ethnic or socioeconomic status Body proportions also change with age. Different tissues grow at different rates General General consideration consideration of of growth growth Body proportions also change with age/sex. upper segment: lower segment at birth: 1.7:1 Male: broad shoulders, narrow waist Female: broad hip with adipose tissue. Upper to lower segment ratio Term baby: 1.7:1 1year: 1.6:1 7years: 1:1 Some terminologies Newborn: up to 4 weeks Infancy: up to first year Toddler: 1-3years Preschool: 3-6 years School going: 6-12 years Adolescence:12-20years WEIGHT CHANGES THE NEWBORN’S WEIGHT MAY DROP 10% BELOW BIRTH-WEIGHT IN THE FIRST WEEK AS A RESULT OF EXCRETION OF EXCESS EXTRAVASCULAR FLUID AND POSSIBLY POOR INTAKE. THEY REGAIN OR EXCEED BIRTH-WEIGHT BY 2 WEEKS OF AGE AFTER WHICH THEY SHOW A CONSISTENT GAIN OF WEIGHT THROUGHOUT THE FIRST YEAR. AGE Neonate: WEIGHT GAIN 30 g/day (900g/mth) GENERALLY D0 NOT USE THESE FORMULA. USE THE CHARTS. DENTITION DENTITION DECIDUOUS DENTITION: INCISORS : 6 – 9 months (lower before upper). 1st MOLAR : 12 – 14 months. CANINES : 18 months. 2nd MOLARS : 2 – 2 ½ years. DENTITION (CONTD.)  PERMANENT DENTITION: 1ST MOLAR : 6 YEARS. INCISORS : 7 – 8 YEARS. PREMOLARS : 10 – 12 YRS. CANINES : 9 – 12 YEARS. 2ND MOLARS : 10 – 13 YRS. 3RD MOLARS : 12 – 25 YRS. TOOLS TOOLS FOR FOR ASSESSMENT ASSESSMENT OF OF GROWTH GROWTH Assessment is done in a separate lecture