History of the Republic of Türkiye (TCT 102) PDF

TCT 102 – HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE Asst. Prof. Gözde Orhan  TCT102 TCT 102 HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE One-Party State Altınbaş Üniversitesi HIST 102 – History of Turkish Republic II ...

TCT 102 – HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE Asst. Prof. Gözde Orhan  TCT102 TCT 102 HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TÜRKİYE One-Party State Altınbaş Üniversitesi HIST 102 – History of Turkish Republic II  Opposition Silenced Split of the Turkish National Movement Establishment of the Progressive Republican Party (PRP) in November 1924 Seyh Sait Revolt in February 1925 Law on the Maintenance of Order (Takrir-i Sükun Kanunu) Opposition silenced PRP closed in June 1925 İzmir Conspiracy and the Purge of the Unionists Speech (Nutuk)  Speech (Nutuk) Read before the Republican People’s Party Congress from 15 to 20 October 1927 Related the history of the Turkish National Movement from 1919 to 1927 Paid more attention to the emergence of the Progressive Republican Party than the subsequent developments Begins with Mustafa Kemal’s arrival in Anatolia in May 1919 Vindicated the purges of 1925-1926 4  Tutelary Democracy Free Republican Party (Serbest Cumhuriyet Firkasi) Founded by Fethi Okyar in August 1930 (upon Mustafa Kemal’s demand) Closed in November 1930 Menemen Incident (December 1930) A small town close to İzmir Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay killed by a group of reactionaries calling for the restoration of the caliphate 5  One-Party Regime RPP Congress in 1931 Political system declared to be a one-party state Six Arrows accepted as the RPP’s programme in 1931 Republicanism, Nationalism, Populism, Secularism, Revolutionism (Reformism), Etatism Congruence between the state apparatus and the party organization declared official policy at the RPP Congress in 1936 The governor of a province became the head of the RPP branch in that province Six Arrows incorporated into the Constitution in 1937 6  One-Party Regime All autonomous cultural and political organizations closed down Turkish Hearts (Türk Ocakları) closed down in 1931 had been founded in the Second Constitutional Period to spread nationalist, positivist, and secularist ideas had more than 30,000 members and 267 branches when closed replaced in 1932 by People’s Homes (Halk Evleri) in towns People’s Rooms (Halk Odaları) in large villages tightly controlled by the provincial branches of the RPP Turkish Women’s Union (Türk Kadınlar Birliği) closed down in 1935 had been founded in 1924 by women active in the national struggle to gain equal rights for women women had been given the right to vote in 1934 Purge of the two-thirds of the teaching staff (100 people) in Istanbul University in 1933 only the dependable followers of the Kemalist line maintained their positions at Istanbul University  Secularism Secularization of state, education, and law reforms of 19th century intensified abolition of the sultanate (1922) and the caliphate (1924) Islam ceased to be the official religion (1928) Swiss civil code and Italian penal code adopted (1926) Attack on religious symbols traditional headgear (fez and turban) banned in 1925 attacks on wearing veil Secularization of social life dervish orders (tarikats) suppressed in November 1925 Western clock and calendar adopted in 1926 Western numerals adopted in 1928 Western measures and weights adopted in 1931 Family names introduced in 1934  Nationalism and Language Reform Latin alphabet adopted in 1928 use of the new alphabet in public communications made compulsory from January 1929 Society for the Study of the Turkish Language (Türk Dili Tetkik Cemiyeti) founded in 1932 to purify Turkish of Persian and Arabic words and grammar Sun-Language Theory (Güneş Dil Teorisi) launched in 1935 and officially accepted in 1936 all languages derived from one primeval language spoken in Central Asia Turkish is closest to the original language all languages developed from the primeval language through Turkish  Turkish History Thesis Society for the Study of Turkish History (Türk Tarihi Tetkik Cemiyeti, later Türk Tarih Kurumu) founded in 1931 Turkish History Thesis propounded in 1932 in the first congress of the Society Turks were descendants of white (Aryan) inhabitants of Central Asia they were forced by drought and hunger to migrate to other areas, China, Europe, and the Near East they created the world’s great civilizations Turkish History Thesis formed the mainstay of history teaching in schools and universities  Economy First Economy Congress in İzmir in February 1923 formulated a mixed economic program based on private ownership and initiative state would intervene to carry out major investments and to improve financial infrastructure foreign capital investments encouraged  State and Economy in the 1930s Economic Crisis of 1929 State began to create and run industries Soviet Union provided funds for the Turkish industrialization programme a Soviet delegate visited Turkey in 1932 to help the development of Turkish industry recommended concentrating on textiles, iron and steel, paper, cement, glass, and chemicals First Five-Year Plan announced in 1933 Sümerbank, responsible for industry, founded in 1933 Etibank, responsible for mining, founded in 1935  Foreign Policy Aimed to preserve and consolidate the status quo created in Lausanne Mosul Question Hatay Question Problem of Ottoman public debt between France and Turkey An agreement about the repayments was reached in 1928 Payments were suspended after the economic crisis of 1929 Rescheduled in 1933 Turkey regained full control on the Straits with the Montreux Conference in 1936 Straits had been demilitarized and controlled the Straits Commission Maintenance of good relations with the Soviet Union was the cornerstone of Turkish foreign policy Ten-year friendship treaty was signed in 1935 Improving relations with the neighboring countries Balkan Pact in 1934 (Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania) Sadabad Pact in 1937 (Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan)  Mosul Question Remained unresolved in Lausanne Britain insisted on including Mosul in Iraq Turkey proposed a plebiscite Mosul was defined as Turkish territory in the National Pact Negotiations between Britain and Turkey continued in 1923-1924 The issue was submitted to the League of Nations (Turkey joined it in 1932) in Geneva in 1924 a commission of the League investigated the Mosul question the commission favored the inclusion of Mosul in Iraq The League took a decision to this effect in December 1925 Turkey acquiesced in June 1926 in return of receiving 10% of the province’s oil revenues over the next 25 years this claim was relinquished in return for a payment by Britain of 700,000 pound  District of Alexandretta (Hatay) Franco-Turkish Treaty of 1921 rendered the District of Alexandretta autonomous The district was attached directly to the French Mandate of Syria in 1925 In September 1936, France announced that Hatay would be attached to the independent Syria to be created Issue brought behind the League of Nations a mission was sent to the district in January 1937 concluded that the Turks constituted a majority Hatay became an “independent entity” in November 1937 Republic of Hatay in September 1938 Turkish deputies became majority as a result of the elections in June 1938 Hatay was attached to Turkey on 29 June 1939  Leadership İsmet İnönü prime minister between 1925 and 1937 İsmet İnönü was replaced by Celal Bayar (first chairman of the Business Bank of Turkey) in 1937 due to his disagreements with Mustafa Kemal  Leadership Mustafa Kemal passed in November 1938 replaced by İsmet İnönü, national leader (milli şef) Celal Bayar continued as prime minister until his resignation in January 1939, succeeded by Refik Saydam (until July 1942) Şükrü Saraçoğlu (1945) Major difference between İnönü and Bayar concerned economic policies İnönü saw economic statism as a permanent solution and prefarable to economic liberalism For Bayar, president of the Business Bank, statism was a transitory stage, necessary until Turkish industry sufficiently developed 17  Kadro (Cadre) A journal published in 1932-1934 by Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Vedat Nedim Tör, Burhan Asaf Belge, Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu, İsmail Hüsrev Tökin Intended to transform the RPP elite into a cadre that would act as the vanguard Kemalist revolution Viewed Kemalism as a third way, alternative to capitalism and communism