14.1 Microbiology A Pre-learning Report PDF

Report Course NURS524 2402 - NURS524 2402 Koiora Tangata 2 / Human Science 2 Lesson 14.1 Microbiology A pre-learning Email [email protected] Introduction to Microbiology 1. What word is used to describe a living organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye? That is...

Report Course NURS524 2402 - NURS524 2402 Koiora Tangata 2 / Human Science 2 Lesson 14.1 Microbiology A pre-learning Email [email protected] Introduction to Microbiology 1. What word is used to describe a living organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye? That is, we need a microscope to see it. Species Microorganism Particle 2. What are the four main types of microorganisms that are of concern to health care professionals? Bacteria,viruses, fungi and protozoa 3. When reporting on the Covid-19 pandemic, the words Morbidity and Mortality are often used. Do these mean the same thing? How do they di er? Morbidity is having a speci c illness or condition. Usually it relates to a long-term condition (diabetes, cardiovascular disease). The morbidity rate tells us how many people have the condition. Mortality is the number of people who have died from a speci c illness or condition. 4. In the second excerpt above, it states "Transient contamination of health care workers hands supports spread to other patients and the health care environment". What is meant by the term "Transient"? the microorganism causes an infection the microorganism is not usually found in/on the human body bacteria that live on our body for a long time 5. Write a de nition of the terms from the above excerpt. Use the internet to con rm you have the correct de nition. Term De nition Microorganism (microbe) an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells Infection The invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms. Colonisation The presence of microorganisms on a body surface (such as the skin, mouth, intestines or airway) that does not cause disease in the person or signs of infection. Antibiotic a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms Contact 1. Mutual touching or apposition of two bodies. 2. One who has been recently exposed to a contagious disease. Transmission The transfer (spread) of a disease or infection from person to person. Transient existing temporarily Microbial Classi cation 1. What cell type do bacteria have? prokaryotic 2. Cells containing membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus are called: Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Viruses Bacteria 3. Which of the following microorganisms have a prokaryotic cell type: Fungi Protozoa Algae Bacteria 4. Match the correct terms with the correct cell types. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Protozoa No nuclear membrane Protozoa Has nuclear membrane Divides by binary ssion Has nuclear membrane No nuclear membrane Bacteria Has membrane bound- Divides by binary ssion Unicellular organelles Has membrane bound- Plants No membrane-bound organelles organelles Divides by mitosis Bacteria Humans Unicellular No membrane-bound organelles Plants Divides by mitosis Humans © © Just checking.... Can you answer the following question now: De ne and compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Naming of Microorganisms (Nomenclature) 1. There are two parts to the naming of organisms. This is know as ______________ classi cation. binomial 2. When referring to Candida albicans, which part contains the Genus? Candida 3. Which of the following is the correct way of representing the microorganism below? SALMONELLA TYPHI Salmonella Typhi Salmonella typhi salmonella typhi 4. What is the more accurate term for the bacteria that causes "Strep sore throat"? Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) 5. Use the internet to identify the bacteria that cause 1. tuberculosis in humans 2. tuberculosis in cows 3. leprosy in humans 1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2. Mycobacterium bovis 3. Mycobacterium leprae (or Mycobacterium lepromatosis) 6. What do you notice about the names of these bacteria? How would you abbreviate these names? All belong to the genus, Mycobacteria. Abbreviate the genus to "M." Just checking.... Can you answer the following question now: De ne nomenclature of microorganisms Bacterial Structure 1. Label the following diagram of a prokaryotic bacterial cell: Flagella Pili / Fimbriae Cell wall Cell membrane Cytoplasm Cell membrane Nucleoid Nucleoid Cell wall Capsule Capsule Cytoplasm Pili / Fimbriae Flagella © 2. Which of the following bacterial structures allows bacteria to move (be motile)? Endospores Flagella Capsules Pili Fimbriae 3. Which of the following bacterial cell structures controls substances that may enter or leave the cell? Cell wall Nucleoid Cell membrane Capsule Cytoplasm 4. Which of the following bacterial cell structures allows the bacteria to attach to mucous membranes? Cell wall Endospores Fimbriae Flagella Just checking.... Can you answer the following question now: Describe the structure and functions of the major features of a typical bacterial cell. Factors A ecting Bacterial Growth 1. The name given to bacteria that prefer to grow at a temperature range of 20-40oC is: Mesophiles 2. Which of the following best describes Facultative Anaerobes? Bacteria with a temperature range of growth from 20-40oC Bacteria able to grow at low temperatures Bacteria able to grow at very high temperatures Bacteria only able to grow in the presence of oxygen Bacteria able to grow in the presence or absence of oxygen Bacteria that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen 3. Manuka honey dressings may be used in clinical care on chronic skin wounds. Which property of honey would help to reduce bacterial growth in the wound? The stickiness of the honey allows the dressing to stay in place The sugar in the honey provides nutrients for the skin The low moisture content of honey limits bacterial growth The honey keeps the wound and skin warm Just checking.... Can you answer the following questions now: Describe the ve requirements for bacterial growth How do aerobic and anaerobic bacteria di er? Cultivation of Bacteria 1. Bacteria reproduce in a process called: binary ssion 2. A group of bacteria that has grown as a visible 'dot' on an agar plate from one parent cell, and is visible to the naked eye, is called a: colony 3. If 20 viable (living) bacterial cells were spread onto an agar plate and incubated overnight, how many colonies would be visible after incubation? 20 Microscopic Examination 1. The magni cation used to observe Gram stained bacteria is: 1000x 2. Wet mounts are used to observe live preparations of cells and bacteria, and are used for samples such as urines: True False 3. The bacterial structure that dictates whether a bacterial cell will stain Gram positive or Gram negative is: cell wall 4. What is the correct terminology for the bacteria pictured to the left? Gram positive bacilli 5. Round purple bacteria seen under the microscope are correctly called: Gram positive cocci 6. Rod-shaped, pink bacteria seen under the microscope are correctly called: Gram negative bacilli Just checking.... Can you answer the following questions now: Compare and di erentiate between the three basic bacterial shapes Describe the purpose of the Gram Stain Viral Infections & Prions 1. A viral disease presenting with a skin rash and fever would best be classi ed as: chronic viral infection oncogenic viral infection latent viral infection acute lytic viral infection sub-clinical viral infection 2. Shingles is a reactivation of the Varicella zoster virus. Shingles would best be classi ed as a reactivation of: an oncogenic viral infection a sub clinical viral infection a chronic viral infection a latent viral infection 3. Where do viruses replicate? Inside the host cell 4. Are antibacterial drugs suitable for the treatment of viral infections? No. Antibacterial drugs will have no e ect on viruses 5. One of the most e ective ways to prevent the spread of many viral infections, is to activate the immune system by exposing the host to an attenuated (weakened), or inactivated form of the virus. This is called: Immunisation 6. Describe the ve ways a viral disease can be transmitted. 1. In an aerosol, eg someone sneezes and the virus is released into the air on a droplet 2. In body uids such as blood, saliva, mucus 3. By an insect vector, eg a mosquito bites someone with the virus and picks up the virus then transmits it to another person when they bite that person 4. Fecal-Oral route. Someone with a virus (usually a gastrointestinal virus) goes to the toilet and does not wash their hands properly. Then handles fruit or vegetables. A second person could ingest the food with the virus on it and become ill. 5. During pregnancy, a virus may pass from the mother to the fetus 7. Prions are not the same as viruses. What is the di erence in their structure? Viruses contain genetic material in a protein capsid. Prions are just a piece of protein, with no genetic material. Just checking.... Can you answer the following questions now: Describe how viral infections are transmitted, treated and prevented. De ne prions and their signi cance to viral infections in humans. De ne common terminologies associated with microorganisms such as acute lytic, subclinical, latent, chronic and oncogenic infections. Fungal Infections 1. When pathogenic fungi have invaded an immunocompromised patient, this is said to be a: Cutaneous fungal infection Mucocutaneous fungal infection Dermatophyte infection Thrush infection Systemic infection 2. A common site for a mucocutaneous C. albicans infection is the: mouth scalp between the toes under the arm 3. The term "systemic" in systemic mycoses relates to whole body or multiple organs. True False 4. Why is it di cult to treat a systemic fungal infection? It is di cult to nd points of selective toxicity. Fungal cells and human cells are both eukaryotic. 5. Who is susceptible to acquiring systemic mycoses? Anyone admitted in the hospital with a good immune system Patients who play sports Patient who don't wash hands Severely compromised infants in intensive care 5. Which of the following is an example of a dermatophyte infection? ringworm thrush candidiasis yeast infection Just checking.... Can you answer the following questions now: Describe infections caused by dermatophytes and Candida. Describe systemic mycoses and its signi cance to clinical infections. Protozoan Infections 1. What cell type does a protozoa have? Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Multicellular Capsid 2. Microorganisms that do active feeding and reproducing within a host are called: trophozoites colonies viruses bacteria 3. How are protozoa spread? Skin contact Sharing utensils Poor coughing etiquette Contaminated food and insects 4. What form of protozoa can survive for long periods of time in the environment? Trophozoite Cyst Amoeboid Flagellate Ciliate Match the correct classi cation to the type of protozoa. Protozoa is classi ed on their mode of movement. Ciliate Amoeba Flagellate Flagellate Ciliate Amoeba © Just checking.... Can you answer the following questions now: Describe the various types of protozoa. What features are used to classify them? What e ect do they have on humans? Parasitic Infections 1. Ectoparasites are parasites that live outside the human body. This includes: Mites (scabies) and lice 2. Naegleria fowleri is implicated in meningitis, associated with NZ mineral hot springs. What is this type of microorganism: A at worm A round worm A louse A protozoan A mite Just checking.... Can you answer the following questions now: Describe the various types of parasites. What e ect do they have on humans? Pathogen vs Normal Flora 1. What is the name given to disease-causing microorganisms? Normal Flora Pathogens Opportunists Microbiology 2. If E.coli (normal ora of the gastrointestinal tract) manages to establish an infection in the urinary tract, this would correctly be called a / an: normal ora infection opportunistic infection microbiology infection medical infection Just checking.... Can you answer these questions now? Can you de ne: pathogen, transient ora, resident ora and opportunistic infection? Can you give an microorganism example of each of these terms? Popup - New popup Notebook