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~mb{dH$mg B`Îmm 12 dr ~mb{dH$mg B`Îmm 12 dr (§_amR>r _mÜ`_) ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mg...

~mb{dH$mg B`Îmm 12 dr ~mb{dH$mg B`Îmm 12 dr (§_amR>r _mÜ`_) ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo 411 004 ~mb{dH$mg B`Îmm 12 dr (§_amR>r _mÜ`_) < 102.00  emgZ {ZU©¶ H«$‘m§H$ … Aä¶mg 2116 / (à.H«$. 43/16) EgS>r - 4 {XZm§H$ 25.4.2016 AÝd¶o ñWmnZ H$aʶmV Amboë¶m g‘Ýd¶ g{‘VrÀ¶m {X. 30.1.2020 amoOrÀ¶m ~¡R>H$s‘ܶo ho nmR>çnwñVH$ gZ 2020-21 ¶m e¡j{UH$ dfm©nmgyZ {ZYm©[aV H$aʶmg ‘mݶVm XoʶmV Ambr Amho. ~mb{dH$mg B`ËVm 12 dr ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo 411 004 Amnë¶m ñ‘mQ>©’$moZdarb DIKSHA App X²dmao nmR>çnwñVH$mÀ¶m n{hë¶m n¥îR>mdarb Q.R. Code X²dmao {S>OrQ>b nmR>çnwñVH$ d ˶m nmR>mg§~§{YV Aܶ¶Z-AܶmnZmgmR>r Cn¶w³V ÑH$-lmì¶ gm{h˶ CnbãY hmoB©b. àW‘md¥ËVr … 2020 © ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo - 411 004 nwZ_©wÐU … 2022 ¶m nwñVH$mMo gd© h³H$ ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>imH$S>o amhVrb. ¶m nwñVH$mVrb H$moUVmhr ^mJ g§MmbH$, ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i ¶m§À¶m boIr nadmZJr{edm¶ CX²Y¥V H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr. ~mb{dH$mg {df` g{‘Vr g‘Ýd`H$ S>m°. lr‘Vr Vwbgr ^maV ^yfU S>m°. {d{ZVm YZ§O` AmnQ>o : AÜ`j lr‘Vr ‘Zrfm Aï>nwÌo : gXñ` lr. kmZXod à^mH$a Mm~wH$ñdma : gXñ` AjaOwiUr lr‘Vr grVmbú‘r Eg. : gXñ` {Zhma J«m{’$Šg , ‘w§~B© lr‘Vr ‘§Xm JOmZZ ‘¢XaH$a : gXñ` lr‘Vr gwYm Zo‘rM§X nmQ>Ur : gXñ` {Z{‘©Vr lr‘Vr dmgdr ìhr. Omoer : gXñ` lr. g{ÀMVmZ§X Am’$io lr‘Vr AZwn‘m Or. ZoZo : gXñ` ‘w»¶ {Z{‘©Vr A{YH$mar S>m°. O`m{ebm ~gd§V ‘Zmoha : gXñ` lr. à^mH$a na~ lr‘Vr Xrár Hw$bH$Uu : gXñ` {Z{‘©Vr A{YH$mar lr‘Vr A{n©Vm M§Xm JwßVm : {Z‘§{ÌV lr. eem§H$ H${UH$Xio S>m°. lr‘Vr Vwbgr ^maV ^yfU (gXñ` g{Md) ghm¶H$ {Z{‘©Vr A{YH$mar ‘wIn¥ð> lr. ^Qy> am‘Xmg ~mJbo H$mJX … 70 Or.Eg.E_.{H«$_dmoìh {MÌm§H$Z _wÐUmXoe … lr. ^Qy> am‘Xmg ~mJbo _wÐH$ … lr‘Vr d¥fmbr H$a§~ioH$a ^mfm§VaH$ma àH$meH$ lr‘Vr ‘Zrfm Aï>nwÌo lr. {ddoH$ CËV‘ Jmogmdr lr‘Vr dmgdr ìhr. Omoer {Z¶§ÌH$ lr‘Vr Xrár Hw$bH$Uu ‘hmamîQ´> nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr ‘§S>i, g‘rjH$ S>m°. {d{ZVm YZ§O` AmnQ>o à^mXodr ‘w§~B© -25  àñVmdZm {à` {dÚmWu, B`Îmm 12 dr‘Ü`o Vw‘Mo ‘ZmnmgyZ ñdmJV. ZdrZ Aä`mgH«$‘mda AmYm[aV "~mb{dH$mg' {df`mMo nmR>çnwñVH$ Vw‘À`m hmVr XoVmZm Amåhmbm ‘ZmnmgyZ AmZ§X hmoV Amho. JVdfu ~mb{dH$mg `m {df`mMr Vwåhmbm AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho. hm {df` emñÌr` kmZ XoUmam d AZoH$ {df`m§er åhUOoM OrdemñÌ, ‘mZgemñÌ, ‘mZdd§eemñÌ, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aä`mg, g‘mOemó Am{U ‘|XyemñÌ Aem {df`m§er g§b¾ Amho. `m {df`m‘Ü`o àm‘w»`mZo bhmZ ~mbH$m§À`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmda d gdªH$f {dH$mgmda bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo Amho. Vwåhmbm nyd©~më`mdñWoMo ‘hÎd g‘Omdo Am{U Ë`m§À`m {dH$mgm{df`r Vwåhmbm A{YH$ kmZ {‘imdo `mgmR>r gXa nwñVH$ Vwåhmbm ‘XV H$aVo. {edm` `m nwñVH$mVyZ ~mbH$m^modVrÀ`m AZwHy$b dmVmdaUmMm d ~mbH$H|${ÐV H¥$VtMm Ë`mÀ`m {dH$mgmda H$gm à^md AgVmo, Vr {dH$mgmMr ‘hËËdmMr A§Jo `m{df`r Vwåhmbm AmH$bZ hmoB©b. {Za{Zamio {ejUVk, VÎddoÎmo `m§Zr ‘m§S>boë`m ‘Vm§‘YyZ Am{U {dMmam§‘YyZ bhmZ ~mbH$m§Mm {dH$mg doJdoJiçm d`mV Am{U AdñWoV H$gm hmoVmo ho g‘OUo gmono OmB©b. d¡`{º$H$ ’$aH$m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z gd©g‘mdoeZmMr JaO Vwåhr g‘Oy eH$mb. ~mb{dH$mg {df`mVrb g§H$ënZm, VÎdo Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr H$mhr H¥$Vr Aem {Xë`m AmhoV H$s Ë`m gmoS>dVmZm Vwåhr Vw‘À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmer Ë`mMm g§~§Y OmoSy> eH$mb. àË`oH$ àH$aUmV Ë`m Ë`m àH$aUmer {ZJS>rV H$mhr VÏ` Am{U ‘m{hVr Mm¡H$Q>rV {Xbobr Amho. Vr ‘m{hVr dmMyZ, H¥$Vr gmoS>dyZ {ZpíMVM Vw‘Mo {df`kmZ g‘¥X²Y hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b. ~mb{dH$mg hm AË`§V {dñV¥V {df` Amho. na§Vw Amåhr gXa nwñVH$mÛmao {df`mVrb ‘hËdmÀ`m ~m~r Vw‘À`mn`ªV nmohmoMdë`m AmhoV. H$mhr ‘m{hVr "Š`y Ama H$moS>' (QR CODE) `m‘Ü`o dmMm`bm {‘iob. `m‘Ü`o Vwåhmbm H$mhr ÑH$lmì` ‘m{hVrX²dmao Vw‘Mo kmZ A{YH$m{YH$ gImob hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoB©b. `mM~amo~a H$mhr àíZ, H¥$Vr AgVrb Vo gmoS>{dë`mZo Vw‘Mo {df`kmZ A{YH$ g‘¥X²Y hmoÊ`mgmR>r, Vwåhmbm Aä`mg H$aUo gwb^ hmoÊ`mgmR>r ‘XV hmoB©b. Vwåhr Vw‘Mr ‘Vo Am‘À`mn`ªV Oê$a nmohmoMdm, OoUoH$ê$Z Amåhr eŠ` Agob VodT>r ‘m{hVr Vw‘À`mn`ªV nmohmoMdy eHy$. Vwåhmbm Amåhm gdmªH$Sy>Z ZdrZ nwñVH$ Aä`mgÊ`mgmR>r g{XÀN>m ! {ddoH$ Jmogmdr g§MmbH$ ‘hmamîQ´> amÁ¶ nmR>çnwñVH$ {Z{‘©Vr d Aä¶mgH«$‘ g§emoYZ ‘§S>i, nwUo nwUo {XZm§H$ … 21 ’o$~«wdmar, 2020 ^maVr¶ gm¡a … 2 ’$mëJwZ 1941  B.12 dr ~mb{dH$mg j‘Vm {dYmZo {dÚmWu H$ê$ eHo$b 1. ì`{º$À`m Am`wî`mVrb gwédmVrÀ`m dfmªMo ‘hÎd g‘Oob. 2. ~mb{dH$mg {df`mMr C{Ôï>o Am{U ì`már g‘Oob. 3. ~mbH$m§À`m JaOm§~Ôb kmZ {‘imbo. 4. dmT> d {dH$mg `m g§H$ënZm§Mo ñ‘aU Pmbo. 5. {dH$mgmMr A§Jo d {dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWm `m§Mr `mXr XoVm Ambr d ñnï>rH$aU XoVm Ambo. 6. ~mbH$m§À`m àË`oH$ d¡H$m{gH$ AdñWoÀ`m d¡{eï²>`m§Mo dU©Z H$aVmo. 7. {dH$mgmÀ`m VÎdm§Mo ñ‘aU H$aVmo. 8. dmT> d {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmao KQ>H$ ‘m{hV hmoVrb. 9. n[an¹$Vm d AÜ``Z `mMo ‘hËd g‘Oob. 10. A^©H$mdñWoVrb {dH$mgmMr A§Jo g‘OVrb. 11. nyd©~më`mdñWoVrb d¡{eîQ>çm§Mr `mXr H$ê$ eHo$b. 12. ~mbH$m§À`m bdH$aÀ`m d`mVrb JaOm g‘Oy eHo$b. 13. ~mbh³H$m§~X²Xb g{dñVa gm§Jy eHo$b. 14. emar[aH$ d H$maH$ {dH$mgmMr A§Jo g‘OVrb. 15. XmoZ df} Vo ghm df} `m H$mbmdYr‘Ü`o hmoUmao earaaMZo‘Yrb d H$maH$ ~Xb AmoiIob d g‘Oob. 16. bdH$aÀ`m d`mVrb ñWyb ñZm`y H$m¡eë`o d gyú‘ ñZm`y H$m¡eë`o `mVrb ^oX gm§Jy eHo$b. 17. {d{dY ‘mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m {ZpíMVnUo gm§JVm `oVrb. 18. bdH$aÀ`m d`mVrb ~moYmË‘H$ {dH$mgmMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm `oVrb. 19. CX²XrnZmMo ‘hËËd gm§JVm `oB©b. 20. ^mfm{dH$mgmÀ`m nm`è`m g‘OVrb. 21. ^mfm H$er àmá hmoVo ho gm§JVm `oB©b. 22. eãXg§nÎmrMm {dH$mg H$gm hmoVmo `mMo AmH$bZ H$aVm `oB©b. 23. dmMmXmof d dmMm{dH¥$Vr `mVrb ’$aH$ g‘Oob. 24. bdH$aÀ`m d`mVrb gm‘m{OH$-^md{ZH$ {dH$mg g‘Oy eHo$b. 25. ~mbH$m§À`m ^mdZm, Ë`m§Mo A{dîH$ma Am{U hmVmiUr ‘m{hV hmoB©b. 26. gm‘m{OH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$`oMo ‘hËd g‘Oob. 27. gm‘m{OH$aUmÀ`m g§ñWm§Mm à^md ‘m{hV hmoB©b. 28. gm‘m{OH$ dV©Z àH$mam§Mo dU©Z H$aVm `oB©b. 29. {eñVrMo ‘hËËd g‘Oob. 30. IoimVyZ gdmªJrU {dH$mg hr g§H$ënZm g‘Oob. 31. IoimMr JaO Am{U ‘hËËd `m~m~V OmJê$H$Vm `oB©b. 32. IoimÀ`m nm`è`m gm§JyZ Ë`m~Ôb g{dñVa gm§Jy eHo$b. 33. Ioim§À`m àH$mam§Mo dU©Z H$ê$ eHo$b. 34. IoiÊ`m§Mr {ZdS> H$er H$am`Mr ho g‘Oob. 35. Ioimbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`m‘Ü`o nmbH$m§Mr ^y{‘H$m H$moUVr `mMo kmZ {‘iob. 36. bhmZ ~mbH$m§À`m {d{dY dV©Z g‘ñ`m§~Ôb OmUrd hmoB©b. 37. dV©Z g‘ñ`m hmVmiUr g‘Oob. 38. nmbH$ d emim ¶m§À`m gh`moJmMo ‘hËd g‘Oob. 39. nmbH$ d emim `m§À`m gh`moJmÀ`m {d{dY nX²YVr ‘m{hV hmoVrb. 40. {deof JaOm§Mr ì`m»`m H$aVm `oB©b. 41. {deof JaOm§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVm `oB©b. 42. {deof JaOm§À`m àH$mam§Mo dU©Z H$aVm `oB©b. 43. gd©g‘mdoeZmMr JaO AgÊ`mMr H$Xa H$aob. 44. ~mbg§JmonZ d ~mb{ejU `mMm B{Vhmg ‘m{hV hmoB©b. 45. ~mbH|$Ðm§Mr C{Ôï>o d JaO g‘Oob. 46. CnbãY AgUmè`m {d{dY ~mbH|$Ðm§{df`r dU©Z H$aVm `oB©b.  {ejH$m§gmR>r ~mb{dH$mg `m {df`mbm AmOÀ`m H$mimV Iyn ‘hËËd `oD$ bmJbo Amho. ~mbH$m§À`m ñdmñÏ`mgmR>r, CËV‘ OS>U KS>UrgmR>r ~mbH$m§‘Ü`o Jw§VdUyH$ H$aUo ‘hËËdmMo Amho `mMrhr OmUrd Pmbobr Amho. ~mb{dH$mg hm {df` {dXçmÏ`mªgmR>r Aä`mg{df` åhUyZ R>odÊ`m‘mJo à‘wI CX²XrîQ> Amho Vo åhUOo ~mbH$m§À`m gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV OmñVrV OmñV dmT> {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r g‘¥X²Y Am{U AZwHy$b dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$go H$am`Mo `mMo kmZ {dXçmÏ`mªZm hm {df` {eH$Ê`mVyZ g‘Omdo. AÜ``Z - AÜ`mnZ à{H«$`o‘Ü`o {dXçmÏ`mª‘Ü`o {eH$Ê`mMr BÀN>m d JmoS>r {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z Ë`m§Zr ZwgË`m {‘imboë`m ‘m{hVrÀ`mhr nbrH$S>o OmD$Z AmË‘narjU H$aUo, àmoËgmhZ XoUo, {ZarjU H$aUo, VwbZm H$aUo, MMm© H$aUo d {dXçmÏ`mªZr Ë`m§Mo {dMma ‘m§S>Uo `m Jmoï>r H$amì`mV. Oo àH$aU nwñVH$mVyZ {eH$m`Mo Amho Ë`m{df`rMo {dXçmÏ`mªMo nyd©kmZ VnmgUo ho àm‘w»`mZo ‘hËËdmMo Amho. Ë`m§Zm {df`mH$S>o ZoUo ho {ejH$ åhUyZ AmnU H$am`bm hdo. `mgmR>r {ejH$m§Zm ñdV…À`m ZdZdrZ H$ënZm, gO©ZerbVm dmnê$Z AZw^dmVyZ ‘m{hVr nwadVm `oB©b Am{U g§H$ënZm ÑT> H$aVm `oVrb. ~mb{dH$mg {df`mÀ`m nwñVH$mV AmíM¶©H$maH$, bjdoYr ‘m{hVr ‘wX²Xm‘ {Xbr Amho, OoUoH$ê$Z {dXçmÏ`mªMm H$b {Ma§VZ amhrb. AË`§V ñZohnyU©, ‘¡{ÌnyU©, AZm¡nMm[aH$ d H$moUË`mhr àH$mao {dXçmÏ`mªMr VnmgUr Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo {ejH$m§Zr {dXçmÏ`mªer ZmVo {Z‘m©U Ho$bo Va {dXçmWu AË`§V {hararZo d ñdoÀN>oZo AÜ``Z - AÜ`mnZ à{H«$`oV gh^mJr hmoVrb. {dXçmÏ`mªZr gmVË`mZo àíZ, e§H$m {dMmamdoV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mZo {dXçmÏ`mªÀ`m {df` {eH$Ê`m‘Ü`o A{YH$ ñnîQ>Vm d AMyH$Vm `oB©b. "Š`y Ama H$moS>' (QR code) `m‘Ü`o A{YH$ ‘m{hVr, g§~§{YV dmMZ `mH$[aVm ÑH$lmì` ‘mÜ`‘m§À`m qbŠg {Xboë`m AmhoV.  AZwH«$‘{UH$m àH$aU H«$. Zmd n¥ð> H«$. 1 ~mb{dH$mgmMr AmoiI 1 2 {dH$mgmMr VÎdo 10 3 nyd©~më`mdñWoMr AmoiI 20 4 nyd©~më`mdñWoVrb emar[aH$ d H$maH$ {dH$mg 30 5 ~moYmË‘H$ {dH$mg d ^mfm{dH$mg 40 6 ^md{ZH$ d gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg 53 7 IoimÛmao gdmªJrU {dH$mg 70 8 dV©Zg‘ñ`m 82 9 nmbH$ d emim gh`moJ 95 10 {deof JaOm Agbobr ~mbHo$ 105 11 ~mbH$m§gmR>r H|$Ðo 117 * g§~§{YV H¥$Vr d àH$ën 133 * g§X^©J«§W gyMr 141 * do~qbŠgMr g§X^©gyMr 143  All the world is a laboratory to the inquiring mind - Martin H. Fischer Mm¡H$g ~wX²YrgmR>r gmao {díd EH$ à¶moJemim  1 ~mb{dH$mgmMr AmoiI "~mb{dH$mg' hm eãX ‘ZmV Ambm Va H$moUVr JmoîQ> 1.1 ~mb{dH$mgmMr ì`mßVr (Scope of Child gd©àW‘ Vwåhmbm OmUdVo? "~mb' åhUOoM A^©H$, {eew Development) H$s embo` AdñWoVrb ~mbH$? Vwåhmbm ‘m{hV AmhoM ~mb{dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY AdñWm§Mm Aä`mg H$s J^©YmaUm Vo ‘¥Ë`w `m H$mbmdYr‘Yrb d¡H$m{gH$ H$aUo. ~Xbm§Mm emñÌr` Aä`mg åhUOoM ‘mZd{dH$mg. dmT> d {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mm bm°am ~H©$ (2007) `m§À`m ‘Vo ~mb{dH$mg ho joÌ Aä`mg H$aUo. ‘mZdmMr ÑT>Vm Am{U J^©YmaUonmgyZ {H$emoamdñWon`ªV {dH$mgmMr A§Jo Aä`mgUo. hmoV OmUmè`m ~Xbm§À`m Aä`mgmg§~§YrMo joÌ Amho. ""~mb{dH$mg hm d¡H$m{gH$ ‘mZgemñÌmMm ^mJ Amho {d{dY ì`dgm`m§Zm Cn`wŠV. qH$dm Agohr åhUVm `oB©b H$s Am`wî`^a hmoV amhUmè`m nmbH$m§Zm d Zì`mZo hmoD$ nmhUmè`m nmbH$m§gmR>r ~Xbm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ åhUOo ‘mZd{dH$mg.'' Cn`wŠV ~mb{dH$mgmMr CX²{XîQ>o Am{U ì`mßVr Vwåhmbm ~mb{dH$mg qH$dm ‘mZd{dH$mg `m joÌmV H$ma{H$X© AmR>dVo` H$m? H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV. ~mbH$m§Mm gdmªJrU {dH$mg Aä`mgUo. ~mb{dH$mgm‘Yo àm¡T>m§À`m ~mbH$m§À`m {dH$mgmda ^y{‘Ho$Zwgma Ë`m§Mo `moJXmZ ~mb{dH$mgmMr CX²{XîQ>o n[aUm‘ H$aUmao {d{dY g‘OyZ KoUo. KQ>H$ g‘OyZ KoUo. OÝ‘ Vo {H$emoamdñWm `m H$mimVrb d¡H$m{gH$ AdñWm ‘m{hV hmoUo. AmH¥$Vr 1.1 ~mb{dH$mgmMr CX²{XîQ>o 1  H¥$Vr (1) ~mbH$m§er g§~§{YV ~mb{dH$mg joÌmMm Aä`mg Á`m Á`m {d^mJmV Ho$bm OmVmo Aem H$moUH$moUË`m ~mb{dH$mgmÀ¶m joÌmV hm {df` Cn`wŠV Amho Ë`m {d^mJm§Mr `mXr H$am. CXm. ~mbH$m§Zm {eH$dUo. (2) ^mî` H$am … "~mb{dH$mgmÀ`m Aä`mgmMm Cn`moJ CËV‘ nmbH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Cn`wŠV AgVmo.' dmT> Am{U {dH$mg (Growth and Development) åhUOo n[anŠdVm d AÜ``Z `m‘wio KSy>Z `oUmar, ~Xbm§Mr àJVrerb ‘m{bH$m AgVo. `mnydu Vwåhr ~mb{dH$mg {df` Aä`mgbobm Amho. Ë`mZwgma dmT> Am{U {dH$mg `m g§km§‘Yo H$m` {dH$mgmMr A§Jo (Domains of Child Development) ’$aH$ Amho hohr Aä`mgbo AmhoM. dmT> åhUOo earamV B`ËVm 11 dr ‘Yo ~mb{dH$mgmÀ`m nwñVH$mV hmoUmao g§»`mË‘H$ ~Xb AgVmV Va {dH$mg åhUOo `m AmH¥$Vr‘Yo [aH$må`m Jmobm§‘Yo H$m` {b{hbo hmoVo Vo g§»`mË‘H$ d JwUmË‘H$ ~Xb AgVmV. VgoM {dH$mg Vwåhmbm AmR>dV` H$m? H¥$Vr JmobmVrb [aH$må`m OmJm ^am. emar[aH$ ? {dH$mg ? ? ? ? ? ? {dH$mgmMr {d{dY A§Jo AgVmV. emar[aH$, H$maH$, ~moYmË‘H$, ^mfm, gm‘m{OH$, ^md{ZH$ d Z¡{VH$ {dH$mg. 2  H¥$Vr H§$gmVrb g§X^© eãXm§À`m ‘XVrZo dmŠ`o nyU© H$am. (H$maH$ {dH$mg, gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg, Z¡{VH$ {dH$mg, eara d Ad`d, ^mfm{dH$mg, gH$mamË‘H$ Am{U ZH$mamË‘H$ ^mdZm, ‘mZ{gH$ {dH$mg) (1) emar[aH$ {dH$mg åhUOoM.............. Mm {dH$mg hmo`. (2) ‘moR>çm d bhmZ ñZm`y§Mm {dH$mg åhUOoM............... (3) ‘mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m d j‘Vm§Mm {dH$mg åhUOoM............... (4) empãXH$ Am{U AempãXH$ g§dmX åhUOoM.............. Mo KQ>H$ AmhoV. (5) g‘mO‘mÝ` dV©Z.............. er g§~§{YV AgVo. (6) ^md{ZH$ {dH$mgmV.............. Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. (7) `mo½` dV©Z H$aUo d MyH$ Am{U ~amo~a `mVrb ’$aH$ H$aVm `oUo åhUOoM............... 1.2 {dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWm (Stages of Development) ‘mZdr OrdZMH«$ AmR> AdñWm§‘Yo {d^mJbobo Amho. hr {d^mJUr emar[aH$ d`mÀ`m AmYmao Ho$bobr Amho. Xn©U {Xboë`m AdñWm d {MÌo `m§À`m OmoS>çm bmdm. (àgwVrnyd© {dH$mg, CËVa ~më¶mdñWm, VméʶmdñWm, {H$emoamdñWm, ‘ܶ àm¡T>mdñWm, nyd© ~më¶mdñWm, A^©H$mdñWm d e¡edmdñWm, CËVa àm¡T>mdñWm) {dH$mgmÀ¶m AdñWm..................................................................................................................................................................... 3.............................................................................................................. ZmoH$argmR>r ‘wbmIV..................................................................................................................................................................... 4  {dXçmÏ`mªZmo emã~mg! Vwåhmbm OrdZMH«$mÀ`m A~«mh‘ h°am°ëS> ‘°ñbmo ho EH$ ‘mZgemñÌk hmoVo. gd© AdñWm AmoiIVm Amë`m. Ë`m§Zr H$mhr AZwH$aUr` ì`pŠV§À`m gH$mamË‘H$ JwUm§Mm d Ë`m§À`m Am`wî`mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. 1954 gmbr ‘°ñbmo AmVm AmnU ~mbH$mÀ`m bdH$aÀ`m d`mVrb `m§Zr ‘mZdr JaOm§Mr loUr V`ma Ho$br. (Hierarchy JaOm Am{U gwédmVrÀ`m dfmªMo ‘hËËd `mH$So> Amnbo of Human needs) Am{U Ë`m~m~VMm Ë`m§Mm {gX²Ym§V bj XoD$. Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m ‘Motivation and Personality’ `m 1.3 ~mbH$m§À`m JaOm (Needs of Children) nwñVH$mV ‘m§S>bm. ~mbH$m§Mo d`, AdñWm Am{U {dH$mgmMr nmVir ‘°ñbmo `m§Zr ‘mZdr JaOm§Mr Or loUr nwT>o AmUbr `mZwgma ~mbH$m§À`m JaOm ~XbË`m AgVmV. ~mbH$m§À`m Ë`mbmM “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs” Ago emar[aH$, H$maH$, ‘mZ{gH$, ^md{ZH$ qH$dm gm‘m{OH$ g§~moYbo OmVo. JaOm nyU© H$aUo hr nmbH$, g§JmonZH$V}, {ejH$ Am{U ‘°ñbmo `m§À`m JaOm§À`m loUrà‘mUo nwT>rb JaOm g‘mO `m§Mr O~m~Xmar AgVo. JaOm nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm doJdoJio ‘mJ© Adb§~mdo bmJVmV, ~mbH$mÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmV `m gdm©Mm ‘moR>m dmQ>m AgVmo. (1) O¡{dH$ d emar[aH$ JaOm (Biological and ~mbH$m§À`m g^modVr Amam‘Xm`H$ dmVmdaU d n[apñWVr Physiological Needs) … {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m JaOm ^mJdmì`mV. ~mbHo$ hdm, AÝZ, nmUr, {Zdmam, gm¡hmX©Vm, H$m‘OrdZ, Agmhç AgVmV, Xwgè`m§da Adb§~yZ AgVmV Ë`m‘wio Pmon, emar[aH$ g‘pñWVr, CËgO©Z `m ‘mZdr JaOm Ë`m§À`m JaOm ^mJdë`mM Joë`m nm{hOoV. ~mbH$m§~amo~a àmW{‘H$ AmhoV. AgUmè`m àm¡T> ì¶p³V¨Mo ho à‘wI H$V©ì`M AgVo. d¡pídH$ JaO AmË‘dmñV{d{H$- H$aUmMr JaO gm¢X¶©ÑîQ>rMr JaO ~moYmË‘H$ JaOm ñd-AmXa JaOm ào‘ d AmnwbH$sMr JaO gwa{jVVoÀ¶m JaOm O¡{dH$ d emar[aH$ JaOm AmH¥$Vr 1.2 ‘°ñbmo `m§Mr JaOm§Mr loUr 5 (2) gwa{jVVoÀ`m JaOm (Safety Needs) … ‘°ñbmo `m§Zr {Xbobr JaOm§Mr loUr bjmV KoVm ~mbH$m§À`m JaOm§Mo g‘mYmZ H$aÊ`mV g‘mO AË`§V ~mhçKQ>H$m§nmgyZ g§ajU, emar[aH$ gwa{jVVm, ‘hËËdnyU© ^y{‘H$m {Z^mdVmo. amoOJma, {d{dY ómoV, Z¡{VH$Vm, Hw$Qw>§~, Amamo½`, g§nËVr `m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm àmW{‘H$ JaOmZ§Va ^mJdmdr bmJVo. ~mbH$m§À`m JaOm§Mr nyVu H$aÊ`m‘Yo g‘mOmMr ^y{‘H$m (Role of society in satisfying a child’s needs) (3) ào‘ d AmnwbH$sMr / OdirH$VoMr JaO (Love and Belongingness Needs) … ñdrH¥$Vr ào‘ d dmËgë` `m§Mr XodmU-KodmU, H$m‘OrdZmMr {Zì`m©O ào‘ d nmqR>~m /AmYma nyV©Vm, {dídmg Am{U ñdrH¥$Vr, AmnU EImXçm JQ>mMm `mo½` ‘`m©Xm§‘Yo ‘wŠVVm ^mJ AmhmoV hr ^mdZm (Hw$Qw>§~, {‘Ìn[adma, H$m¶©JQ>) {Z‘m©U hmoUo. ì`pŠV{d{eîQ> ’$aH$m§Mm AmXa (4) ñd-AmXa JaOm (Esteem Needs) … {d{dY CX²XrnZ H¥$Vr nwadUo. ‘°ñbmo `m§Zr ñd-AmXa JaOm XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJë`m àË`oH$ AdñWoVrb d¡H$m{gH$ H$m`© g§nmXrV AmhoV. (A) ñdV…~X²Xb AmXa AgUo (AmË‘gÝ‘mZ, H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~mbH$m§Zr ‘XV H$aUo. AmË‘{dídmg, g§nmXZ, {ZîUmV, ñdmV§Í`) (~) à{VîR>m {‘iÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgUo qH$dm Xwgè`m§Zr AmXa Xçmdm hr 1.4 ~mbH$m§À`m Am`wî`mVrb gwédmVrÀ`m dfmªMo BÀN>m AgUo. (CXm. XOm©, Zmdbm¡{H$H$). ‘hËËd (Importance of early years in a child’s life) (5) ~moYmË‘H$ JaOm (Cognitive Needs) … ~mbH$mÀ`m Am`wî`mVrb gwédmVrMr df© hm H$mi kmZ Am{U AmH$bZ, CËgwH$Vm, emoY KoÊ`mMr nm`m^yV {dH$mgmMm H$mi ‘mZbm OmVmo. n{hë`m ghm d¥ËVr, AW© OmUyZ KoUo d A§XmO ~m§YUo. dfm©V Á`m doJmZo ~mbH$mMr dmT> Am{U {dH$mg KS>Vmo (6) gm¢X`©ÑîQ>rMr JaO (Aesthetic Needs) … Ë`mZ§Va {dH$mgmMr hr JVr H$moUË`mM H$mimV AmT>iV gm¢X`m©Mr H$Xa H$aUo Am{U gm¢X`m©À`m emoYmV Zmhr. gwédmVrÀ`mM H$mimV ì`ŠVrMo ì`pŠV‘ËËd R>aVo, amhUo, g‘Vmob amIUo d ñdén. dV©Z Am{U ÑîQ>rH$moZ {dH${gV hmoVmV. AÜ``ZmgmR>r Am{U H$m¡eë`{dH$mgmgmR>rhr hm H$mi ‘hËËdmMm (7) AmË‘dmñV{dH$sH$aU JaO (Self- AgVmo, Ë`mZwgma ~mbH$m§Zm g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z Xçmì`m actualization Needs)… bmJVmV. ~mbH$m§Zm OodT>çm g§Yr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m Z¡{VH$Vm, gO©ZerbVm, CËñ’w$V©Vm, g‘ñ`m{ZdmaU OmVrb VodT>çm Ë`m§À`m AZwd§{eH$ A§J^yV j‘Vm Am{U j‘Vm, nyd©J«h ZgUo, dmñVd ñdrH$maUo, ñdV…À`m H$m¡eë` {dH${gV hmoVrb. dmVmdaUmVyZ {‘iUmè`m j‘Vm§Mr OmUrd, AmË‘g‘mYmZ, ñdV…À`m àJVrgmR>r, CX²XrnZm‘wio ‘|XyMm {dH$mg Mm§Jbm hmoVmo åhUyZ ~mbH$m§Zm CÝZVrgmR>r à`ËZerb, AZw^dm§Mr Cƒ nmVir. OmñVrV OmñV g§Yr, `mo½` nmofH$ Amhma Am{U CX²XrnZ (8) d¡pídH$ / ñdV…n{bH$S>rb JaOm Xçm`bm hdo, VgoM n§M|{Ð`m§Zm MmbZm Xçm`bm hdr. (Transcendence Needs) … (1) nm¶m^aUrMm H$mi (Period of Foundation)… H$mhr ‘yë` ì`pŠVbm ñdV…n{bH$S>rb {dMma ~mbH$m§À`m Am`wî`mVrb gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimVM H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>VmV. gX²gX²{ddoH$ ~wX²YrMr CƒV‘ dV©Z Am{U ÑîQ>rH$moZ `mMm nm`m aMbm OmVmo. d gd©g‘mdo{eV Am{U gdªH$f nmVir åhUOoM d¡pídH$ ~mbH$mÀ`m {dH$mgmda n[anŠdVm d AÜ``Z `mMmhr JaO. 6 ‘moR>m n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. `m H$mimVrb ‘|XyMm {dH$mghr ~mbH$mÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV Hw§$Qw>§~, nmbH$, {ejH$, ‘hËËdmMm AgVmo. {‘iUmam àË`oH$ AZw^d ‘|Xy‘Yo g‘d`ñH$ JQ> Am{U g‘mO `m gdmªMm ‘hËËdmMm dmQ>m Zm|Xdbm OmVmo. gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV ‘|XyMr aMZm Am{U AgVmo. j‘Vm H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo nyU©nUo g‘Ýd`rV ZgVmV. (3) bdH$aÀ`m d`mVrb ~mb{dH$mgmMm Z§VaÀ`m àm¡T> ‘|Xy {dH$gZmgmR>r gmVË`mZo CX²XrnZ Amdí`H$ AgVo. Am`wî`mda hmoUmam à^md (Impact of early àË`oH$ Zdm AZw^d ~mbH$mÀ`m {dH$mgmMm nm`m nŠH$m Child Development on adult life) … H$aVmo. hm AZw^d gH$mamË‘H$ Agmo qH$dm ZH$mamË‘H$ Agmo Ë`mMm ~mbH$mÀ`m {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ hmoVmoM. ~mb{dH$mgmÀ`m joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè`m gd© emñÌkm§Zr {dídmg Xe©dbm Amho H$s Oa gwédmVrÀ`m (2) gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimVrb AZw^dm§Mm n[aUm‘ H$mimVM ~mbH$mMr dmT> d {dH$mg gw`mo½` Pmbo Va (Effect of Initial Experiences) … Z§VaÀ`m OrdZmda Ë`mMm gH$mamË‘H$ à^md {XgVmo. ~mbH$m§Zm gwédmVrnmgyZM ^anya gH$mamË‘H$ ~më`mdñWo‘Ü`o AZw^d, dmVmdaU, ZmVog§~§Y `m§À`mer AZw^d {Xbo nm{hOoV Ë`m‘wio nwT>o emioVrb `e ~mbH$ H$er Am§Va{H«$`m H$aob `mda àm¡T>nUr Ë`m {‘idÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Vo A{YH$ AZw^dg‘¥X²Y hmoVrb. ~mbH$mMo dV©Z H$go Agob ho R>aVo. ~më`mdñWo‘Yo gH$mamË‘H$ AZw^d, g‘Vmob Am{U nwaogm nmofH$ Amhma {‘iUmao `e qH$dm An`e Z§VaÀ`m Am`wî`mVrb `m‘wio ~mbH$mMm {ZH$mon {dH$mg hmoVmo Va ZH$mamË‘H$ `e-An`e `m§À`mer {ZJS>rV amhVo. bdH$aÀ`m AZw^d, nmofH$ AmhmamMm A^md Am{U ZH$mamË‘H$, d`mVrb ZH$mamË‘H$ AZw^d, Hw$nmofU `mMm KmVH$ Km~adUmao dmVmdaU d àoaUoMm A^md `m gJiçm§Mm n[aUm‘ hmoVmo Am{U Z§VaÀ`m Am`wî`mV ^md{ZH$ Am{U ~mbH$mÀ`m {dH$mgmda ZH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. dV©Z g‘ñ`m {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV. eãXgyMr Glossary gm¢X`© (Aesthetic) … gm¢X`© Am{U Ë`mg§~§Yr agmñdmX {dH$mg (Development) … earamV hmoUmao g§»`mË‘H$ d JwUmË‘H$ ~Xb d¡H$m{gH$ ‘mnX§S> (Developmental Milestone) … R>am{dH$ d`mbm g‘mO‘mÝ` ‘mJm©Zo R>am{dH$ H$m`© R>am{dH$ nmVirn`ªV qH$dm j‘VoZo H$aVm `oUo. dmT> (Growth) … earamV hmoUmao g§»`mË‘H$ ~Xb. CXm. C§Mr, dOZ. loUr (Hierarchy) … EImXçm JmoîQ>rMo ‘hËËd qH$dm Ë`mMo ~b bjmV KoD$Z Ë`m§Mm H«$‘ bmdUo qH$dm Ë`m§Mr ‘m§S>Ur g§KQ>rV ñdénmV H$aUo. bgrH$aU (Immunization) … R>am{dH$ amoJm§nmgyZ earamMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r B§OoŠeZ qH$dm Am¡fYo à{V~§YmË‘H$ ñdénmV ~mbH$m§Zm XoUo. AmË‘dmñV{dH$sH$aU / AMyH$Vm (Self actualization) … ì`pŠVbm ñdV…À`m j‘Vm n[anyU© dmnaÊ`mMr àoaUm {‘iUo. d¡pídH$ / ñdV…n{bH$S>rb (Transcendence) … gd©gmYmaU ‘`m©Xm§n{bH$So> OmD$Z ñdV…À`m j‘Vm§À`m n{bH$S>Mm AZw^d KoUo. 7  ñdmÜ`m` gyMZm … `m àH$aUmÀ`m eodQ>r {Xbobm ñdmÜ`m` gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr Vw‘À`m B`ËVm 11drÀ`m ~mb{dH$mg nmR>çnwñVH$mMm AmYma ¿`mdm H$maU ho àH$aU COiUrgmR>r Amho. à. 1. nwT>rb {dYmZo dmMm d {dH$mgmÀ`m H$moUË`m ~{KVbr Am{U erbm åhUmbr XÿY Ja‘ Amho. joÌmer {ZJS>rV Amho Vo {bhm. (5) amOy qb~mbm M|Sy> g‘OyZ Ë`mÀ`mer IoiÊ`mV Jw§J (1) {dO`Zo Ho$boë`m R>moH$içm§À`m aMZobm gyaOMm Amho. YŠH$m bmJbm Am{U Vr R>moH$içm§Mr aMZm (6) qMQy>bm ^yH$ bmJë`mda qMQy> "‘‘-‘‘' eãX T>mgibr, Voìhm gyaO {dO`bm j‘m H$a (gm°ar) CƒmaVmo. åhUmbm. à. 2. nwT>rb {dYmZo MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo gH$maU {bhm. (2) H${dVm AJXr ghOnUo ‘Ur Amody eH$Vo Va (1) dmT> åhUOoM g§»`mË‘H$ ~Xb. gmhrb R>moH$ù`m§Mr aMZm Mm§Jbr H$é eH$Vmo. (3) Zg©arÀ`m dJm©Vrb ~mbHo$ am§JUo, MmbUo, CS>çm (2) ~mb{dH$mgmMo gd© n¡by Aä`mgÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. ‘maUo Am{U MT>Uo `mgma»`m Z¡g{J©H$ H¥$Vr (3) gdmªJrU {dH$mgm‘Ü`o dmVmdaUmnojm AZwd§{eH$Vm H$aVmV. ‘hËËdmMr AgVo. (4) XwYmÀ`m Ja‘ nmVoë`mVyZ `oUmar dm’$ erbmZo (4) R>am{dH$ H$mimZ§Va {dH$mg Wm§~Vmo. à. 3. JwUd¡{eîQ>ço d {dH$mgmÀ`m AdñWm `m§À`m OmoS>çm bmdm. A ~ (1) `m d`mV g‘m`moOZ Am{U Agmhmæ`Vm {XgVo. (A) e¡edmdñWm (2) `m d`mV ~mbHo$ AmË‘H|$Ðr AgVmV. (~) àgyVrnyd© {dH$mg (3) ~mbHo$ emioV OmVmV d embo` H$m¡eë`o (H$) ZdOmV AdñWm AmË‘gmV H$aVmV. (4) `m d`mV {dH$mg ObX JVrZo hmoVmo. (S>) nyd© ~më`mdñWm (5) ~mbHo$ ñdmdb§~ZmH$So> OmD$ bmJVmV Am{U (B) CËVa ~më`mdñWm MmbUo ~mobUo hr H$m¡eë`o AmË‘gmV H$aVmV. (’$) d¥X²YmdñWm à. 4. `mXr H$am. à. 5. JQ>mVrb doJim eãX AmoiIm. (1) {dH$mgmMr C{XX²îQ>o (1) C§Mr, dOZ, earamMr à‘mU~X²YVm, ~mobUo (2) {dH$mgmMr A§Jo (2) CS>çm ‘maUo, ‘Ur AmodUo, Vmob amIUo, Qw>UQw>U (3) A^©H$mdñWoÀ`m nm`è`m CS>çm ‘maUo 8 (3) a§JdUo, {MÌ H$mT>Uo, {MH$Q>H$m‘, JmUo à. 7. Q>rnm {bhm. (4) ~mobUo, niUo, MT>Uo, XmV `oUo (1) àgyVrnyd© {dH$mg à. 6. g§km ñnîQ> H$am. (2) dmT> d {dH$mg (1) AmË‘dmñV{dH$sH$aU (3) ~mb{dH$mgmMr ì`mßVr (2) ~moYmË‘H$ {dH$mg (4) g§dmXmMr éno (3) ZdOmV AdñWm (4) àm¡T>mdñWm àH$ën / ñd`§AÜ``Z dmT> d {dH$mgmVrb ’$aH$ Xe©dUmao ‘wX²Xo {bhÿZ Vw‘À`m nX²YVrZo VŠË`mMo gmXarH$aU H$am. v v v 9  2 {dH$mgmMr VËËdo ZmoH$argmR>r ‘wbmIV Vwåhr B`ËVm 11dr ‘Ü`o {dH$mgmMr VËËdo OÝ‘mÀ¶m doir S>moHo$ hm Aä`mgbr AmhoV. àË`oH$ gOrdmMm dmT> Am{U earamMm gdm©V JVrZo {dH$mgmMm R>am{dH$ H«$‘ AgVmo Ë`mMà‘mUo Vmo R>am{dH$ dmT>Umam Ad¶d Amho. H«$‘ ‘mZdm‘Ü`ohr AmT>iVmo. CXm. XmVmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m nyd©~më¶mdñWoV à{H«$`oV XmV ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMm R>am{dH$ Z‘wZm AgVmo. YS>mMr bm§~r dmT>Vo. ~mbH$mÀ`m dmT> d {dH$mgmMm Z‘wZm ‘m{hV AgÊ`mMm, Ë`mVrb à{H«$`m§Mo kmZ AgÊ`mMm ’$m`Xm {ejH$-nmbH$ ~mbH$mMr C§Mr `m§Zm, ~mbH$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m AÜ``Z à{H«$`oV ‘mJ©Xe©Z H$‘aoH$Sy>Z dmT>Vo. H$aÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. ~mbH$m§À`m dmT> d {dH$mgmMm Z‘wZm nmbH$ d g§JmonZH$Ë`mªZr ‘m{hV H$ê$Z KoUo JaOoMo {MÌ 2.1 dmT>rMm Z‘wZm Amho Ë`m‘wio Vo nmbZnmofUmg `mo½` Am{U AmnwbH$sMo (2) {dH$mg hr gVV à{H«$¶m AgVo (Development dmVmdaU {Z‘m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV, ~mbH$m§À`m AÜ``Zmg is continuous) CX²XrnZ {‘iVo. {dH$mgm~m~VÀ`m gd© nm`m^yV ~m~tZmM J^©YmaUm Vo ‘¥Ë`wn`ªV earamV gmVË`mZo g§»`mË‘H$ "{dH$mgmMr VËËdo' Ago åhUVmV. d JwUmË‘H$ ~Xb hmoVmV. 2.1 {dH$mgmMr VËËdo (Principles of Development) (3) {dH$mgmMm Z‘wZm A§XmO`mo½` AgVmo / {dH$mgmMm R>am{dH$ Z‘wZm AgVmo. (Development follows Vwåhmbm ‘m{hV AmhoM H$s {dH$mgmMm {d{eîQ> a predictable pattern) Z‘wZm AgVmo Am{U Ë`m‘Yo dmT>rMr à{H«$`m g‘m{dîQ> AgVo. (1) {dH$mg hmoVmZm ~Xb hmoVmV (Development involves change) earam‘Yo g§»`mË‘H$ d JwUmË‘H$ ~Xb hmoV AgVmV. earam‘Yo dOZ, C§Mr `mV hmoUmao ~Xb ‘mnZr` AgVmV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm g§»`mË‘H$ ~Xb åhUVmV Va earamV hmoUmao d¡H$m{gH$ ~Xb JwUmË‘H$ ~Xb AgVmV. CXm. H$maH$ j‘Vm, ~moYmË‘H$ j‘Vm, ^mfm AmË‘gmV H$aUo qH$dm ^md{ZH$ {dH$mg. {MÌ 2.2 10  {dH$mgmVrb ~Xb hmoVmZm Vo ~Xb EH$m R>am{dH$ Ad`dmÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m JVr‘Yo àË`oH$ {dH$mg AdñWoV Z‘wÝ`mV hmoVmV gd© ì`pŠV§gmR>r hm Z‘wZm gmaImM {^ÝZVm {XgyZ `oVo. AgVmo. {dH$mgmVrb ~Xb {XemH«$‘mÀ`m {Z`‘mZwgma (6) {dH$mgm‘Ü`o ì`pŠV{^ÝZVm AgVo. (There are hmoVmV. ‘ñVH$mZwdVu {dH$mg H«$‘ (Cephalocaudal individual differences in development) sequence) d AjmZwdVu {dH$mg H«$‘ (Proximodistal sequence) gd© ~mbH$m§‘Ü`o {dH$mgmMm Z‘wZm WmoS>çm ’$ma ’$aH$mZo gmaImM AgVmo. na§Vw àË`oH$ ~mbH$mMm ‘ñVH$mZwdVu {dH$mg H«$‘ … S>moŠ`mH$Sy>Z nm`mH$So> {dH$mgmMm ‘mJ© Am{U JVr {^ÝZ AgVo, åhUOoM àË`oH$ {dH$mg hmoVmo. `m VËËdmZwgma S>moŠ`mÀ`m ^mJmVbo {Z`§ÌU ~mbH$ {dH$mgmMr g‘mZ nmVir EH$mdoir JmR>V Zmhr. AJmoXa `oVo Am{U Z§Va H«$‘mZo ‘mZ, X§S>, YS> Am{U nm` `mMà‘mUo ~mbH$mMr AZwd§{eH$Vm Am{U Ë`mbm {‘iUmao Agm {dH$mg hmoVmo. dmVmdaU `m‘wiohr ì`pŠV{^ÝZVm AmT>iVo. AjmZwdVu {dH$mg H«$‘ … AjmZwdVu {dH$mgH«$‘mV (7) {dH$mgmÀ`m {Za{Zamù`m A§Jm§‘Ü`o nañna earamÀ`m ‘Ü`mH$Sy>Z earamÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOybm ~Xb hmoV g§~§Y AgVmo. (Areas of development are OmVmV. interrelated) (4) {dH$mg gm‘mÝ`mH$Sy>Z {d{eîQ>mH$So> hmoVmo emar[aH$, ^md{ZH$, ^m{fH$, gm‘m{OH$, (Development proceeds from general to ~moYmË‘H$ `m gd© {dH$mgmÀ`m A§Jm§‘Yo nañna g§~§Y specific) AgVmo Am{U dmT> d {dH$mgmda Ë`mMm EHy$U n[aUm‘ {dH$mg hr Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo gmdH$me hmoUmar à{H«$`m hmoVmo. Amho. `m‘Yo ì`pŠV ì`pŠV‘Yo ’$aH$ AgVmo. àË`oH$ (8) {dH$mg hr n[anŠdZ d AÜ``Z `mMr {ZînËVr H¥$Vr~m~V {dH$mg gm‘mÝ`mH$Sy>Z {d{eîQ>mH$So> hmoVmo. AgVo. (Development is a product of AJXr N>moQ>çm ~mim§Mo {ZarjU Ho$ë`mda Ago {XgVo Maturation and Learning) H$s ~mi hmVmÀ`m hmbMmbr hdo‘Ü`o H$aV AgVo na§Vw Ë`m hmbMmbr A{Z`§{ÌV d gm‘mÝ` AgVmV. hiyhiy n[anŠdZ åhUOo OÝ‘V… àmßV JwUY‘mªMr `m hmbMmbr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© hmoD$Z {d{eîQ>nUo dñVy Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m hmoUmar dmT> hmo`. {d{eîQ> d`mZwgma `m YaÊ`mgmR>r, CMbÊ`mgmR>r gj‘ hmoD$ bmJVo. nm`mÀ`m j‘Vm§‘Ü`o dmT> {XgVo Va AÜ``Z åhUOo H$m¡eë` hmbMmbrhr AemM AgVmV. ^md{ZH$ {dH$mgmV ~mbH$ d kmZ Am{U AZw^d d gamd `m‘wio dV©ZmV KSy>Z An[a{MV AmdmOmbm ^rVrMm à{VgmX XoVmV, An[a{MV `oUmam H$m`‘ñdénr ~Xb. gamd, AZwH$aU, {ZarjU d dñVybm gm‘mݶ ^rVrMm à{VgmX XoVmV. ^md{ZH$ à{ejU `m§‘wio AÜ``Z KSy>Z `oVo. {dH$mgmV nU hiyhiy hr ^rVr EImXçm {d{eîQ> dñVyMr 2.2 n[anŠdZ d AÜ``Z `mVrb nañna g§~§Y dmQ>Vo. ~mbH$mbm AÜ``ZmÀ`m {H$Vrhr g§Yr {Xë`m Var (5) {dH$mgmMr JVr {^ÝZ AgVo. (Development n[anŠdVoMr R>am{dH$ nmVir JmR>ë`m{edm` H$m¡eë` proceeds at different rates) AmË‘gmV hmoV ZmhrV. n[anŠdZ hr Z¡g{J©H$ à{H«$`m J^©YmaUm Vo ‘¥Ë`wn¶ªVMm {dH$mg hr gmVË`nyU© Amho. Á`mÀ`m ‘XVrZo AÜ``ZmX²dmao kmZ Am{U H$m¡eë` à{H«$`m Amho ho Aä`mgbobo AmhoM. nU àË`oH$doir àmßV H$aVm `oVmV. CXm. emar[aH$ n[anŠdVm Amë`mda {dH$mgmMr JVr VrM AgVo Ago Zmhr. ì`pŠVJ{UH$hr ~mbH$mbm MmbVm `oVo. n[anŠdZmMr {ZînËVr åhUOoM {dH$mgmMr JVr {^ÝZ AmT>iVo. CXm. ‘wbJo Am{U ‘wbr OmVr{d{eîQ> H$m`} (Phylogenetic functions) am§JUo, `m§À`m dmT>rÀ¶m JVrV ’$aH$ AgVmo. earamÀ`m àË`oH$ MmbUo Aer H$m`} H$aVm `oVmV. hr H$m`} n[anŠdVoZwgma 11 d d`mZwgma àmßV hmoVmV `m H$m`mªZm à{ejUmMr JaO ZgVo. ì¶p³V{d{eîQ> H$m`} (Ontogenetic functions) hr AÜ``Z d gamdmMr {ZînËVr AgVo. CXm. nmohUo, gm`H$b MmbdUo `m H$m`mªda à{ejU, gamd Am{U g§Yr `mMm n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. Vwåhmbm ‘m{hV Amho H$m? g§doXZerb H$mi / {eH$dÊ`m`mo½` jU (Sensitive period / Teachable moments) Ooìhm ~mbH$ emar[aH$ d ‘mZ{gH$ V`mar Xe©dVo Vmo jU AmnU H$m¡eë` {eH$dÊ`mgmR>r dmnabm Va Vmo jU {eH$dÊ`m`mo½` AmXe© jU AgVmo. {eH$dÊ`m`mo½` jUmMo ‘mZgemñÌkm§Zr VrZ {ZH$f gm§{JVbo AmhoV. (1) AÜ``ZmMr AmdS> (2) AmdS> {Ma§VZ {Q>Hy$Z amhUo (3) gwYmaUm Xe©dUo 2.3 dmT> d {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmao KQ>H$ qbJ{ZpíMVr (Sex determination) … (Factors influencing growth and pñÌ`m§‘Yo JwUgwÌmÀ`m eodQ>À`m OmoS>rV "j-j' (XX) development) JwUgwÌm§Mr OmoS>r AgVo Va nwéfm§‘Yo "j-`' (XY) `mnydu Aä`mg H$aVmZm Vwåhr {eH$boboM Amho H$s Aer OmoS>r AgVo. J^©YmaUoÀ`m doir ñÌr‘Yrb EH$ H$moUË`mhr XmoZ ì`pŠV§À`m dmT> Am{U {dH$mgmV gmå` "j'JwUgwÌ d nwéfm‘Yrb "j' JwUgwÌ `m§Mr OmoS>r Pmbr ZgVo. emar[aH$ H$m`m©V Am{U dV©ZmV AmT>iUmar hr Va ‘wbJr OÝ‘mbm `oVo. Oa ñÌr‘Yrb "j' JwUgwÌmMr {^ÝZVm O¡{dH$ d n[apñWVrOݶ KQ>H$m§À¶m Am§Va{H«$¶o‘wio OmoS>r nwéfmVrb "`' JwUgwÌmer Pmbr Va ‘wbJm OÝ‘mbm {XgVo. `oVmo. åhUOoM nwéfm‘Yrb JwUgwÌmda Adb§~yZ AgVo H$s ‘wbJm hmoB©b qH$dm ‘wbJr hmoB©b. (1) AZwd§{eH$Vm (Heredity) à^mdr d Aà^mdr d§emUy/OZwHo$ (Dominant and recessive genes) : nmbH$m§H$Sy>Z AZwd§{eH$VoZo Or JwUd¡{eîQ>ço ~mbH$mbm àmßV hmoVmV Ë`mbm d§emUy/ d§emUy OZwHo$ H$maUr^yV AgVmV. à^mdr OZwH$m§‘wio àmßV a§JgyÌo hmoUmar JwUd¡{eîQ>ço {XgyZ `oVmV d Aà^mdr OZwHo$ gwßV amhVmV. (2) n[anŠdVm d AÜ``Z (Maturation and Learning) dmT> d {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmao ho XmoZ KQ>H$ H|$ÐH$ nañna g§~§{YV AgVmV. n[anŠdVo‘wio H$m¡eë` àmßV H$aÊ`mMr j‘Vm {ZX}{eV hmoVo Va AÜ``Zmda Vo H$m¡eë` H$go {eH$mdo ho Adb§~yZ amhVo. {MÌ 2.3 a§JgyÌo d d§emUy ~mbH$mÀ`m emar[aH$ d ì`pŠV‘ËËdmÀ`m AZoH$ (3) dmVmdaU (Environment) n¡by§Mm nm`m åhUOoM Ë`m ~mbH$mMr AZwd§{eH$Vm AgVo. àgyVrnyd© dmVmdaU (Prenatal environment) J^©YmaUoÀ`m doirM AmB©-d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z ~mbH$mbm … dmVmdaUmMm {dH$mgmda Iyn à^md AgVmo. d`, AZwd§{eH$ dmagm àmßV Pmbobm AgVmo. AmB©H$Sy>Z 23 g§àoaH$m§Mr nmVir, Amhma, Amamo½`, ‘mVoMr ^md{ZH$ JwUgwÌo d d{S>bm§H$Sy>Z 23 JwUgwÌo Aer 46 JwUgwÌo pñWVr Aem KQ>H$m§Mm J^m©da n[aUm‘ hmoV AgVmo. qH$dm 23 JwUgwÌm§À`m OmoS>çm AZwd§{eH$VoZo àmßV hmoVmV. 12  àgyVrZ§VaMo dmVmdaU (Postnatal environment) : KamVrb dmVmdaU, Am{W©H$- gm‘m{OH$ XOm©, Amhma, Amamo½`godm, nmbH$ËËd Ago dmVmdaUmVrb KQ>H$ àgyVrZ§Va ~mimÀ`m OrdZmda n[aUm‘ H$aVmV. `m KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm‘ ~mbH$mMo dV©Z, ì`pŠV‘ËËd, ^mdZm Am{U ZmVog§~§Y `mda XrK©H$mi amhVmo. nmbH$, {ejH$, g‘d`ñH$ JQ>, g‘mO Am{U gm‘m{OH$ ~Xb `m§Mr ~mbH$mÀ`m OrdZmV ‘hËËdmMr ^y{‘H$m AgVo Am{U `m gdmªMm gH$mamË‘H$ qH$dm ZH$mamË‘H$ n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. {MÌ 2.4 (4) nmofH$ Amhma (Nutrition) Hw$nmofU (Malnutrition) … Cnmg‘ma, nmofH$ gw`mo½` dmT> d {dH$mgmgmR>r nmofH$ AmhmamMr KQ>H$m§Mm A^md Am{U AÝZmMo nMZ hmoÊ`mMr jrU JaO à˶oH$ ‘mZdr Ordmbm AgVo. `mo½` nmofH$ KQ>H$m§Mm j‘Vm hr Hw$nmofUmMr H$mhr H$maUo AmhoV. Hw$nmofUm‘wio g‘mdoe AgUmam g‘Vmob d Mm¡ag Amhma (à{WZo, H$~m} dmT> Iw§Q>Vo, àH¥$Vr Iam~ hmoVo, aŠVj`, amVm§YionUm, XHo$, pñZ½Y, jma Am{U OrdZgËËdo) dmT>rÀ`m H$mimV Šdm{eAm°H©$a, ‘a°ñ‘g Aem amoJm§Zm ~mbHo$ ~ir nS>VmV. AË`§V ‘hËËdmMm AgVmo. g‘Vmob Amhma d nmofH$ Amhma `m§Mm A^md Agob Va n[apñWVr Hw$nmofUmH$So> PwH$Vo. (5) Z{bH$m{dahrV/A§V…ñÌmdr J«§Wr (Endocrine glands) {n¶w{fH$m J«§Wr H§$R>ñW J«§Wr CnH§$R>ñW J«§Wr ñdmXþqnS> d¥³H$ñW J«§Wr A§S>me¶ aoVqnS> {MÌ 2.5 13  Z{bH$m{dahrV J«§Wr {d{eîQ> g§àoaH$ {Z‘m©U (7) emar[aH$ Xmof (Physical Defects) H$aVmV d ho g§àoaH$ gai {Za{Zamio Ad`d, D$Vr doJdoJù`m H$maUm§‘wio emar[aH$ XmofpñWVr Am{U aŠVàdmh `mV OmD$Z {‘giVmV. A§V…ñÌmdr J«§Wr CX²^dVo. H$mhr Xmof OÝ‘mnmgyZM AgVmV Ë`mMo nwT>o dmT>, {dH$mg, àOZZ `mda {Z`§ÌU R>odVmV. Am§V[aH$ J§^ra n[aUm‘ hmoD$ eH$VmV Va H$mhr Xmof OÝ‘mZ§Va qH$dm ~mhçCX²XrnH$mbm à{VgmX åhUyZ A§V…ñÌmdr J§^ra AmOmapñWVr‘wio {Z‘m©U hmoVmV, Hw$nmofUm‘wio J«§Wt‘YyZ g§àoaH$ ñÌdVmV. {n`w{fH$m J«§Wr (Pitutary qH$dm EImXçm AnKmVm‘wiohr {Z‘m©U hmoVmV. emar[aH$ gland) ‘|XÿÀ`m Vimer pñWV AgVo. {Vbm "àYmZ J«§Wr' XmofpñWVr Agë`mg ~mbH$m§Mr dmVmdaUmer Am§Va{H«$`m (Master gland) Agohr g§~moYVmV. {n`w{fH$m J«§Wr BVa H$‘r hmoVo Ë`m‘wio H$Xm{MV emoYàd¥ËVrbm MmbZm XoUmè`m gd© J«§WtMo H$m`© {Z`§{ÌV H$aVo. H§$R>ñW J«§Wr (Thyroiod g§Yr H$‘r hmoVmV Am{U Ë`mMm n[aUm‘ åhUyZ gdmªJrU gland) Jù`m‘Yo ñda`§ÌmOdi pñWV AgVo. M`mnM` {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ hmoD$ eH$Vmo. {H«$`oda H§$R>ñW J«§WrMo {Z`§ÌU AgVo. CnH§$R>ñW J«§Wr (Parathyroid gland) earamVrb H°$pëe`‘ `m jmamMm (8) {dlm§Vr, Pmon Am{U ì`m`m‘ (Rest, Sleep g‘Vmob amIVo. d¥ŠH$ñW J«§Wr (Adrenal gland) and Exercise) … AmUr~mUrÀ`m àg§JmVrb {H«$`m§Zm O~m~Xma AgVo. earamMo H$m`© gwairV MmbÊ`mgmR>r {dlm§Vr, Pmon ñdmXÿqnS> (Pancreas) hr J«§Wr nMZg§ñWoMr J«§Wr Amho Amdí`H$ Amho. Oa ~mbH$mbm nwaoer {dlm§Vr Am{U Pmon Am{U aŠVmVrb gmIaoMr nmVir {Z`§{ÌV R>odÊ`mMo H$m‘ {‘imbr Zmhr Va Ë`mbm WH$dm OmUdob, Ë`mMr D$Om© hr J«§Wr H$aVo. aoVqnS> (Testis) Am{U A§S>me` (Ovary) H$‘r hmoB©b, dV©Z {dñH$irV amhrb Am{U AmOmanU `m XmoÝhr b¢{JH$ J«§Wr AmhoV, n¡H$s aoVqnS> nwéfm§‘Yo CX²^dob. CËV‘ dmT> d {dH$mgmgmR>r ì`m`m‘hr {VVH$mM AgVmV d A§S>me` ñÌr`m§‘Ü`o AgVmV. `m XmoÝhr J«§Wr ‘hËËdmMm Amho. Á`m ~mbH$mbm {Z`{‘V ì`m`m‘mMr àOZZ noetÀ`m dmT> d {dH$mgmbm O~m~Xma AgVmV. gd` bmdbr OmVo Vo ~mbH$ {ZamoJr, {H«$`merb Am{U (6) AmOmanU (Illness) AZwHy$bZ H$aUmao n[apñWVrer OwidyZ KoUmao AgVo. {MÌ 2.6 {MÌ 2.7 ~mbH$mÀ`m Amamo½`mMm {dMma H$aVm Amamo½`pñWVr ‘hËËdmMr Amho. dmT> d {dH$mg Á`m H$mimV ObX (9) g§ñH¥$Vr (Culture) JVrZo hmoV AgVmo Ë`m H$mimV Oa AmOmanU Ambo g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ ì¶mnH$ g§km Amho. Á`m‘Yo Hw$Qw>§~, Va Ë`mMm dmT>rda Vrd« n[aUm‘ hmooVmo. AmOmanUm‘wio dmVmdaU, g^modVmbMo gm‘m{OH$ dmVmdaU, ‘yë` `m ~mbH$mÀ`m gm‘m{OH$-^md{ZH$ {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ gdmªMm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. g§nyU© OJmV g§ñH¥$VrMo {d{dY hmoVmo, {H«$`merbVoÀ`m nmVirda {dn[aV n[aUm‘ hmoVmo Z‘wZo AmT>iVmV. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñWmZ, Am{W©H$-gm‘m{OH$ Am{U AÜ``ZmÀ`m g§Yrhr H$‘r hmoVmV. 14 ñVa {d{dY Y‘© `mZwgma {^ÝZ g§ñH¥$Vr AmT>iVo. ‘yë` `m§_Ü`o AgVmV. ~mbH$mÀ`m ‘mZ{gH$ {dH$mgmda Ë`mZwgma ~mbg§JmonZmÀ`m nX²YVt‘Yo Vo à{Vq~{~V hmoVo, n[aUm‘ H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§n¡H$s g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ ‘hËËdmMm ~mbH$m§Zm nwadbo OmUmao AZw^d, g§Yr, éOdbr OmUmar KQ>H$ Amho. H¥$Vr … {dXçmÏ`mªÀ`m XmoZ JQ>mV dmX{ddmX (debate) Am`mo{OV H$am. {df` … ""~mbH$m§À`m dmT> Am{U {dH$mgmÀ`m g§X^m©V H$moUVm KQ>H$ OmñV n[aUm‘H$maH$ Amho. AZwd§{eH$Vm H$s dmVmdaU'' Vm{bH$m 2.1 A^©H$mdñWoVrb {dH$mgmMo n¡by (Aspects of Development during Infancy) emar[aH$ {dH$mg (Physical Development) C§Mr … nwT>o OmD$Z Xwgè`m dfu Or C§Mr AgUma Amho Ë`m C§MrÀ`m ~amo~a {Zå‘r C§Mr A^©H$mdñWoV AgVo. dOZ … OÝ‘VodoiÀ`m dOZmÀ`m Mm¡nQ> dOZ d`mÀ`m Xwgè`m dfu AgVo. earamMr à‘mU~X²YVm … A^©H$mÀ`m S>moŠ`mMo ‘mn Ë`mÀ`m C§MrÀ`m 1/4 AgVo. ñZm`y{dH$mg … ñZm`yV§Vy A^©H$mdñWoV {dH${gV ZgVmV. OmñV H$ê$Z pñZ½Y V§Vy AgVmV. ApñWgm§JmS>m {dH$mg … hmS>m§Mo I{ZOrH$aU (ossification) hmoVo. XmVm§Mm {dH$mg … XmoZ dfm©À`m eodQ>r 16 Vo 20 XwYmMo XmV `oVmV. ‘|XyMm {dH$mg … XmoZ dfm©bm àm¡T>nUrÀ`m ‘|XyÀ`m 75% ‘|XyMo AmH$ma‘mZ AgVo. H$maH$ {dH$mg (Motor Development) ‘ñVH$mZwdVu d AjmZwdVu {dH$mgH«$‘ ñWyb H$maH$ H$m¡eë` - MT>Uo, CS>çm ‘maUo, Vmob gm§^miUo `mgma»`m H¥$Vr ‘moR>çm ñZm`y§À`m {dH$mgm‘wio eŠ` hmoVmV. gyú‘ H$maH$ H$m¡eë` - {MÌ H$mT>Uo, ‘mVrH$m‘, a§JdUo `mgma»`m H¥$Vr bhmZ ñZm`y§À`m {dH$mgm‘wio eŠ` hmoVo. ~moYmË‘H$ {dH$mg (Cognitive Development) A^©H$mbm CX²XrnZ XoUo ‘hËËdmMo Amho. gwédmVrbm n§M|{Ð`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo ~mbH$ {eH$Vo. 15  ^mfm {dH$mg (Language Development) g§dmXmÀ`m dmMmnyd© énm§Mm dmna H$aVm `oD$ bmJVmo. ^mdZm eãXmV ì`ŠV H$am`bm gwédmV H$aVmV. ^md{ZH$ {dH$mg (Emotional Development) CX²XrnH$, ^md, emar[aH$ CX²XrnZ d dV©Z ho A^©H$mÀ`m ^mdZm§Mo nm`m^yV KQ>H$ AmhoV. A^©H$ OdirH$Vm Xe©dVmV, XwamdÊ`mMr qMVm Am{U AZmoiIr ì`pŠV g‘moa AgÊ`mMr qMVm Xe©dVmV. A^©H$ H$mhr ^mdZm àJQ> H$é bmJVo. ào‘ d dmËgë`, AmZ§X, ^rVr Am{U amJ ¶mgma»¶m {d{dY ^mdZm Xe©dVmV. gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg (Social Development) gm‘m{OH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ hmoVo. gm‘m{OH$aUmMo ‘mnX§S> A^©H$mdñWoV àmßV Ho$bo OmVmV. CXm. gm‘m{OH$ pñ‘Vhmñ`, gm‘m{OH$ g§X^© Am{U gm‘m{OH$ g§Ho$V. Z¡{VH$ {dH$mg (Moral Development)   MyH$-~amo~a `mVrb ’$aH$ H$aVm `oV Zmhr. Xn©U A^©H$mdñWoVrb {dH$mgmÀ`m {d{dY n¡by§da gmXarH$aU H$am. gmXarH$aU H$aVmZm Vw‘À`m AmËVmÀ`m d`mV Am{U A^©H$mdñWoVrb {dH$mgmV H$m` ’$aH$ Amho Vmo nU gmXa H$am. 16  eãXgyMr Glossary gm‘m{OH$ g§Ho$V (Cue) … A^©H$mbm H¥$Vr H$aÊ`mg CXçwŠV H$aUmao OÝ‘V… (Congenital) … EImXm amoJ qH$dm Amamo½`pñWVr OÝ‘V… AgUo. ñWyb H$maH$ H$m¡eë` (Gross Motor Skills) … ‘moR>o ñZm`y dmnê$Z H$aÊ`mÀ`m emar[aH$ j‘Vm. A^©H$ CX²XrnZ (Infant Stimulation) … ~mimÀ`m ÑîQ>r, AmdmO, ñne©, Md, J§Y `m g§doXZm§Zm MmbZm XoUmè`m H¥$Vr åhUOo A^©H$ CX²XrnZ. I{ZOrH$aU (Ossification) … hmS>m§da jma-H°$pëe`‘ Am{U ’$m°ñ’$ag `m§Mo Wa O‘yZ hmSo> H${R>U hmoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m g§dmXmMr dmMmnyd© éno (Pre-speech forms) … n{hbm eãX CƒmaÊ`mnydu ~mi Á`m nX²YVrZo g§dmX gmYVo. g§doXr-H$maH$ AdñWm (Sensory-motor stage) … ~moYmË‘H$ {dH$mgmMr n{hbm nm`ar. OÝ‘ Vo 2 df© AgUmar AdñWm. `m H$mimV A^©H$ n§M|{Ð` d Ë`m§À`m H$maH$ hmbMmbr `mX²dmao kmZ {‘idVmV. XwamdÊ`mMr qMVm (Separation Anxiety) … nmbH$ qH$dm g§JmonZH$V} `m§À`mnmgyZ Xya Pmë`mg A^©H$ AñdñW hmoVo. gm‘m{OH$ g§X^© (Social Referencing) … A^©H$ Ë`mÀ`m g^modVmbÀ`m dmVmdaUmVrb g§Ho$Vm§Mm g§X^© KoD$Z dV©Z H$aVo. gm‘m{OH$ pñ‘Vhmñ` (Social Smile) … A^©H$mH$Sy>Z AmnwbH$s àX{e©V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bobo OmUrdnyd©H$ dV©Z AZmoiIr ì`pŠV g‘moa AgÊ`mMr qMVm (Stranger Anxiety) … EImXr AZmoiIr ì`pŠV A^©H$mÀ`m g‘moa Ambr Va A^©H$ Km~aVo qH$dm H$miOr ì`ŠV H$aVo. ñdmÜ`m` gyMZm … `m àH$aUmÀ`m eodQ>r {Xbobm ñdmÜ`m` gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r Vwåhr Vw‘À`m B`ËVm 11drÀ`m ~mb{dH$mg nmR>çnwñVH$mMm AmYma ¿`mdm H$maU ho àH$aU COiUrgmR>r Amho. à. 1. {Xboë`m n`m©`m§‘YyZ gw`mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z (3) Z{bH$m{dahrV J«§Wr.............. AgVmV. CËVao {bhm. (A) A§V…ñÌmdr (~) H§$R>ñW (1) earamÀ`m ‘Ü`mnmgyZ XmoÝhr ~mOy§H$So> hmoUmè`m (H$) g§àoaH$ {dH$mgmbm.............. {dH$mg åhUVmV. (4) hmSo> H${R>U hmoÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`obm.............. (A) ‘ñVH$mZwdVu {dH$mgmMm Z‘wZm åhUVmV. (~) AjmZwdVu {dH$mgmMm Z‘wZm (A) ‘|Xy noetMr OmoS>Ur (H$) {dH$mgmMm Z‘wZm (~) I{ZOrH$aU (2) OÝ‘mnmgyZ ì`pŠV‘Yrb ~§{XñV JwUd¡{eîQ>ço (H$) Hw$Mm© ‘moH$ir hmoV OmUo `m à{H«$`obm.............. åhUVmV. (A) n[anŠdVm (~) AÜ``Z (H$) {eH$dÊ`m`mo½` jU 17 (5) A^©H$ Ë`mÀ`m g^modVmbÀ`m dmVmdaUmVrb (3) MmbUo d ~gUo hr ì`pŠV{d{eîQ> H$m`} AmhoV. ì`pŠV§H$Sy>Z gm‘m{OH$ g§Ho$V KoD$Z dV©Z H$aVmV (4) OmVr{d{eîQ> H$m`mªZm à{ejUmMr JaO ZgVo. Ë`mbm.............. åhUVmV. (5) AZwd§{eH$Vm Am{U dmVmdaU ho {dH$mgmVrb (A) gm‘m{OH$ g§X^© à‘wI KQ>H$ AmhoV. (~) gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg (6) earambm Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m nmofH$ KQ>H$m§Mm (H$) gm‘m{OH$aU A^md åhUOoM "Hw$nmofU'. à. 2. nwT>rb {dYmZo MyH$ H$m ~amo~a Vo {bhÿZ H$maUo (7) Or ~mbHo$ {Z`{‘V ì`m`m‘ H$aVmV Vr ~mbHo$ Xçm. {ZamoJr, {H«$`merb Am{U CËV‘ H$maH$ g‘Ýd¶ (1) {dH$mg nyd©{ZYm©[aV AgVmo. Xe©dVmV. (2) ‘ñVH$mZwdVu {dH$mgH«$‘mV {dH$mg S>moŠ`mH$Sy>Z nm`mH$So> hmoVmo. à. 3. OmoS>çm bmdm. J«§Wr H$m`© (1) ñdmXwqnS> (1) ñÌrÀ`m àOZZ g§ñWoÀ`m dmT> {dH$mgmda {Z`§ÌU (2) A§S>me` (2) M`mnM`mÀ`m JVrda {Z`§ÌU (3) ‘pñVîH$/{n`w{fH$m (3) aŠVmVrb gmIaoMr nmVir pñWa R>odUo (4) aoVqnS> (4) dmT>rda {Z`§ÌU (5) H§$R>ñW (5) nwéf àOZZ g§ñWoÀ¶m dmT> d {dH$mgmda {Z`§ÌU à. 4. `mXr H$am. (1) {dH$mgmMr VËËdo (2) dmT> d {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmao KQ>H$ (3) A§V…ñÌmdr J«§WtMr Zmdo (4) Hw$nmofUmMr H$maUo (5) à{V{jßV à{V{H«$`m (6) gm‘m{OH$ g§Ho$V à. 5. [aH$m‘o Mm¡H$moZ nyU© H$am. (1) AZwd§{eH$Vm dmhÿZ AmUUmar XmoargmaIr aMZm Jw gw 18 (2) {dH$mgmVrb ‘mJ©Xe©H$ IyU n S> (3) XmoZ ‘|XynoetÀ`m ‘YyZ amgm`{ZH$ nXmWm©X²dmao g§Xoe ZoD$Z earamH$So> nmoMdÊ`mgmR>r Agbobr ~marH$ ’$Q> {g g à. 6. Q>rnm {bhm. (3) {dlm§Vr d ì`m`m‘ (1) g§dmXmMr dmMmnyd© ê$no (4) XwamdÊ`mMr qMVm d g‘moa AgUmè`m AZmoiIr (2) A^©H$mdñWoVrb gm‘m{OH$ {dH$mg ì`pŠVMr qMVm (3) àgyVrnyd© dmVmdaU à. 8. g§km ñnîQ> H$am. (4) A^©H$mdñWoVrb H$maH$ {dH$mg (1) AZwd§{eH$Vm (5) àgyVrZ§VaMo dmVmdaU (2) Hw$nmofU à. 7. ’$aH$ {bhm. (3) A§V…ñÌmdr J«§Wr (1) OmVr{d{eîQ> d ì`pŠV{d{eîQ> H$m`} (4) A^©H$mMo CX²XrnZ (2) ‘ñVH$mZwdVu d AjmZwdVu {dH$mg (5) d¡H$m{gH$ ‘mnX§S> àH$ën / ñd`§AÜ``Z dmT> d {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmè`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm V³Vm Amnmnë`m nX²YVrZo gmXa H$am Am{U dJm©Vrb Xe©Z ’$bH$mda bmdm. v v v 19  3 nyd©~më`mdñWoMr AmoiI Xn©U Vwåhr bhmZ hmoVmV VoìhmMo EImXo Vw‘Mo AmdS>Vo IoiUo Vwåhmbm AmR>dVo H$m? Vwåhr emioV OmÊ`mÀ`m d`mMo hmoVmV Voìhm Vwåhr H$moUVo àíZ Vw‘À`m nmbH$m§Zm {dMmaV hmoVmV? Vw‘À`m ~mbnUmV Vwåhmbm Oo Oo AZw^d Ambo Ë`m AZw^dm§Mm Vw‘Mo ÑîQ>rH$moZ, dV©Z Am{U ^mdZm `mda H$mhr n[aUm‘ Pmbm Amho Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m? `m àíZm§Mr CËVao XoÊ`mgmR>r AmnmoAmnM Vwåhr Vw‘À`m A§Va§JmV S>moH$dmb, Vw‘À`m ñ‘aUeŠVrbm VmU Xçmb. Vw‘À`m bjmV `oB©b bhmZnUmnmgyZMm Vw‘Mm AmËVmn`ªVMm OrdZàdmg {H$Vr gw§Xa Amho! ~a! nyd©~më`mdñWoÀ`m H$mim{df`r A{YH$ OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmnU 2 df} Vo 6 df} `m d`moJQ>mda bj H|${ÐV H$é. nyd©~më`mdñWo{df`r g{dñVa OmUyZ KoD$. nyd©~më`mdñWm 2 df} d`mbm gwê$ hmoVo d 6 df} nyd©~më`mdñWoVrb ~mbHo$ Zoh‘rM hQ²Q>r, XwamJ«hr, d`mbm `m AdñWoMm H$mi g§nVmo. nyd©~më`mdñWm hm ZH$mamË‘H$Vm Xe©dUmao, ÌmgXm`H$, Amkm Z nmiUmao ObX JVrZo ~mbH$m‘Yo ~Xb hmoÊ`mMm H$mi Amho. dV©Z H$aVmV. AmH«$ñVmionUm H$aVmV. ‘Ëga àX{e©V ~mbH$m§Mr C§Mr dmT>Vo, epŠV dmT>Vo. {dMmaepŠV, H$aVmV. `m gd© àH$maÀ`m dV©ZmV dma§dmarVm {XgVo, ^mfmH$m¡eë`o {dH${gV hmoVmV. ~mbH$m§À`m gd`r, dV©Z H$maU ho dV©ZàH$ma ñdm^m{dH$nUo nyd©~më`mdñWoVM {dH${gV hmoVo. ~mbH$mMm àdmg namdb§~ZmH$Sy>Z hiyhiy {XgVmV Am{U åhUyZM `m d`mbm "g‘ñ`m d`' Ago ñdmdb§~ZmH$So> gwê$ hmoVmo. ’«$m°B©S>, E[aH$gZ, {n`mOo g§~moYVmV. Am{U ìhm¶Jm°Q>ñH$s `m à{gX²Y ‘mZgemñÌkm§À`m ‘Vo (2) IoiUr d` (Toy age) nyd©~më`mdñWoMm H$mi ~mbH$mÀ`m nwT>rb Am`wî`mgmR>r AË`§V ‘hËËdmMr ^y{‘H$m ~OmdVmo. 3.1 nyd©~më`mdñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço (Characteristics of Early Childhood) (1) g‘ñ`m d` (Problem age / troublesome age) {MÌ 3.2 IoiUr d` nyd©~më`mdñWoVrb ~mbHo$ Ë`m§Mm ~amMgm doi IoiÊ`m§~amo~a IoiÊ`m‘Yo KmbdVmV åhUyZM {MÌ 3.1 g‘ñ`m d` nyd©~më`mdñWobm "IoiUr d`' Agohr åhUVmV. 20 nyd©~më`mdñWoVM IoiUr d` Ë`mÀ`m Cƒ nmVirbm (5) àíZd`, emoYd` Am{U Hw$Vyhb d¶ nmoMVo Am{U CËVa ~më`mdñWoV hiyhiy H$‘r hmoV (Questioning, Exploration and OmVo. IoiUr d AÜ`mnZ gm{hË`mMm OmñVrV OmñV Curiosity age) dmna nyd©~më`mdñWoVrb ~mbH$m§gmR>r Ho$bm Va AW©nyU© g^modVmbÀ`m OJm~X²Xb Am{U dmVmdaUm~X²Xb AÜ``Z KS>Vo. bhmZ ~mbH$m§gmR>r Mmbdë`m OmUmè`m ~mbH$mbm Iyn Hw$Vwhb AgVo. ~mbH$m§Zm OmUyZ ¿`m`Mo H|$Ðm§‘Yo IoiÊ`m§Mo ‘hËËd d ‘yë` bjmV KoD$Z e¡j{UH$ AgVo H$s àË`oH$ JmoîQ>rMo H$m`© H$go MmbVo, Ë`m H$m`m©Mm gmYZo d IoiUr dmnabr OmVmV. Vo ~mbH$ H$gm ^mJ hmoD$ eH$VmV. ~mbH$ Ë`mMo nmbH$, gÜ`mÀ`m H$mimV nmbH$, ~mbH$m§À`m hmVmV {ejH$, g§JmonZH$V} `m§Zm Iyn àíZ {dMmaVmV. H$moUVohr ‘mo~mB©b ’$moZ (ñ‘mQ>© ’$moZ) Joåg IoiÊ`mgmR>r Iyn bhmZ CËVa {Xë`mdahr "H$m'? hm àíZ Ë`m§Zm nS>VmoM. d`mnmgyZ XoV AmhoV. ñ‘mQ>© ’$moZÀ`m A{VaoH$s dmnam‘wio (6) AZwH$aU d` (Imitative age) ~mbHo$ A{YH$ AmH«$‘H$, {MS>{MSo> dV©Z H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm ~mbH$ Ë`m§À`m g^modVmbÀ`m àm¡T> ì`pŠV, S>moù`m§À`m AZoH$ g‘ñ`m CX²^dVmV. AdYmZ $j‘Vm {ejH$, g‘d`ñH$, g§JmonZH$V} `m§Mo dV©Z, ~mobUo, H¥$Vr H$‘r hmoVo. `mMo AZwH$aU H$aVmV. (3) Q>moirnyd© d` (Pregang age) nyd©~më`mdñWobm Q>moirnyd© d` Agohr g§~moYVmV. ~mbH$ Ë`m§À`m g‘d`ñH$ JQ>mH$Sy>Z gm‘m{OH$ dV©Z {eH$VmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m gm‘m{OH$ dV©ZmMm nm`m `mM d`mV KmVbm OmVmo. gm‘m{OH$ dV©ZmMm nm`m aMbm Jobm H$s nwT>o àm¡T> ì`pŠV åhUyZ AË`§V g§KQ>rV gm‘m{OH$ Am`wî` Kmbdbo OmVo. (4) embmnyd© d` (Preschool age) nmbH$ ~mbH$m§Zm gmYmaU {Vgè`m dfu ~mbemioV nmR>dVmV. {ejUVk nyd©~më`mdñWobm embmnyd© d` Ago {MÌ 3.3 AZwH$aU d` g§~moYVmV. embmnyd© {ejUmMm hoVy ~mbH$mMm gdmªJrU 3.2 ~mbH$m§À`m JaOm (Needs of Children) {dH$mg hm AgVmo. emar[aH$, H$maH$, ~moYmË‘H$, ^mfm, n{hë`mM àH$aUmV Vwåhr ‘°ñbmo `m§Zr {Xbobr ^md{ZH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ `m {dH$mgmÀ`m A§Jm§Zm {d{dY JaOm§Mr loUr Aä`mgbr Amho. Ë`mMrM EH$ COiUr H¥$VtX²dmao CX²XrnZ ~mbemioV {Xbo OmVo, AZw^d Am{U H$é`m. g§Yr nwadë`m OmVmV. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ {d{dY Ioi Am{U emoYd¥ËVrbm CX²XrnZ XoÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. Am¡nMm[aH$ (A) emar[aH$ JaOm (Physiological needs) {ejUmgmR>r ~mbemim ~mbH$m§Zm {gX²Y H$aVmV. ^yH$, VhmZ, Pmon, dñÌ, {Zdmam Am{U Amamo½` `m nm`m^yV emar[aH$ JaOm AmhoV. nmbH$/g§JmonZH$V} `m§Mr ~mbH$m§Zm AÝZ, dñÌ, {Zdmam Am{U gwa{jVVm nwadÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar AgVo. 21  {Zdmam ^yH$ Amamo½¶ Pmon dñÌ ‘yb^yV JaOm {MÌ 3.4 emar[aH$ JaOm (1) ^yH$ (Hunger) (4) {Zdmam (Shelter) ~mbH$mÀ`m Am`wî`mV ^yH$ `m JaOobm Iyn Hw$Qw>§~ d ~mbHo$ `m§À`m Am`wî`mV Amamo½` d ‘hËËd Amho. hr àmW{‘H$ JaO Amho. nmofH$, g‘Vmob, ñdmñÏ`mgmR>r pñWa Am{U nwaogm {Zdmam ‘hËËdmMr Amamo½`nyU© Am{U nwaogm Amhma {‘iUo hr àË`oH$ ^y{‘H$m ~OmdVmo. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb gwa{jV Am{U g§a{jV ~mbH$mMr JaO Amho. ^yH$ `m JaOoMr nyV©Vm Ho$ë`mZo dmVmdaU ~mbH$mÀ`m gm‘m{OH$ Am{U e¡j{UH$ n¡by§da {ZH$mon {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {‘iob. n[aUm‘ H$aVo. (2) Pmon (Sleep) (5) Amamo½` (Health) AmOmanU Ambo Va ~mbH$mÀ`m dmT>rda n[aUm‘ ~mbHo$ {d{dY H¥$Vt‘Ü`o Jw§Vbobr AgVmV. `m‘wio hmoD$Z dmT> ‘mJo nS>Vo. `mo½` Amhma, ñdÀN>Vm Am{U Pmon {‘iUo ‘hËËdmMo AgVo. Pmon {‘imë`m‘wio O¡d- Amamo½`nyU© ñdÀN>VoÀ`m gd`r Mm§Jë`m Amamo½`mbm amgm`{ZH$ nmVirMm g‘Vmob amIbm OmVmo Am{U {d{dY MmbZm XoVmV. {Za{Zamiçm amoJm§nmgyZ g§ajU H¥$VtgmR>r COm© {Ma§VZ amIbr OmVo. ~mbH$mÀ`m `mo½` {‘iʶmgmR>r bgrH$aU H$amdo ˶mMà‘mUo S>m°³Q>am§À¶m dmT> d {dH$mgmgmR>r Pmon {‘iUo JaOoMo Amho. gëë¶mZo bgrH$aU doimnÌH$ nyU©nUo nmibo Omdo. (3) dñÌ (Clothing) (~) ‘mZ{gH$-gm‘m{OH$ JaOm (Psychosocial F$Vw‘mZmZwgma H$nS>çm§Mr {ZdS> H$amdr. A§Jmda Needs) Mm§Jbr ~gUmar n±Q>, Bb°pñQ>H$ AgUmar n±Q> bhmZ ào‘, dmËgë`, AmnwbH$s, ñdrH¥$Vr, ‘Zmoa§OZ ~mbH$m§Zm ghOnUo KmbVm `oVo. H$nS>çm§Mr ~Q>Uo ‘moR>r Am{U Ioi `m bhmZ ~mbH$m§À`m ‘mZ{gH$-gm‘m{OH$ AgVrb Va bmdUo Am{U ~Q>Uo H$mT>Uo ~mbH$m§Zm gmono JaOm AmhoV. OmVo. H$nSo> ì`dpñWV A§Jmda ~gUmao AgVrb, Iyn g¡b qH$dm KQ²Q> ZgVrb Va ~mbH$m§Zm ‘moH$ionUmZo d (1) ào‘ d dmËgë` (Love and affection) Amam‘Xm`rnUmZo hmbMmbr H$aVm `oVmV. ào‘ d dmËgë` hr ~mbH$mMr nm`m^yV ‘mZ{gH$- gm‘m{OH$ JaO Amho. nmbH$m§H$Sy>Z ào‘ d dmËgë` hr JaOnyVu Pmbr Zmhr Va ~mbH$m§Zm Xwb©{jV Am{U 22 Xþ…Ir dmQ>Vo. nmbH$, g§JmonZH$V} d BVa àm¡T> ì`pŠV `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ào‘, dmËgë` Am{U ^md{ZH$ gwa{jVVm {Xë`mda ~mbH$m§‘Ü`o {dídmg {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. {MÌ 3.6 g‘d¶ñH$ JQ> 3.3 ~mbH$m§Mo hŠH$ (Rights of Children) g§nyU© OJmV bmoH$g§»`o~m~V ^maV Xwgè`m H«$‘m§H$mda Amho. 2011 ‘Yrb OZJUZoÀ`m AhdmbmZwgma XoemVrb bmoH$g§»`on¡H$s Odinmg EH$ V¥Vr`m§e bmoH$g§»`m 18 dfmªImbrb ~mbHo$ AmhoV. Amnë`m XoemVrb ~mbH$m§À`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm Z hmoUmè`m {MÌ 3.5 ào‘ d dmËgë` ~mbH$m§Mr g§»`m ‘moR>r Amho. ~mbHo$ hr XoemMr g§nËVr (2) ñdrH¥$Vr (Acceptance) Amho. ~mbHo$M XoemMo ^{dVì` KS>dVmV. H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm N>i, VñH$ar Am{U J¡admna `m JmoîQ>tnmgyZ g§ajU gm‘m{OH$ ‘mÝ`VogmR>r ~mbHo$ KamVrb àm¡T> {‘iÊ`mMm ~mbH$m§Zm hŠH$ Amho. gaH$maZo ~mbH$m§gmR>r ì`pŠV qH$dm BVam§Mo bj doYdyZ KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. AZoH$ g§{dYm{ZH$ gw{dYm, g§Yr ¶m§Mr CnbãYVm Ho$bobr ñVwVr H$aUo Am{U Xmof XoUo ho ñdrH¥$Vr Am{U ZmH$maUo Amho. Á`m‘wio ~mbH$m§À`m AmdS>r Onë`m OmVrb Am{U `mMo ‘mJ© AmhoV. ñVwVr hm ~{jgmMm àH$ma Amho Va Xmof Ë`m§À`m EH$mpË‘H$ {dH$mgmbm AmYma {‘iob. gd© XoUo {ejoMm àH$ma Amho. ~mbHo$ ‘moR>r hmoV OmVmV Ver àH$maMr emar[aH$ d ‘mZ{gH$ qhgm/Owby‘, BOm qH$dm nmbH$m§H$Sy>Z {‘iUmar ñdrH¥$Vr Iyn ‘hËËdmMr AgVo. N>i, Xþb©j, J¡adV©UyH$, J¡admna, b¢{JH$ N>i `m§nmgyZ ‘wbJm qH$dm ‘wbJr ¶m§Zm ˶m§À¶m d¶mà‘mUo ñdrH¥$Vr g§ajU {‘iÊ`mMm ~mbH$m§Zm H$m`XçmZo hŠH$ Amho. {‘iʶmMr JaO AgVo. H$m`XçmZo {‘iUmè`m `m g§ajUm‘Yo ~mbH$-nmbH$ (3) g‘d`ñH$ JQ> (Peers) g§~§Y, H$m`XçmÀ`m nmbH$m§er qH$dm BVam§er AgUmao ~mbH$mÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmV ~mbH$mMo g‘dñH$ ZmVog§~§Y, g§JmonZH$Ë`m©er g§~§Y `m ZmË`m§‘Ü`ohr JQ>mer g§~§Y à‘wI ^y{‘H$m {Z^mdVmV. g‘d`ñH$ H$m`XçmZo g§ajU {‘iVo. ~arM ~mbHo$ AmOmanU, amoJ JQ>m~amo~a ~mbHo$ {d{dY H$m¡eë`o {eH$VmV. CXm. `mbm ~ir nS>VmV Am{U Vohr Ho$di nwaogo AÝZ, {Zdmam, g§dmX H$gm gmYm`Mm, IoiUo, ^mdZm àJQ> H$aUo Am{U d¡XçH$s` gw{dYm Am{U {dH$mgmbm nmofH$ dmVmdaU Z g‘ñ`m gmoS>dUo. IoiUr dmQy>Z IoiUo, ImD$ dmQy>Z {‘iÊ`m‘wio H$mhr ~mbHo$ AZmW AgVmV Va H$mhr ImUo qH$dm BVa dñVygwX²Ym dmQy>Z dmnaUo `m JmoîQ>rhr ~mbHo$ OmV, g‘mO, Y‘©, n§W qH$dm ^mfm `m H$maUm§‘wio ~mbHo$ {eH$VmV. hr H$m¡eë`o {eH$ë`mZo ~mbH$m§Zm ZdrZ g‘mOmH$Sy>Z Xþb©{jV amhVmV. {‘Ì/‘¡{ÌUr {‘iVmV, g§nyU© embo` d`mV ñdrH¥$Vrhr {‘iVo. 23 ‘m{hVr H|$Ð ~mbH$m§À`m g§X^m©V ‘mJ©Xe©H$ (1) 6 df} Vo 14 df} d`moJQ>mVrb gd© ~mbH$m§gmR>r àmW{‘H$ {ejU ‘mo’$V d A{Zdm`© AgUo hm hŠH$ Amho. (H$b‘ 21A) (2) 14 df} d`mn`ªV H$moUVmhr YmoH$mXm`H$ amoOJma {‘idÊ`mnmgyZ g§ajU {‘iÊ`mMm hŠH$ (H$b‘ 24) (3) Am{W©H$ JaO åhUyZ H$moUË`mhr d` qH$dm epŠVnojm AZw{MV AgUmè`m ì`dgm`m‘Yo N>i H$éZ qH$dm O~aXñVrZo nmR>dÊ`mnmgyZ g§ajU {‘iÊ`mMm hŠH$. (H$b‘ 39 (B)) (4) ~më`mdñWoV d VéU d`mV H$moUË`mhr àH$mao Z¡{VH$ Am{U ^m¡{VH$ Ë`mJ Z H$aVm {ZH$mon {dH$mg hmoUo d Ë`mgmR>r ‘wŠV dmVmdaU {‘iUo, ‘mZ {‘iUmao d ImÌrZo g§ajU XoUmao dmVmdaU {‘iUo `mgmR>r g‘mZ g§Yr d gw{dYm {‘iÊ`mMm hŠH$ (H$b‘ 39 (’$)) (5) d`mMr 6 df} nyU© hmoB©n`ªV gd© ~mbH$m§Zm ~mb{ejU d ~mbg§JmonZ {‘iÊ`mMm hŠH$ (H$b‘ 45) g§X^© … http://www.haqcrc.org.child.right/constitution.of.India AmoiI d ZmJarH$ËdmMm ào‘ Am{U g‘mZVoMm h³H$ gm‘§Á¶mgmMm h³H$ h³H$ ~mbH$m§Mo ^oX^md h³H$ {damoYr h³H$ $ gm‘m{OH$ d¡¶p³VH ³H$ gwa{jVVoMm h³H$ mh ñdmV§Í¶mM nyd©~më¶mdñWoV g§JmonZ Am{Urb {ejU {MÌ 3.7 ~mbH$m§Mo hŠH$ 24 ^maVr` g§{dYmZmZwgma ~mbH$m§Mo hŠH$ OmJ{VH$ nmVirda ~mbhŠH$ `mMo Ñí`ñdén (Rights of Children on the Global Scene) (1) g‘mZVoMm hŠH$ (H$b‘ 14) ~mbH$m§À`m AmdS>r gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>r 1946 (2) ^oX^md {damoYr hŠH$ (H$b‘ 15) gmbr "`w{Zgo’$' hr g§ñWm C^méZ ‘hËËdmMo nmD$b (3) H$m`XçmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rV amhÿZ d¡`pŠVH$ ñdmV§Í` CMbbo. gmd©{ÌH$ Kmo{fV ‘mZdr hŠH$ 1948 ‘Ü`o {‘iÊ`mMm hŠH$ (H$b‘ 21) OZab Ag|ãbr‘Yo ñdrH$mabo Jobo. `m Kmo{fV H$amam§Mr Am§VaamîQ´>r` ‘mZdhŠH$ H$amam‘Yo nyV©Vm H$ê$Z 1966 (4) H$moUË`mhr YmoH$mXm`H$ amoOJmamÀ`m {R>H$mUr 14 ‘Ü`o ñdrH$mabo. ~mbH$m§Zm AZoH$ ~m~VrV g§ajU df} d`mImbrb ~mbH$m§Zm Zo‘y Z`o. (H$b‘ 24) {‘imbo nm{hOo ho bjmV KoD$Z ñdrH¥$Vr hmoVr. 1959 (5) ~§YZH$maH$ ‘OyargmR>r O~aXñVr H$aUo, ~mbH$m§Mr ‘Ü`o Kmo{fV Ho$bobo `wZm`Q>oS> ZoeÝgMo ~mbhŠH$ `m§‘Yo VñH$ar hmoUo `m§nmgyZ g§a{jV H$aÊ`mMm hŠH$. gd©àW‘ {b{hbobo {dYmZ ~mbhŠH$m§À`m g§ajUm~m~V (H$b‘ 29) Amho. `m‘Yo H$m`XçmÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rnojm Z¡{VH$VoMo {XemXe©H$ Amho. (6) ~mbH$m§Mo hŠH$ g§a{jV amhÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` H$m`Xoera Am{U àemgH$s` Cnm` H$aÊ`mMr `y EZ Kmo{fV ~mbH$m§Mo hŠH$ bd{MH$Vm gaH$mabm Amho. (H$b‘ 37) (1) g‘mZVoMm hŠH$ (7) gm‘m{OH$ AÝ`m` Am{U gd© àH$maMm J¡admna (2) {deof g§ajUmMm hŠH$ hmoÊ`mnmgyZ H$‘Hw$dV JQ>mVrb bmoH$m§Zm g§ajU {‘iÊ`mMm hŠH$. (H$b‘ 46) (3) Zmd, amîQ´>r`ËËd {‘iÊ`mMm hŠH$ (8) nmofH$ Amhma, Mm§Jbo amhUr‘mZ d gwYmarV (4) gm‘m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMm hŠH$ gm‘m{OH$ Amamo½` `mMm hŠH$. (H$b‘ 47) (5) {deof JaOm AgUmè`m ~mbH$m§Mr {deof H$miOr 1974 ‘Ü`o ^maV gaH$maZo ~mbH$m§gmR>rMo amîQ´>r` KoÊ`mMm hŠH$ YmoaU ñdrH$mabo. `m YmoaUm‘Yo ~mbH$ë`mUmH$Sy>Z (6) ào‘ d g‘OyZ KoÊ`mMm hŠH$ ~mb{dH$mgmH$So> bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo hmoVo. g‘mOmVrb H$‘Hw$dV JQ>mda bj H|${ÐV H$éZ ~mbH$m§gmR>r {ejU, (7) {ejUmMm hŠH$ Amamo½`, nmofH$ Amhma Am{U H$a‘UyH$ `mgmR>rMo Cnm` (8) g§ajU d ‘XV {‘iÊ`mMm hŠH$ gaH$maZo hmVr KoVbo. Ooìhm 30 OmZodmar 2006 ‘Ü`o ‘{hbm d ~mb{dH$mg ‘§Ìmb` ApñVËËdmV Ambo (9) Xþb©j hmoUo/ZmH$mabo OmUo, XþîQ>nUm/H«w$aVm, Ë`mnydu ‘Zwî`~i ‘§Ìmb`mH$So> ~mbhŠH$, g§ajU Am{U J¡admna `mÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§nmgyZ g§ajU {‘iUo. ~mb{dH$mg `mgmR>rÀ`m gaH$maÀ`m Cnm``moOZm§Mo H$m‘ hmoVo. (10) ^oX^md hmoB©b Aem gd© nX²YVtnmgyZ g§ajU {‘iUo. 25 H¥$Vr … emar[aH$ JaOm§Mr Zmdo ‘moH$içm Jmobm§‘Yo ^am d àË`oH$mMo EH$ CXmhaU {bhm. emar[aH$ JaOm eãXgyMr Glossary ‘mZ{gH$ gm‘m{OH$ JaOm (Psychosocial Needs) … ‘mZ{gH$ d gm‘m{OH$ KQ>H$m§g§X^m©V JaOm. CXm. ào‘, dmËgë`, AmnwbH$s Am{U ^md{ZH$ AmYma 26  ‘wX²Xçm§Mr COiUr H$am. (A) nyd©~më`mdñWoMr d¡{eîQ>ço g‘ñ`m d` IoiUr d` Q>moirnyd© d` embmnyd© d` àíZd¶, emoYd` Am{U Hw$Vwhb d` AZwH$aU d` (~) ~mbH$m§À`m JaOm emar[aH$ JaOm ‘mZ{gH$-gm‘m{OH$ JaOm ^yH$ Pmon dñÌ {Zdmam Amamo½` ào‘ d dmËgë` ñdrH¥$Vr g‘d`ñH$ JQ> (H$) ~mbH$m§Mo hŠH$ ^maVr` g§{dYmZmZwgma hŠH$ OmJ{VH$ nmVirdarb Ñí` ñdénmVrb ~mbH$m§Mo hŠH$ 27  ñdmÜ`m` à. 1. {Xboë`m n`m©`mVyZ gw`mo½` eãX {ZdSy>Z dmŠ` (3) ^maV gaH$maZo 1974 gmbr............... Mr nyU© H$am. ñdrH¥$Vr Ho$br. (1) nyd© ~më`mdñWm XmoZ df} d`mbm gwê$ hmoVo Am{U (A) amîQ´>r` YmoaU (~) ‘mZdr hŠH$ YmoaU............... df} d`mbm nyU© hmoVo. (H$) amÁ` YmoaU (A) 8 (~) 6 à. 2. nwT>rb g§km ñnîQ> H$am. (H$) 10 (1) g‘ñ`m d` (2) ào‘ d dmËgë` hr ~mbH$m§Mr............... (2) IoiUr d` JaO Amho. (3) àíZ d` (A) ‘mZ{gH$-gm‘m{OH$ (4) AZwH$aU d` (~) emar[aH$ (5) ~mbH$m§Mo hŠH$ (H$) gm‘m{OH$ (6) ‘mZ{gH$-gm‘m{OH$ JaOm à. 3. OmoS>çm bmdm. A ~ (1) emar[aH$ JaOm (A) nyd©~më`mdñWm (2) ‘mZ{gH$-gm‘m{OH$ JaOm (~) ~mbH$m§Mo hŠH$ (3) àíZd` (H$) ñdrH¥$Vr (4) g‘mZVm (S>) {Zdmam (B) CËVa ~më`mdñWm à. 4. emar[aH$ Am{U ‘mZ{gH$-gm‘m{OH$ JaOm emoYm. ñdrH¥$Vr, ^yH$, {Zdmam, ào‘ d dmËgë`, dñÌ, g‘d`ñH$ JQ>, VhmZ, Pmon, {dlm§Vr, Amamo½` à. 5. nwT>rb n[aÀN>oX dmMm d CËVao {bhm. nmbH$ ~mbH$m§Zm gmYmaU {Vgè`m dfu ~mbemioV nmR>dVmV. {ejUVk nyd©~më`mdñWobm embmnyd© d` Ago g§~moYVmV. embmnyd© {ejUmMm hoVy ~mbH$mMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg hm AgVmo. emar[aH$, H$maH$, ~moYmË‘H$, ^mfm, ^md{ZH$ Am{U gm‘m{OH$ `m {dH$mgmÀ`m A§Jm§Zm {d{dY H¥$VtX²dmao CX²XrnZ ~mbemioV {Xbo OmVo, AZw^d Am{U g§Yr nwadë`m OmVmV. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ {d{dY Ioi Am{U emoYd¥ËVrbm CX²XrnZ XoÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmgmR>r ~mbemim ~mbH$m§Zm {gX²Y H$aVmV. (1) nyd©~më`mdñWobm embmnyd© AdñWm Ago H$m g§~moYVmV? (2) nyd©embo` {ejU ~mbH$mbm Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejUmgmR>r H$go V`ma H$aVo? 28 à. 6. Vw‘À`m eãXmV ñnîQ>rH$aU {bhm. (1) ~më`mdñWoMm H$mi ‘mZdr OrdZmV gdm©V ‘hËËdmMm H$m AgVmo? (2) ~mbH$m§Mo hŠH$ g{dñVanUo ñnîQ> H$am. àH$ën / ñd`§AÜ``Z ~mb{ejUm{df`r gaH$mar YmoaUm§Mr ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$am Am{U Ahdmb V`ma H$am. v v v 29  4 nyd©~më`mdñWoVrb emar[aH$ Am{U H$maH$ {dH$mg AH$amdrV {dH$mgmÀ`m A§Jm§À`m g§H$ënZoMr AmoiI Vwåhmbm Pmbr Amho. Amnë`mbm ‘m{hV Amho H$s {dH$mg hm doJdoJù`m KQ>H$m§‘Ü`o {d^mJbobm AgVmo. Ë`mVrb A^©H$mdñWoVrb emar[aH$ Am{U H$maH$ {dH$mg ¶m KQ>H$mMm AmnU Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. ¶m KQ>H$m{df`r Oo kmZ Amnë`mbm Amho Vo VnmgyZ nmhÿ `m. A^©H$mdñWoVrb emar[aH$ d H$maH$ {dH$mgmVrb d¡H$m{gH$ Q>ßno (Milestones of Physical and Motor development during Infancy) (1) AmYmamZo ~gm`bm gwédmV H$aUo. (2) IoiUr YaUo Am{U hbdUo. (3) doJmZo Am{U H$m¡eë`nyU© am§JUo. (4) C^o amhUo, AmYmamgmR>r ‘moR>çm ì`ŠVr qH$dm ’${Z©MaMm AmYma KoUo. (5) EH$Q>o MmbUo. (6) MmbVmZm AmoT>Vm `oUmè`m Am{U T>H$bVm `oUmè`m IoiÊ`m§Mm AmZ§X KoUo. (7) M‘À¶mZo ImUo. (8) nim`bm gwédmV H$aUo. (9) niUo. (10) MT>Uo. ¶mnydu {‘imboë`m kmZmà‘mUo ho Amnë`mbm ñnîQ>nUo bjmV `oVo H$s A^©H$mdñWoV dmT> Iyn ObX JVrZo hmoVo. AmVm AmnU "embmnyd©' H$mimVrb emar[aH$ Am{U H$maH$ {dH$mgm{df`r g{dñVanUo g‘OyZ KoD$`mV. Xn©U Vw‘À`m embmnyd© H$mim~m~V {dMma H$am. Vw‘À`m Ago bjmV ¶oB©b H$s Ë`m d`mV H$mhr ~mbHo$ Vw‘À`mnojm C§M, H$mhr ~wQ>H$s, H$mhr OmS>, H$mhr ~marH$ Va H$mhr OU ~bdmZ Va H$mhr OU H$‘Omoa hmoVr. ¶mMr H$maUo H$moUVr Agy eH$VmV? 4.1 nyd©~më¶mdñWoVrb emar[aH$ {dH$mg (Physical 4.2 emar[aH$ {dH$mgmMo n¡by (Aspects of Physical Development in Early Childhood) Development) emar[aH$ {dH$mgm‘ܶo earamda {Z¶§ÌU {dH$grV AZwd§e Am{U dmVmdaU ¶m XmoÝhrMm emar[aH$ H$aUo, {d{eîQ> ñZm¶y Am{U eara ¶mV g‘Ýd¶ ¶mMm {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ hmoVmo. emar[aH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m gd© g‘mdoe hmoVmo. earamMr dmT> Am{U H$m¡eë¶m§Mm {dH$mg n¡by§‘ܶo ì`ŠVr{^ÝZVm {XgyZ `oVo. ¶mV ‘|Xÿ, ñZm¶y Am{U kmZ|{ж ¶m§À¶mer g§~§{YV {dH$mg (A) dOZ Am{U C§Mr (Height and Weight) AgVmo. CXm. ~mbH$mÀ¶m n§M|{жm§Mm åhUOo ÑîQ>r, ñne©, J§Y, AmdmO Am{U Md ¶m§À¶m {dH$mgm~amo~a embmnyd© AdñWoV ~mbH$m§Mr dmT> pñWa AgVo. OJm{df¶r kmZ {‘idVo. emar[aH$ {dH$mg hm Amamo½¶ àË`oH$ dfu gd©gmYmaU Ë`m§À`m C§MrV 6.35 go‘r Am{U ñdmñ϶mMo ‘hËËdmMo Xe©H$ AmhoV. Am{U 2.27 Vo 3.18 {H$bmoJ«°‘ dOZmV dmT> Pmbobr 30 {XgyZ `oVo. embmnyd© ~mbH$ Ogo ‘moR>o hmoV OmVo Vgo ~mbH$mMo ~migo Zmhrgo hmoVo. Mohè`mMr R>odU àË`oH$ dmT>Ë`m dfm©V C§Mr dmT>Ê`mMo à‘mU dmT>Vo Va bhmZM amhVo. earamMm AmH$ma e§Hy$à‘mUo {Xgy dOZ dmT>Ê`mMo à‘mU H$‘r hmoVo. ¶m H$mimV ‘wbo Am{U bmJVmo. Im§Xo é§X hmoD$ bmJVmV. hmV Am{U nm`mMr ‘wbr ¶m XmoKm§À`mhr YS>mMr C§Mr dmT>V Agë`m‘wio bm§~r dmTy> bmJVo Am{U n§Om d nmdbo ‘moR>r hmoD$ ~marH$ {Xgy bmJVmV. Jw~Jw~rV {XgUmè`m ~mbH$m§Mm bmJVmV. nyd©~më`mdñWoV earamÀ`m ~m§YUr‘Yrb ’$aH$ Jw~Jw~rVnUm ~më`mdñWoÀ`m eodQ>r H$‘r hmoVmo. Ë`m§Mo àW‘M {XgyZ `oD$ bmJVmo. H$mhr ~mbHo$ ñWybàYmZ ~migo H$‘r hmoVo Am{U Vo bhmZ d ~marH$ {Xgy bmJVmV. (Endomorphic) H$mhr ñZm`yàYmZ (Mesomorphic) hmV Am{U nm`mMr bm§~r dmT>Vo Am{U ñZm`y§Zm ~iH$Q>r Va H$mhr ApñWàYmZ (Ectomorphic) {Xgy bmJVmV. ¶oʶmg gwédmV hmoVo. (H$) ñZm`y§Mm {dH$mg (Muscular Development) ~mbH$m§Mo ñZm`y ‘moR>o, ~iH$Q> Am{U Ë`m§À`m dOZmV dmT> hmoVmZm gwédmV Pmbobr {XgVo. bhmZ Am{U 20 {H$.J«°. ‘moR>çm ñZm`y§À`m {dH$mgmbm ObXJVrZo gwédmV hmoVo. ~mbHo$ ñWyb (‘moR>çm) ñZm`y§Mr H$m¡eë`o Ogo MmbUo, CS>çm ‘maUo, MT>Uo Am{U Vmob gm§^miUo ¶m {H«$¶m H$am`bm {eH$VmV. {edm` Vo gyú‘ (bhmZ) ñZm`y§Mr H$m¡eë`o Ogo {MÌ H$mT>Uo, ‘Ur AmodUo, a§JdUo ¶m {H«$¶m XoIrb H$am`bm {eH$VmV. {MÌ 4.1 dOZ Am{U C§Mr (S>) ApñWgm§JmS>çmMm {dH$mg (Skeletal Development) VrZ dfm©À`m embmnyd© ~mbH$mMr dmT> gd©gmYmaUnUo C§Mr 96 g|‘r Am{U dOZ 14.51 ApñW¨‘ܶo I{ZOrH$aU à{H«$¶m (ossify) {H$bmoJ«°‘ Pmbobo {XgVo. nwT>À`m VrZ dfm©V, {ZamoJr earamÀ`m doJdoJiçm ^mJmV doJdoJiçm JVrZo hmoVo. embmnyd© ~mbH$mÀ`m C§MrV 5 Vo 7 g|‘r Am{U dOZmV g§nyU© ~më`mdñWoV ApñW hiyhiy H$R>rU hmoV OmVmV. 1.81 Vo 2.27 {H$bmoJ«°‘Zr àË`oH$ dfu dmT> Pmbobr I{ZOrH$aUmMr JVr ‘wbo Am{U ‘wbt‘Ü`o doJdoJir {XgVo. d`mÀ`m 6ì`m dfu, C§Mr 117 g|‘r Am{U dOZ AgVo. 21 {H$bmoJ«°‘ Pmbobo {XgVo. ho AmH$So> gd©gmYmaU (B) ‘|XyMm {dH$mg (Brain Development) Am{U àË`oH$ ~mbH$m‘Ü`o {^ÝZ AgVmV. gm‘m{OH$ ‘|XÿMm nwT>Mm ^mJ ‘moR>m ‘|Xÿ Am{W©H$ XOm©, nmofU, Amamo½` Am{U AZwd§e ¶m KQ>H$m§da (’«§$Q>b bmo~) (goao~«‘) Vo Adb§~yZ AgVmV. (~) emar[aH$ à‘mU~X²YVm (Body proportion) bhmZ ‘|Xÿ (goao~ob‘) ‘ÁOmaÁOy {MÌ 4.3 ‘|XÿMm {dH$mg ‘|Xÿ Am{U ‘ÁOmg§ñWoMm gVV hmoUmam {dH$mg nyd©~më`mdñWoV hmoUmè`m emar[aH$ {dH$mgmVrb EH$ {MÌ 4.2 emar[aH$ à‘mU~X²YVm gdm©V ‘hËËdmMm {dH$mg Amho. Oar nyd©~më`mdñWoV 31 ‘|XÿMr dmT> gVV hmoV Agbr Var A^©H$mdñWoV Ë`mMr AY©Jmob (Right Hemisphere) hm AempãXH$ joÌ OodT>r ObX JVrZo dmT> hmoVo VodT>r nyd©~më¶mdñWoV JVr Ogo AdH$me{df¶H$ j‘Vm, A§Vam{df¶r A§XmO H$aUo, ZgVo. ZH$memdmMZ, ^m¡{VH$ AmH$mamMr AmoiI, {MÌH$bm, g§JrV Am{U ^mdZm§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr ¶m j‘Vm {dH$grV {Vgè`m dfm©V nmohMon`ªV ~mbH$mÀ`m ‘|XÿMo H$aVo. S>mdImoè`m ì`ŠVt‘Ü`o ‘mÌ hr g§aMZm Zo‘H$s AmH$ma‘mZ àm¡T>m§À`m ‘|XÿÀ¶m 1/3 hmoVo. Va 6ì`m {déX²Y AgVo. dfm©V nmohMon`ªV Ë`mMo AmH$ma‘mZ àm¡T>m§À`m ‘|XyÀ`m AmH$ma‘mZmÀ¶m 95% Pmbobo AgVo. ‘|XÿVrb H$mhr hñVVm (Handedness) qH$dm EH$m {d{eîQ> A§VJ©V ~Xbm‘wio So>ÝS´>mB©Q> (dendrite) OmoS>Ur‘Ü`o hmVmMm dmna nyd©~më`mdñWon`ªV {ZpíMV Pmbobm dmT> hmoVo. ‘‚mmnoerdarb AmdaU d ‘ÁOmnoerdarb ZgVmo. bhmZ ‘|Xÿ / AZw‘pñVîH$mbm (Cerebellum), ‘oXmMo AmdaU V¶ma hmoʶmÀ¶m à{H«$¶obm ‘mE{bZoeZ ‘|XyÀ`m ~mhçnQ>bmÀ`m ’«§$Q>b (Frontal) Am{U nam¶Q>b (myelination) åhUVmV. ‘mE{bZoeZMr à{H«$`m (Parietal) bmoãO² (lobes)er OmoS>Umè`m V§VyMr dmT> ‘ÁOmg§ñWoH$Sy>Z hmoUmè`m g§XoedhZmMr JVr Am{U hmoD$Z Ë`mdarb ‘mE{bZMo AmdaU V`ma hmoVo `m‘wio H$m`©j‘Vm ¶m§Mr dmT> H$aÊ`mg O~m~Xma AgVo. nyd©~më`mdñWo‘Yrb H$maH$ g‘Ýd` qH$dm ñZm`y§Vrb ~mbH$m§À`m AZoH$ j‘Vm§À`m {dH$mgm‘Ü`o hr à{H«$`m g‘Ýd`m‘Ü`o bjdoYr dmT> Pmbobr {XgVo. ‘hËËdmMr AgVo. A^©H$mdñWm Am{U e¡edmdñWm (’$) XmVm§Mm {dH$mg Development of teeth) ¶m‘ܶo gwê$ Pmbobm ‘|XÿMm {dH$mg g§nyU© nyd©~më¶mdñWoV gVV gwéM amhVmo. ~hþVoH$ gd© ~mbH$m§‘Ü`o d`mÀ`m AS>rM dfm©n`ªV XwYmMo /AñWm`r drg XmV Ambobo {XgVmV. Ë`mVrb Xhm earamÀ`m BVa Ad`dm§nojm ‘|XyMr dmT> OmñV XmV daÀ`m O~S>çmV d Xhm XmV ImbÀ`m O~S>çmV ObX JVrZo hmoVo. nyd©~më`mdñWoÀ`m eodQ>mn`ªV AgVmV. Oer ~mbH$mMr dmT> hmoVo Vgm ˶mMm O~S>m ‘|XÿÀ`m H$mhr ^mJmV ‘hËËdnyU© dmT> Pmbobr {XgVo. ‘moR>m hmoD$ bmJVmo d XþYmÀ¶m / AñWm¶r XmVm§‘ܶo ’$Q>r CXm. ‘hmg§`moOr qnS> (Corpus Callosum) Á`m‘wio {XgVmV. Á¶m‘wio H$m¶‘ñdê$nr XmVm§gmR>r OmJm {Z‘m©U ‘ÁOmV§VyÀ`m JR²>R>çmZo ‘|XÿMo XmoÝhr AY©Jmob OmoS>bobo hmoVo. AgVmV, Vo OmS>ga hmoVmV. nyd©~më`mdñWoV ‘hmg§`moOr d`mÀ`m 6ì`m dfm©Z§Va AñWm`r qH$dm XþYmMo qnS>mMr g§nH©$ñWmZo {gZ°ßg² (synapse) Am{U ‘mE{bZoeZ XmV nSy>Z Ë`mMr OmJm H$m`‘ñdénr XmV KoD$ bmJVmV. (myelination) ¶m§Mr {Z{‘©Vr CÀM nmVirda Agbobr gd©gmYmaUnUo nyd©~më`mdñWoÀ`m eodQ>r ~mbH$m§‘Ü`o {XgVo. ‘hmg§`moOr qnS>m‘wio earamÀ`m XmoÝhr ~mOy§À`m nwT>Mo EH$ qH$dm XmoZ H$m`‘ñdê$nr XmV `oVmV Am{U hmbMmbt‘Ü`o g‘Ýd` amhVmo. {dMmam~m~VMo KQ>H$ nS>boë¶m XmVm§À¶m OmJr H$m¶‘ñdê$nr XmV ¶oVmV. AmH$bZ, AdYmZ, ñ‘aU, ^mfm VgoM g‘ñ`m n[ahma ¶mgma»`m ‘hËËdmÀ`m H$m`m©gmR>r AmYma {‘iVmo. 4.3 emar[aH$ {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmao KQ>H$ (Factors influencing Physical ‘|XÿMo ~mhçmdaU (cortex of the brain) XmoZ Development) ^mJm§Mo ~Zbobo AgVo. Ë`m§Zm AY©Jmob (hemisphere) åhUVmV. ho AY©Jmob {d{dY H$m`© {Z`§{ÌV H$aVmV. (A) ñdmñ϶ (Health) d`mÀ`m 3 Vo 6 ¶m dfm©V S>mì`m AY©Jmobm‘Ü`o (Left gd©gmYmaUnUo embmnyd© AdñWo‘Yrb ~mbHo$ Hemisphere) {dXçwVdmhH$ H¥$Vr gdm©V ObX {ZamoJr AgVmV. nU Ë`m§À`mV Amamo½¶m~m~V H$mhr JVrZo Mmby Agboë`m {XgyZ `oVmV. S>mdm AY©Jmob g‘ñ`m {Z‘m©U hmoD$ eH$VmV. Ogo gXu, ImoH$bm, hm empãXH$ j‘Vm Ogo ~mobUo, dmMUo, {dMma H$aUo nmoQ>XwIr ¶mgmaIo {H$aH$moi AmOma hmoD$ eH$VmV. Am{U H$maU‘r‘m§gm ¶mbm O~m~Xma AgVmo. COdm Ë`m§Mm H$mbmdYr XmoZ AmR>dS>çmnojm OmñV ZgVmo. 32 ’w$ß’w$go AOyZ nyU©nUo {dH${gV Pmbobr Zgë`m‘wio (S>) {dlm§Vr (Rest) gd©gmYmaUnUo ¶m d`mV ~mbH$m§Zm ídgZmMo AmOma nyd©~më`mdñWo‘Ü`o ~mbH$mbm 10 Vo 12 Vmg Pmbobo {XgVmV. ~më`mdñWoVrb ~hþVoH$ AmOmam§Zm Pmon {‘iUo JaOoMo AgVo. H$maU ~mbH$ Á`mdoir S>m°ŠQ>a qH$dm Zg©À¶m n[aM¶m©Mr JaO ZgVo. CbQ> gXu, PmonVo Ë`mdoir Ë`mÀ`m dmT>rg Amdí`H$ g§àoaHo$ aŠVmV ImoH$ë¶mgmaIo {H$aH$moi AmOma ~mbH$m§Zm emar[aH$ ñÌdÊ`mMr nmVir gdm©V OmñV AgVo. ~mbH$mÀ`m VmU, emar[aH$ ñdmñ϶mg§~§Yr OwidyZ KoʶmMo H$m¡eë¶ earambm Pmon Amdí`H$ AgVo. ~mbH$ PmononmgyZ d§{MV {eH$ʶmg ‘XV H$aVmV. am{hë`mg dmT>rgmR>r Amdí`H$ g§àoaHo$ H$‘r ñÌdVmV. (~) nmofU (Nutrition) Á`mMm n[aUm‘ emar[aH$ dmT>rda Pmbobm {Xgy eH$Vmo. dmT> Am{U {dH$mgmgmR>r embmnyd© AdñWoVrb (B) dmVmdaU (Environment) ~mbH$m§Zm nmofH$ AmhmamMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. XyY hm g§nyU© Am`wî`mV Hw$Qw>§~, hdm‘mZ, AÝZ, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ H°$pëe`‘ (Calcium) Mm gdm©V CËV‘ ñÌmoV Amho. dmVmdaU, gm‘m{OH$-Am{W©H$ XOm© ¶mgmaIo dmVmdaUr` ~iH$Q> Am{U {ZamoJr XmV d ApñW> ¶m§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r KQ>H$ ~mbH$mÀ`m dmT> Am{U {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ H$aVmV. H°$pëe`‘Mr JaO AgVo. MmoWm / V§Vy hm nmofUmMm AOyZ EH$ ‘hËËdmMm òmoV Amho. ’$i, ^mÁ`m, YmÝ` Am{U (’$) AZwd§e (Heredity) H$S>YmÝ` ho V§Vy‘` / MmoWm¶w³V nXmW© AmhoV. ñdmñÏ`nyU© ì`ŠVrJV emar[aH$ {dH$mgmda AZwd§{eH$Vm AmhmamÀ`m gd`r Am{U Mm§Jë`m nmofUmMr {ZdS> hr OmñV à^md Q>mH$Vo. OZwHo$ ho Iè`m AWm©Zo AZwd§{eH$Vm gm‘mÝ` {dH$mgmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho. Hw$nmofUm‘wio EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$So> dmhÿZ ZoUmao AgVmV. nyd©~më¶mdñWoVrb dmT> Am{U {dH$mg H$‘Omoa hmoVmo. hr OZwHo$ C§Mr, dOZ, ËdMoMm a§J, S>moù`mMm a§J, Ho$g Ë`m‘wio nmbH$ Am{U g§JmonZH$Ë`mªZr ~mbH$mMo nmofU Am{U ‘Yw‘oh, öX`{dH$ma, X‘m ¶mgma»`m AmZwd§{eH$ `mo½` AmhmamZo nyU© H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. AmOma ¶m KQ>H$m§Mo dhZ H$aVmV. (H$) bgrH$aU (Immunization) 4.4 nyd©~më`mdñWoVrb H$maH$ {dH$mg (Motor ~mbH$m§À¶m Ordmbm YmoH$m {Z‘m©U H$aUmè¶m Development in Early Childhood) AmOmam§nmgyZ g§ajU hmoʶmgmR>r "bgrH$aU' EH$ H$maH$ {dH$mg (Motor Development) emar[aH$ ‘hËËdnyU© H$m¶©H«$‘ Amho. d¡XçH$s` à{V~§Y H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmT>, hmS>m§Mo d ñZm`y§Mr ~iH$Q>r, hmbMmbtMr j‘Vm bgrH$aU hr godm àË`oH$ ~mbH$mgmR>r gwMdbobr Amho. Am{U dmVmdaUmVrb JmoîQ>tZm ñne© H$aUo ¶mÀ`mer Á`m ~mbH$m§Zm bdH$aÀ`m d`mV bgrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo g§~§{YV AgVmo. Ë`m§Mr dmT> bgrH$aU Z Ho$boë`m ~mbH$m§nojm ObX JVrZo hmoVo. ho Vwåhmbm ‘m{hVr Amho H$m? 1978 gmbr OmJ{VH$ bgrH$aU H$m`©H«$‘m§VJ©V bgrH$aU H$m`©H«$‘mMr ^maVmV àW‘ AmoiI Pmbr. KQ>gn© (Diphtheria), noQ´>çwgrg (Petrussis), YZw©dmV (Tetanus), nmo{bAmo (Polio), Jmoda (Measles), ~mbd`mVrb j`amoJ (Childhood Tuberculosis), {hn°Q>°Q>rg ~ (Hepatitis B), {h‘mo’o${bH$ EÝâbyE§Pm (Heamophilic influenza Type B) Q>mB©n ~ Am{U A{Vgma (Diarrhoea) ¶m gmV AmOmam§da ^maV gaH$maV’}$ à{V~§YmË‘H$ Cnm` åhUyZ bgrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. 33  nyd©~më`mdñWm ho H$m¡eë` {eH$Ê`mgmR>rMo AmXe© (~) nmX H$m¡eë`o/nm`mMr H$m¡eë`o (Leg skills) d` Amho. ¶m d`mV ~mbH$m§Zm nwZamd¥ËVr H$am`bm EH$Xm ~mbH$mbm MmbVm `m`bm bmJbo H$s AmdS>Vo. ¶m d`mV ~mbH$m§Zm AmìhmZo ñdrH$mam¶bm Ë`m§Mo bj nm`mÀ`m BVa hmbMmbr {eH$Ê`mH$So> H|$ÐrV AmdS>Vo. VgoM Ë`m§Mo eara AOyZhr bd{MH$ AgVo. hmoVo. nyd©~më`mdñWoÀ`m eodQ>r, ~mbHo$ niUo, Qw>UQw>U n[anŠdVmnyU© V`mar, g§Yr d ‘mJ©Xe©Z hr H$m¡eë` CS>çm ‘maUo, XmoardaÀ`m CS>çm ‘maUo Am{U MT>Uo ¶m {eH$Ê`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgVo. ¶mda ~mbH$m§Zr H$mhr H¥$Vr OmñV g’$mB©XmanUo H$am`bm {eH$VmV. ¶m{edm` {d{eîQ> H$m¡eë`o {eH$Uo H$mhr à‘mUmV Adb§~yZ AgVo. Vmob gm§^miUo, H$mobm§Q>çm CS>çm ‘maUo, ñHo$Q>tJ, Z¥Ë` gd©gmYmaUnUo nyd©~më`mdñWoV Or hñV H$m¡eë`o d nmX H$aUo, gm`H$b MmbdUo ¶mgmaIr H$m¡eë`o AmË‘gmV H$m¡eë`o AmË‘gmV Ho$br OmVmV Vr Imbrbà‘mUo - H$aVmV. (A) hñV H$m¡eë`o/hmVmMr H$m¡eë`o (Hand Skills) 4.5 H$maH$ {dH$mgmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmao KQ>H$ (Factors nyd©~më`mdñWo‘Ü`o ~mbHo$ XmV KmgUo, Ho$g influencing Motor Development) qdMaUo, Am§Kmoi H$aUo, M|Sy> ’o$H$Uo d nH$S>Uo, H$mJX (A) earamMo AmH$ma‘mZ (Body size) H$mnUo, ‘mVrH$m‘, {b{hUo, {MÌ H$mT>Uo Am{U a§JdUo ¶mgma»`m H$m¡eë`m§‘Ü`o {ZîUmV hmoVmV. d`mÀ`m earamM