Data, Information, and Knowledge PDF

DATA, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEM DAT 20603 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM 1 Outlines KEY TERMS OF DATA, EXAMPLES OF DATA, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REFLECTIVE THINKING EXERCISE INFORMATION AND INFORMATION AND DA...

DATA, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEM DAT 20603 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM 1 Outlines KEY TERMS OF DATA, EXAMPLES OF DATA, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REFLECTIVE THINKING EXERCISE INFORMATION AND INFORMATION AND DATA, INFORMATION AND ON DATA, INFORMATION , KNOWLEDGE. KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM 2 Learning Objectives : Differentiate by terms between data, information and knowledge. Illustrate using suitable examples explaining the difference between data, information and knowledge. Aware of the importance and the relationship between data, information and knowledge. 3 Defining : DATA Data is raw, unprocessed facts and figures without context for example number and dates. Data has no meaning on its own. Examples of data that are varied by context include temperature readings, sales numbers, test results and game scores. Characteristics of data can be structured, unstructured, quantitative and qualitative. 4 Examples of DATA: Context Types of DATA in context Examples of DATA value Daily sales figures 150 units sold on Monday ; 200 units sold on Tuesday Business Customer reviews "Product quality is great," "Delivery was delayed." Product IDs 12345 ; 67890 ; 11234. Patient vital signs Blood pressure 120/80, temperature 98.6°F Healthcare Test results Blood glucose level 110 mg/dL. Appointment times 9:30 AM, 2:45 PM. Experiment readings Temperature 25°C, 30°C, 35°C at time intervals. Chemical concentrations 0.5 M, 1 M, 2 M. Scientific pixels intensity values representing the concentration of stain Microscopic images used to highlight certain structures (e.g. darker regions indicating more protein presence) 5 Examples of DATA : Context Types of DATA in context Examples of DATA value Exam scores 85, 90, 72. Attendance records Present/Absent. Education Course enrolment numbers 172 students in course DAT202603 IP addresses 192.168.0.1 ; 10.0.0.2 Timestamps and events, e.g., "2023-10-15 12:00:05 Technology Log files Login successful." Code snippets print("Hello, world!") Census data Age, income, household size. Government and Crime reports Incident types, locations, timestamps. Public Sector Percentage of eligible voters who voted in a given election Voter turnout (e.g. Voter in Mahkota polls turnout reaches 47.16%). 6 Examples of DATA : Context Type of DATA in context Examples of DATA value Ad click-through rates 3%, 5%, 7% Marketing Social media likes 500 likes, 300 shares Email open rates 30%, 40%, 50%. Stock prices $100, $105, $110 per share Finance Transaction amounts $250 ; RM500 ; Rp1200 Interest rates 3.5% ; 4.0% ; 4.5% Temperature readings 75°F, 80°F. Weather and Environment Rainfall data 25 mm ; 3 inch Wind speed 15 mph ; 20 mph. Player statistics 25 points ; 2 goals Games scores JDT : 6 Selangor FC: 1 (Football) Sports 21-18, 16-21, 21-13 (Badminton) Athlete performance metrics 100 meters in 10.2 seconds 7 Characteristics of DATA : o Structured o Unstructured o Quantitative o Qualitative 8  Structured DATA Structured data refers to highly organized and spreadsheet formatted data in a way that is easily searchable in databases. It fits neatly into rows and columns, making it easy to input, query, and analyze. Usually in a tabular form examples in spreadsheet and relational databases. Stored in databases with a defined schema example SQL databases. Relational database Examples of structured data are names , addresses, transaction details, product IDs. 9 Unstructured DATA Unstructured data refers to data that lacks a pre- defined structure or format. It doesn’t fit neatly into tables and is often difficult to process and analyze using traditional methods. Doesn’t have a specific format or organization. Can be in formats like text , images, videos, audio files and documents. Examples of unstructured data are social media posts, photos, video footage and PDFs. 10  A huge portion of the world’s data is unstructured, and it’s growing exponentially. But structured data is significantly easier to search, categorize, understand and derive value from. This is why structuring unstructured data is key to modern businesses. 11 Quantitative DATA Quantitative data refers to data that can be measured and expressed numerically. It is used to quantify variables and can be analyzed using statistical or mathematical methods. Numerical in nature. Quantitative data can be counted or measured example height, weight, temperature and test scores Can be expressed in terms of quantity, amount, or frequency. 12 Qualitative DATA Qualitative data refers to descriptive data that cannot be measured numerically. It focuses on the quality or characteristics of something and is used to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. Descriptive in nature. Data can be observed but not easily measured for example emotions, behaviors and opinions. Usually expressed in terms of words, categories, or labels. 13 Example : Evaluation data of software application 14  Date of birth, is the data structured or unstructured? Reflective In ice-breaking activities that you have sorted Thinking yourself into Birthday Month, which data can be characterized as quantitative and qualitative? Justify your answer. 15 Characteristics of Data: Structured, Unstructured, Quantitative, Qualitative Structured data is well-organized, easily searchable, and ideal for traditional database storage and analysis. Unstructured data is less organized, harder to process, and requires more advanced techniques to extract meaningful insights. However, it often provides richer and more comprehensive data for decision-making. Quantitative data focuses on numbers, measurement, and statistical analysis, making it ideal for assessing trends, correlations, and patterns. Qualitative data focuses on understanding experiences, behaviours, and opinions, offering deep insights into the "why" and "how" of phenomena. 16 Defining : INFORMATION Information is data that is processed, organized or structured. It provides context or meaning. Examples of information are monthly sales report and average temperature of the day. Characteristics of information relate data to a specific context and enable understanding. 17 Examples of DATA and INFORMATION: Context DATA INFORMATION Product ID: 2031 Sales figures: $25,000 (Q1), $30,000 Sales increased by 60% over three quarters for the product Business (Q2), $40,000 (Q3) and customer feedback indicates that while product quality Customer feedback: “Product arrived is good, there are issues with timely delivery. late,” “Great quality.” Patient ID: 10456 Age: 45 years The patient's blood pressure indicates hypertension, and the Healthcare Blood Pressure: 140/90 mmHg glucose level suggests a risk for type 2 diabetes. Glucose Test Result: 7.5 mmol/L Bacterial growth: 500 colonies in a The bacteria grew into 500 colonies under optimal conditions Scientific petri dish in 24 hours, and the presence of 10 µg/mL of the antibiotic (Microbiology) Incubation time: 24 hours at 37°C did not significantly affect bacterial growth, indicating Antibiotic concentration: 10 µg/mL antibiotic resistance. 18 Examples of DATA and INFORMATION : Context DATA INFORMATION Student scores: 85, 78, 92, 88 The student performs above average with a Education Attendance: 95% strong attendance record, indicating good Assignments submitted: 12 out of 12 academic progress. The device is connected to the local network IP address: 192.168.1.1 with a relatively fast download speed, but the Technology Download speed: 100 Mbps 2% packet loss and 50 ms ping indicate (Computer Networks) Packet loss: 2% possible network congestion or quality issues, Ping: 50 ms which could affect real-time communication (e.g., video calls or gaming). Malaysia is a young and growing nation, with a Country : Malaysia median age of 30 and an urbanization rate of Government and Total population: 33 million 75%. The high level of urbanization suggests Public Sector Urbanization rate: 75% of the continued demand for urban infrastructure, (Census and Population) population lives in urban areas while the life expectancy of 76 years indicates Median age: 30 years improvements in healthcare and living Life expectancy: 76 years standards. 19 Examples of DATA and INFORMATION by context Context DATA INFORMATION Out of 5,000 ad views, 100 people clicked on the Ad impressions: 5,000 ad, and 75 of those led to conversions, indicating Marketing Click-through rate (CTR): 2% effective ad targeting but a low overall conversion Conversion rate: 1.5% rate. Account balance: RM5,000 The account balance has been fluctuating, with Transactions: RM700 (withdrawal), RM500 more withdrawals than deposits recently. The Finance (deposit) interest rate suggests moderate earnings on savings. Interest rate: 3.5% per annum Temperature: 30°C The current weather is warm with moderate Weather and Humidity: 60% humidity and a light breeze, suggesting a relatively Environment Wind Speed: 10 km/h pleasant day. The team has had a successful season so far, Wins: 18 out of 25 matches winning 18 of their 25 matches and maintaining a Goals scored: 45 goals strong goal difference (45 goals scored vs. 20 Sports Goals conceded: 20 goals conceded). The average attendance of 30,000 per Average attendance: 30,000 fans per game game indicates solid fan support, contributing to a strong home-field advantage. 20 Defining : KNOWLEDGE Information that is applied to make decisions, predictions or derive insight. It is based on experience and analysis. Examples of knowledge are business strategy based on past performance and diagnosis of an issue based on symptoms. Characteristics of information includes personalized and experiential, and can be tacit (personal) or explicit (documented). 21 Data, Information, Knowledge 22  Example 1: Data, Information, Knowledge Data Information Knowledge The high bounce rate indicates that many visitors are not finding what they need or Website traffic: 50,000 visitors per day The website attracts a large are dissatisfied with the website’s layout Bounce rate: 40% audience, but 40% leave the site or content. Redesigning the website to Conversion rate: 5% (2,500 purchases quickly (bounce rate), and only 5% improve navigation or adding clearer from 50,000 visitors) make a purchase. product descriptions could improve the conversion rate. Domain/Context: Technology 23  Example 2: Data, Information, Knowledge Data Information Knowledge The company’s strategy of focusing on The company earned RM 500,000 in Quarterly revenue: RM 2 million customer satisfaction is working, but the net profit this quarter, with a solid Operating costs: RM 1.5 million slow customer acquisition rate suggests customer satisfaction rating of 85%. Customer satisfaction score: 85% the need for increased marketing efforts However, acquiring 300 new customers Number of new customers: 300 or revised sales strategies to attract more was below the target of 500. new customers. Domain/Context: Business 24  Example 3: Data, Information, Knowledge Data Information Knowledge Patient ID: 10456 The patient has a fever (101°F), elevated The doctor diagnoses the patient might Age : 45 years blood pressure (140/90 mmHg), and high have an infection that’s exacerbating Temperature: 101°F blood sugar (250 mg/dL). These indicate their diabetic condition prescribes Blood pressure: 140/90 mmHg signs of infection and possible complications antibiotics and adjusts the diabetes Heart rate: 100 bpm related to diabetes. management plan. Blood sugar level: 250 mg/dL Domain/Context: Healthcare 25 Relationship Between Data, Information and Knowledge 26 Relationship Between Data, Information and Knowledge 27 28 Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom Why ? Each step up the How ? pyramid answers questions about the _______ data Who ? Adds ______ to it. What ? When? Where? https://youtu.be/hxYAglR59p0?si=dsFG6pXJoEx7oYOz Watch the video on your own device : 29  The Initial data is the date of birth. Reflective What information can be processed from the date of birth? How is the information about the date of birth relevant? Thinking Why knowledge of the date of birth is important? Illustrate the answer with examples of Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom within the context of date of birth. 30 Thank You ANY QUESTIONS? 31