1.1+Attributes+of+Life.pdf

Module 1: Animals and Their History Attributes of Life [What is an animal?] Bio 100.01 – General Zoology, Lecture LUIGI E. BARROGA, MSc. Instructor Department of Biology School of Science & Enginee...

Module 1: Animals and Their History Attributes of Life [What is an animal?] Bio 100.01 – General Zoology, Lecture LUIGI E. BARROGA, MSc. Instructor Department of Biology School of Science & Engineering Ateneo de Manila University #zooLUCHy https://www.flickr.com/pho https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/48824-Porifera/browse_photos https://selliliar.live/product_details/49403147.html Module 1: Animals and Their History What is an animal? Learning Targets Define what is life? / Differentiate living things from non-living things Enumerate the attributes of life exhibited by animals https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/48824-Porifera/browse_photos LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology 01 02 03 Organization Gather & use Internal of energy constancy Chemical organization Metabolism Excitability Cellular organization Nutrition Homeostasis Structural organization Contractility 04 05 Perpetuate life Adapt to changes Reproduction Adaptation Growth & Evolution Development Diversification LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Chemical Organization A living system is made up of 4 organic compounds of life: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids Made up of element Carbon ~ “indispensable element of life” © Karp, 2013 © Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  © Karp, 2013 © Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Cellular Organization All living things are built from cells ~ the basic structural and functional unit of life Cells differ vastly in form and function, yet, share a fundamental chemistry & other common differences. Differences in size, shape, and chemical requirements reflect differences in cellular functions. Urry et al., 2021; © Urry et al., 2021 Alberts et al., 2023 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell © Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  How does the internal organization of cells allow them to perform the functions of life? internal compartments divide a cell to facilitate independent chemical reactions © Urry et al., 2021 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Cellular Organization By colony By chain Ex. Streptococcus sp. Ex. Volvox sp. credit to the rightful owners of the images used Bacterial colony: unicellular Multicellular Biofilm Ex. Dinoflagellate Ex. Sponge LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Structural Organization Cell ↓ Tissue ↓ Organ © Hickman et al., 2017 ↓ Organ system ↓ Organism LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Ecological levels Biosphere ↑ Ecosystem ↑ Community ↑ Population ↑ Organism Image credits to its rightful owner LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Animal Classification Ways to classify animals on the basis of structural organization: 1. Grades of organization 5. Developmental pattern o Protostome; Deuterostome 2. Cell type 6. Body cavities o Unicellular; Multicellular oAcoelomate; Pseudocoelomate; 3. Body symmetry Coelomate o Asymmetrical; Radial; Bilateral 4. Germ layers o Diploblastic; Triploblastic Urry et al., 2021; Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Grades of Organization in Organ Complexity Protoplasmic grade Life is confined within the boundaries of a single cell. Ex. Paramecium Cellular grade An aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated. Ex. Volvox; Cell-tissue grade  some sponges An aggregation of similar cells into patterns/layers to perform a common function. Ex. Cnidarians; some sponges; “Eumetazoans” Tissue-organ grade An aggregation of different Organ-system grade  tissues to form an organ Ex. Organs work together to Platyhelminthes perform some function. Ex. Most animals © Hickman et al., 2017 Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Animal Symmetry Radial Symmetry Applies to forms that can be divided into similar halves by more than 2 planes passing through the longitudinal axis. Ex. Some sponges, jellyfish, sea urchins Biradial symmetry  only 2 planes passing the longitudinal axis produce mirrored halves. Ex. Comb jellies (phylum Ctenophora) Radial and biradial animals are usually sessile, freely floating, or weakly swimming Radiata  Cnidaria & Ctenophora; some echinoderms have become secondarily radial © Hickman et al., 2017 during adulthood. Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Animal Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Applies to animal that can be divided along a sagittal plane into 2 mirrored portions: right & left halves. Bilateral animals are much better fitted to directional movement Bilateria  monophyletic group of bilateral animals Associated with cephalization ~ differentiation of a head © Hickman et al., 2017 Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Developmental Pattern Germ layers 1. Endoderm 2. Ectoderm 3. Mesoderm No. of germ layers: 1. Diploblastic “Radiata” 2. Triploblastic “Bilateria” Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 © Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Developmental Pattern Groups of cells that behave as a unit during the early embryogenesis Endoderm – germ layer lining the gut Ectoderm – germ layer surrounding the blastocoel Mesoderm – germ layer lying between the outer ectoderm and inner endoderm Diploblastic 2 germ layers: ectoderm & endoderm 2 cavities: gut & blastocoel Ex. Sea anemones & jellyfishes (Radiata) Triploblastic 3 germ layers: ecto-, endo-, & mesoderm Hickman et al., 2017 https://manoa.hawaii.edu/sealearning/media_colorbox/3139/media_original/en Ex. Bilateria Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology © Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Body Cavities and Coelom A body cavity is an internal space Most obvious: digestive tract/ gut cavity Body cavity/coelom is a space between the gut and the outer body wall In secondary cavities, they are filled with fluid ~ for cushion; some for locomotion Sponges are lacking of body cavities! Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 © Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Body Cavities and Coelom © Hickman et al., 2017 *Applies only to triploblasts w/o coelom; cannot be applied to Radiata Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Animal Histology © Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Animal Histology Epithelial tissues o Lining/ covering/ protection o Glandular ~ secretion Connective tissues o Diverse functions ~ support & protection Muscular tissues o Contraction ~ movement & locomotion Nervous tissues o Communication & coordination Hickman et al., 2017 © Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Organ & Organ system © van Putte et al., 2017 van Putte et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Organ & Organ system © van Putte et al., 2017 van Putte et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Organ & Organ system © van Putte et al., 2017 van Putte et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Organ & Organ system © van Putte et al., 2017 van Putte et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Metabolism Sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in the body Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-metabolism-14026182/ Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Energy There is a flow of energy through living organisms Energy is the capacity to do work Energy is fundamental to all metabolic processes Energy in biological processes is governed by Laws of Thermodynamics © Hickman et al., 2017 © Urry et al., 2021 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks Source of energy= food; Stored energy in food = sun © Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Nutrition Mode of Lorem Ipsum Nutrition Autotrophy Heterotrophy Photoautotroph Chemoautotroph The process by which a living Consumer Detritivores Decomposer system takes in and makes use of food to meet the required nutrients and macromolecules Urry et al., 2021; Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Feeding mechanism in animals Fluid feeding Substrate feeding Fluid feeders suck nutrient-rich fluid Substrate feeders are animals that live from a living host in or on their food source. Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Feeding mechanism in animals Filter feeding Bulk feeding Many aquatic animals are filter Bulk feeders, which eat feeders, which strain small relatively large pieces of organisms or food particles from the food. surrounding medium Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Contractility Ability to move certain parts of the body (movement), or to move from one place to another (locomotion). Movement requires contraction of muscles or any cell parts; even input of energy. Locomotion is a result of moving locomotory devices/ structures (ex. Limbs) Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Locomotion is a type of movement, but, not all movement is locomotion LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Movements in lower forms of life Pseudopodia Cilia Flagella “amoeboid” “ciliary” “flagellar” Amoeba sp. Paramecium sp. Euglena sp. LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Movements in higher form of life Muscular Voluntary Involuntary LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Locomotion Active travel from place to place. Friction and gravity tend to keep an animal stationary and therefore oppose locomotion. To move, an animal must expend energy to overcome these two forces Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Locomotion Locomotion in land: Walking Running Hopping Crawling Locomotion in water: Side to side Tail up and down Jet-propelled Flight: Flapping Hovering Gliding Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Locomotion Wings Flippers Limbs Flight Aquatic Terrestrial Haliaeetus sp. Chelonia sp. Acinonyx sp. LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Excitability Ability to respond to any given stimulus/i Stimulus → electrical signal: Impulse LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Stimuli Photic Olfactory Auditory Gustatory Temperature Mechanical LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology The link between stimuli & animal activity © Urry et al., 2021 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Stimuli Types of stimuli: Detected by: Photic – light → electromagnetic receptors Olfactory – odor → chemoreceptors Auditory – sound → mechanoreceptors Gustatory – taste → chemoreceptors Temperature – hot/cold → thermoreceptors Mechanical – touch, pressure, → pain receptors pain Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Reaction Positive reaction Response is gearing towards the source of stimulus Ex. Diapedesis of WBCs (chemotaxis) Negative reaction Response is moving away from the source of stimulus Ex. Withdrawal LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Reaction LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Homeostasis Maintenance of constant, normal, internal environment; “steady- state” Changes in the internal environment arises from 2 sources: 1. Materials are replenished & expelled 2. Internal environment changes as it responds to organisms external environment. Hickman et al., 2017 https://reptilesmagazine.com/adopting-a-reptile-what-to- Urry et al., 2021 look-for/ LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Homeostasis Cellular homeostasis is maintained by the coordinated activities of ALL systems of the body. Any deviation from the setpoint → negative feedback regulation is activated! ~ control system Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Homeostasis A nonliving example of temperature regulation: control of room temperature. Regulating room temperature depends on a sensor/control center (a thermostat) that detects temperature change and activates mechanisms that reverse that change. Set point? Stimulus? Sensor/Control center? Response? © Urry et al., 2021 Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Thermoregulation Biochemical reactions are extremely sensitive to temperature! Enzyme works best in optimum temperature → function properly; Deviation to optimum temperature → function is impaired! Temperature is severe constraint for animals! Must perform thermoregulation Image credits to its rightful owner Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Poikilothermy vs Homeothermy Poikilotherm - An animal whose body temperature varies with its environment; Homeotherm - has a relatively constant body temperature regulated independent of the environmental temperature © Urry et al., 2021 Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Ectotherms vs Endotherms Ectotherm – body temperature is determined solely by environment; ex. amphibians, many non-avian reptiles, fishes, and most invertebrates. Endotherm – source of body temperature is internal; ex. Birds, mammals (few non-avian reptiles, fast-swimming fishes, & certain insects) Hickman et al., 2017 © Urry et al., 2021 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Reproduction Ability to produce an offspring. 2 types: 1. Asexual – no gamete involvement; 2. Sexual – union of gametes (egg and sperm) Hickman et al., 2017 © Urry et al., 2021 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Asexual Reproduction New individuals (clones) are generated without the fusion of egg and sperm. For most asexual animals, reproduction relies entirely on mitotic cell division Offspring produced by asexual reproduction all have the same genotype (unless mutations occur). Binary Fission Budding Fragmentation & regeneration common in common in yeast, common in bacteria & and cnidarians planarians, protozoa (jellyfish, corals, echinoderms hydras) Asexual reproduction by a the offspring arises as an outgrowth from the the breaking of the body into division of the body into two parent and is initially smaller than the several pieces, followed by or more parts. parent. Failure of the offspring to separate regeneration, regrowth of lost from the parent leads to colony formation. body parts Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Asexual Reproduction Abundant offspring Rapid reproduction Courtship is no issue Less energy requirement Favorable for colonization Low genetic variability Slows down the evolution Susceptible to diseases Vulnerable to changes in the Image credits to its rightful owner environment Hickman et al., 2017 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction is the production of individuals from gametes. It includes bisexual (or biparental) reproduction as the most common form, involving two separate individuals. Hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis are less common forms of sexual reproduction. Hickman et al., 2017 Gametogenesis Copulation Fertilization Images credit to their rightful owners LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Modes of giving birth 1. Oviparity Egg laying animals (oviparous): Fishes, amphibians, some reptiles, birds, and monotremes (mammals) Images credit to their rightful owners Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Modes of giving birth 2. Ovoviviparity Egg – live birth; ovoviviparous animals: some snakes, sharks, and fishes Images credit to their rightful owners Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Modes of giving birth 3. Viviparity Live birth; viviparous animals: some snakes, lizards, and all mammals (except monotremes) Images credit to their rightful Hickman et al., 2017 owners LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Birth/ Parturition Many mammals give birth to more than one offspring at a time or to a litter Images credit to their rightful (multiparous), each member of which has owners come from a separate egg. There are some mammals, however, that have only one offspring at a time (uniparous), although occasionally they may have more than one. Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Life cycle The series of stages of life for an organism, beginning with life and ending with death © Hickman et al., 2017 Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Metamorphosis Sharp change in form during postembryonic development © Hickman et al., 2017 Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Metamorphosis © Hickman et al., 2017 Hemimetabolous (incomplete) Holometabolous (complete) metamorphosis metamorphosis Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Growth Animal growth Plant growth Exhibits determinate Exhibits indeterminate growth ~ stop growing after growth ~ growth occurs reaching a certain size throughout the plant’s life https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/chick-and-egg- Bernard Gagnon gm652568034-118459919 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Evolution “Descent with modification” over a long period of time Change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation © Urry et al., 2021 Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Ideas from the Origin of Species Three broad observations about nature: 1. The unity of life, 2. The diversity of life, and 3. The striking ways in which organisms are suited for life in their environments. Image credits to its rightful owner Urry et al., 2021 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Extended family Image credits to its rightful owner LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Natural Selection Natural selection is the major process by which evolution occurs in Darwin’s theory of evolution. It gives us a natural explanation for the origins of adaptation - attributes that enhance an organism’s ability to use environmental resources to survive and to reproduce. https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/how-do- animals-know-what-their-predators-are Hickman et al., 2017 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology Evolution = Adaptation Images credit to their rightful owners LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Kingdoms of Life Proposed by Robert Whittaker (1969) Classification of life based on the mode of nutrition: 1. Monera 2. Protista 3. Fungi 4. Plantae 5. Animalia Image credits to their rightful owners Simpson, 2019 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Domains of Life Pioneered by Carl Woese Classification of life based on nucleotide sequences: 1. Eubacteria 2. Archaea Image credits to their rightful owners 3. Eukarya Simpson, 2019 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Major Groups in Eukarya Excavata Archaeplastida Diplomonads Rhodophyta Parabasilids Chlorobionta Kinetoplastids Unikonta Euglenozoa Amoebozoa Stramenophiles Opisthokonts Oomycota Fungi Phaeophyta Animalia Alveolata Ciliates Apicomplexans Dinoflagellates Rhizaria © Simpson, 2019 Simpson, 2019 LE Barroga | Ateneo de Manila University |Department of Biology | General Zoology  Reference Hickman, Jr. C.P., Keen , S.L., Eisenhour, D.J., Larson, A., & H. I’Anson. 2017. Integrated Principles of Zoology. 17th Ed. McGraw-Hill Education. New York Simpson, M.G. 2019. Plant Systematics, 3rd ed. Elsevier Urry, L., Cain, M.L., Wasserman, S.A., Minorsky, P.V., & R.B. Orr. 2021. Campbell Biology 12th ed. Pearson. Ney York. VanPutte, C., Regan, J., Russo, A., Seeley, R., Stephens., T., & P. Tate. 2017. Seeley’s Anatomy and Physiology. 11th ed. McGraw-hill Education. New York. #zooLUCHy https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/48824-Porifera/browse_photos