Animal Biology Notes PDF

# Sponges - **Habitat:** All Aquatic; mostly marine (समुद्र/sea water), few fresh water (River Lake etc) - **SESSILE:** fixed with their substratum/bottom surface - **Lolb:** Cellular - **Germ Layer(GL):** X - **Body Plan(BL):** not defined - **Symmetry:** Mostly asymmetrical - **Loelom:** X Acoelo...

# Sponges - **Habitat:** All Aquatic; mostly marine (समुद्र/sea water), few fresh water (River Lake etc) - **SESSILE:** fixed with their substratum/bottom surface - **Lolb:** Cellular - **Germ Layer(GL):** X - **Body Plan(BL):** not defined - **Symmetry:** Mostly asymmetrical - **Loelom:** X Acoelomate - **Metamerism:** X Spongin fibre - **Notochord:** X ## Sponges Body - **Osculum:** Single opening for exit of water - **Spicule:** - **Ostia:** Numerous pores through which water can enter, called ostia - **Spongocoel:** The central space - **Collarcells/ Choanocytes:** These are Flagellated cells lining the SPONGO COEL ## Water Canal System - **Collar cells:** help in movement of H2O - **Body is supported by skeleton made of Spongin fibres & SPICULES which is made up of Calcium or silica** ## Vamp Function of water Canal system: - **Digestion** - **Respiration** exchange of air - **Excretion** - **Gamete** transfer of gamete ## Physiology: 1. **Digestive system:** ABSENT - INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION: food particles digested within cells. 2. **Respiratory:** Water Canal system 3. **Circulatory:** X 4. **Excretory:** X 5. **Nervous system:** X 6. **Reproduction:** - **Sexual:** By formation of Gamete: Ova & sperm - **Asexual:** BY FRAGMENTATION - **HERMAPHRODITE** 7. **Development:** Indirect development. They pass through Larvel Stages 8. **Fertilisation:** Internal Fertilisation ## Notes - **Unisexual/Dioecious:** Male & Female individuals are seperate. - **Bisexual/Monoecious/Hermaphrodite:** Within the same individual of &q sex organ/structures present - **Internal fertilization:** Sperm & Ora Jused within the Body ## Examples - **Evspongia:** Common Bathsponge - **Spongilla:** Fresh to Sponge - **Sycon:** scypha # Coelenterates - **Inmy. Coelentrates exiata in 2 Body forme** 1. **Polys:** Sessile - Asexual - eg: Hydra, Adamsia 2. **Meduse:** Umbrella Like - Tree-swimming. (Thove with the correct) - Sexual - eg: Aurelia ## METAGENESIS/ALTERNATION OF GENERATION - **Some Cnidarianz Can exist in both POLYP & MEDUSA State Called Metagenesis** - **Asexually:** Polys - **Sexually:** Medusa ## Coral - **These are made of Calelum carbonate secreted by members of coelentrate around themselves** ## Physiology: 1. **Digestive system:** Incomplete, Both Intra & extracellular Digestion. 2. **Respiratory:** Through General Body surface 3. **Circulatory system:** X 4. **Excretory system:** X 5. **Nervous system:** First time "APOLAR" neuron 6. **Reproduction:** Sexual, Asexual - Unisexual, Bisexual (NotinNCERT) 7. **Fertilisation:** Both Internal, External 8. **Development:** 11 Indirect, Direct ( ## Examples - **Hydra:** (Fresh H₂O Polyp) - **Adamsia:** (Sea-anemone) - **Meandrina:** (Brain.coral) - **Aurelia:** (Jellyfish) - **Obelia:** (sea.fur) - **Peronatula:** (sea-Ben) - **Gorgonia:** (sea-Jan) - **Phyaalia:** (Portugueze man of war) # Ctenophora - **Body transparent** - **Body has '8' external rows of Ciliated COMB PILATES: helpsinLOCOMOTION*** They show LIGHT Property of emission of LIGHT BIOLUMINISCENCE" ## General Characters: 1. **Loo :** Tissue 2. **&P:** Blind sac 3. **GL :** Diploblastic 4. **Coelom :** Acoelomate 5. **Symmetry:** Radially 6. **Metamerism:** X 7. **Notochord:** X 8. **Habitat:** EXCLUSIVELY MARINE ## Physiology 1. **D.S:** Incomplete Os. both intra, extracellular Digestion 2. **R.Ş :** X general bodysurface 3. **CS:** X 4. **E.3:** x general body surface 5. **Nervous system:** Poorly development (mot in NCERT) 6. **Reproduction:** SEXUAL, HERMAPHRODITE/BISEXUAL 7. **Fertilisation:** EXTERNAL 8. **Development:** INDIRECT ## Phylum - Ctenophora - **Ctenophores, commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies are exclusively marine, radially symmetrical, diploblastic organisms with tissue level of organisation. The body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb plates, which help in locomotion (Figure 4.8). Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular. Bioluminescence (the property of a living organism to emit light) is well-marked in ctenophores. Sexes are not separate. Reproduction takes place only by sexual means. Fertilisation is external with indirect development. Examples: Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana.** # Platyhelminthes - **PARASITIC (mostly endofarasites in Animal) EXTRA 1. defend on other (HOST) within Taenia, Fasciola** ## Parasitic Adaptations - **"Hooks" may be present in some forma Ofor attachment to the host Body. (Taenia)** - **"Suckers" may be present for absorbing Nutrients. (Taenia, Fasciola)** - **Some can directly absorb nutrient through body surface.** - **Some have Very thick "TEGUMENT (Body wall) to prevent action of enzyme within HoOST.** ## Physiology 1. **Digestion:** Incomplete D2, extracellular Digestion. 2. **Respiration:** Diffusion across body wall 3. **Circulatory ΣΥΣ:** X 4. **Excretory:** **Excrection FLAME CELLE Osmoregulatory (maintainence of ionic Balance)** 5. **Nervous system:** (Extraa) Ladderlike Nervous system - **Ganglion (collection of cell body of Nerves eg: Dugesia (Planaria) Lihigh regenerati development of lost part)** 6. **Reproduction:** BISEXUAL 7. **Fertilisation:** Internal 8. **Development:** Indirect Develop. - **Taenia (Teße worm) Host Human Host PIG** - **Fasciola (Liver Fluke) Host Sheep Snail** ## Phylum - Platyhelminthes - **They have dorso-ventrally flattened body, hence are called flatworms (Figure 4.9). These are mostly endoparasites found in animals including human beings. Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and acoelomate animals with organ level of organisation. Hooks and suckers are present in the parasitic forms. Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body surface. Specialised cells called flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion. Sexes are not separate. Fertilisation is internal and development is through many larval stages. Some members like Planaria possess high regeneration capacity. Examples: Taenia (Tapeworm), Fasciola (Liver fluke),** # Aschelminthes/Nematoda/Nematics Cross section: ROUND - **commonly called "ROUND-WORN"** - **Mabitat:** Aquatic, Terrestial, free living, parastic on both. Plants & Animals ## General Characters 1. **Loo:** ORGAN SYSTEM 2. **BP:** Tube within Tube 3. **Symmetry:** BILATERIAL 4. **Coelom:** PSEUDOCOELOM 5. **GL:** TRIPLOBLASTIC 6. **SMETATMERISM:** X 7. **Notochord:** X ## Physiology 1. **9. §:** Complete Ds, extracellular DIGESTION. A well developed MUSCULAR PHARYNX is associated with their . S to hel pin sucking food 2. **R.2:** Diffusion through Body surface 3. **C2:** X 4. **ES:** An excretory tube present in the Body Which oferis outside via Excretory pore to remove Nitrogenou Waste 5. **Reproduction:** Dioecious / Unisexual 6. **Fertilization:** Internal 7. **Development:** Both Direct or Indirect - **eg: Ascaris (common round worm) Gendoparasite of Human o Short, posteriortail Curvep I Longer, "Straight" Filarial worm →Causes ASCARIASIS"** - **Wuchereria ( LiCauses ELEPHANTIASTS/FILARIASIS** ## Phylum Aschelminthes - **The body of the aschelminthes is circular in cross-section, hence, the name roundworms (Figure 4.10). They may be freeliving. aquatic and terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals. Roundworms have organ-system level of body organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical. triploblastic and pseudocoelomate animals. Altmentary canal is complete with a well-developed muscular pharynx. An excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity through the excretory pore. Sexes are separate (dioecious). I.e.. males and females are distinct. Often females are longer than males. Fertilisation is internal and development may be direct (the young ones resemble the adult) or indirect. Examples: Ascaris (Roundworm). Wuchereria (Filaria worm). Ancylostoma (Hookworm).** # Annules" RING ## General Characterstics - **Habitat. Aquatic, terrestiadt - FREE LIVING OY PARASTIC (Hirudinaria) - LOO Organ System - BP: Tubo within Tube - GL TRIPLOBLASTIC - Coelom EUCOELOM - Metamerism ✓ - Symmetry: BILATERAL - Notochord X** ## Physiology 1. **0.2:** Complete DS, extracellular Digestion 2. **R.S** - Annule - Animals like earthworm uses MOIST CUTICLE (Outercovering) for Breathing 3. **C3:** Closed C.S 4. **Excretion:** Nephridia: excretory + osmoregulatory 5. **Locomotion:** - Aquatic forms Useş PARAPODIA - Earthworm uşeş "SETAE" 6. **Nervous system:** Dουβιε, VENTRAL & SOLID NERVE CORD ## Reproduction 1. **Reproduction:** ONLY SEXUAL - **Unisexual (Nereia) (Sexual dimorphism differentiate a &q)** - **Bisexual mostly (Earthworm)** - **eg: Pheretima (Earthworm)** - **Nereis (Sand worm)** - **Hirudinaria (Blood Lucking Leech)** 2. **Locomotion:** Circular & Longitudinal muscle ## Phylum - Annelida - **They may be aquatic (marine and fresh water) or terrestrial: free-living, and sometimes parasitic. They exhibit organ-system level of body organisation and bilateral symmetry. They are triploblastic. metamerically segmented and coelomate animals. Their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres and, hence, the phylum name Annelida (Latin, annulus: little ring) (Figure 4.11). They possess longitudinal and circular muscles which help in locomotion. Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral appendages, parapodia. which help in swimming. A closed circulatory system is present. Nephridia (sing. nephridium) help in osmoregulation and excretion. Neural system consists of paired ganglia (sing, ganglion connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord. Nerets, an aquatic form, is dioecious. but earthworms and leeches are monoecious. Reproduction is sexual. Examples: Nereis. Pheretima (Earthworm) and Hirudinaria (Blood sucking leech).**