Lakehead University GEOG/ENST 1150/1170 Exam Paper - December 2022 PDF

## LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY ### Examination Cover Page **SUBJECT:** GEOG/ENST 1150/1170 **COURSE NUMBER:** FA **COURSE TITLE:** The Environment **SECTION:** Geography **DEPARTMENT:** **INSTRUCTOR NAME:** Dr. Adam Cornwell **EXAM DATE:** December 18, 2022 **EXAM TIME & DURATION:** 1 pm 2 hrs **TYPE OF...

## LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY ### Examination Cover Page **SUBJECT:** GEOG/ENST 1150/1170 **COURSE NUMBER:** FA **COURSE TITLE:** The Environment **SECTION:** Geography **DEPARTMENT:** **INSTRUCTOR NAME:** Dr. Adam Cornwell **EXAM DATE:** December 18, 2022 **EXAM TIME & DURATION:** 1 pm 2 hrs **TYPE OF EXAMINATION Please choose one:** - Midterm - Final - Special ### Examination Information The exam consists of 17 pages. There are 120 multiple choice questions worth 1 mark each, for a total of 120 marks. Please mark both the test paper and your score sheet using a pencil. Make sure that your 'I.D. Number' is marked correctly, and that the 'Test Form' is marked 'B'. You will have 120 minutes to complete the exam, so plan your time accordingly. This examination question paper MAY NOT be taken from the examination room. ### STUDENTS PLEASE NOTE: YOU MUST count the number of pages in this examination question paper BEFORE beginning to write. Report ANY discrepancy immediately to your instructor/invigilator. There are 17 pages in total. (Including this cover page). ## Final Examination B **Instructions:** The exam consists of 17 pages. There are 120 multiple choice questions worth 1 mark each, for a total of 120 marks. Please mark both the test paper and your score sheet using a pencil. Make sure that your 'I.D. Number' is marked correctly, and that the 'Test Form' is marked 'B'. You will have 120 minutes to complete the exam, so plan your time accordingly. 1. How many letters are in the word 'ecosphere'? - Not enough - 42 - Nine - I was told there would be no math 2. Of Earth's 92 naturally occurring elements, the ones that are necessary for living things are referred to as - nutrients - compounds - proteins - carbohydrates 3. ____ would experience the most rapid nutrient cycling between the biomass and the soil system. - The temperate grassland ecosystem - The temperate forest ecosystem - The temperate wetland ecosystem - The tropical forest ecosystem 4. CO2 uptake by plants is greatest in ____ - winter and spring - spring and summer - fall and winter - summer and fall 5. The sulphur cycle differs from the phosphorus cycle in that it ____ - is not a limiting factor for growth - depends on microbial activity - has an atmospheric component - All of the above 6. The largest reservoir of water on Earth is ____ - the ocean - groundwater - lakes - the atmosphere 7. The process of eutrophication can be slowed by ____ - increasing nutrient inputs - limiting nutrient inputs - increasing phosphorous - increasing oxygen 8. Eutrophication tends to increase populations of ____ at the expense of ____. - fish; plant species - phytoplankton; benthic plants - benthic plants; invertebrates - benthic plants; phytoplankton 9. Acid deposition is due mainly to human interference in the ____. - carbon and sulfur cycles - sulfur and nitrogen cycles - phosphorus and sulfur cycles - carbon and phosphorus cycles 10. Acidic rainwater has a pH lower than ____ - 3.8 - 7.0 - 5.6 - 6.7 11. The most correct statement about environmental planning and management is that ____ - humans attempt to manage the interaction between humans and the environment - humans manage natural resources - humans manage the environment - All of the above 12. Context is important when attempting to solve an environmental problem because ____ vary over space and time. - economic and social conditions - biophysical conditions - political and legal conditions - All of the above 13. Public agencies often prefer a standardized approach to environmental management because: - it allows them to avoid criticism over preferential treatment - it ensures equal quality in environmental management - all environmental problems can be solved in the same way - it ensures equal effectiveness of resource management 14. The principle of subsidiarity means ____ - privatizing government services - commercializing government services - providing government-run services at the least cost - allocating responsibilities to levels of government closest to where the services are used or received 15. The most effective units of environmental management are ____. - based on political boundaries - based on administrative boundaries - global - based on environmental functions 16. The approach in which local citizens are genuinely allocated responsibility and authority for certain aspects of resource and environmental management is called ____. - authoritative management - selective management - co-management - targeted initiatives 17. One of the first steps in effectively communicating scientific understanding is ____ - to hold a press conference and getting the message out through the media - to recognize that different target audiences have different levels of understanding - to call a large public meeting for all interested parties - All of the above 18. Adaptive co-management features ____ - integration of different knowledge systems - learning by doing - collaboration and power-sharing - All of the above 19. An example of the "precautionary principle" is ____ - doing nothing until more scientific evidence has been accumulated - acting on something if the bulk of scientific evidence suggests that action is needed, even if some knowledge is incomplete - taking small steps to mitigate the effects of the problem, rather than taking large radical steps that will solve or prevent the problem - taking action now to obtain full scientific evidence 20. If we are to improve our knowledge of the resiliency and recuperative powers of ecosystems, ____ is essential. - impact assessment - strong policies - monitoring - public participation 21. The composite of the variety of day-to-day weather conditions is ____ - climate - weather - average weather - mean weather 22. ____ is NOT a greenhouse gas. - Carbon dioxide - Sulphur oxide - Methane - Nitrous oxide 23. Drawbacks of global warming for agriculture include risks that ____. - there may be increased pressure on water resources - plants may be more vulnerable to drought - plants may be more vulnerable to heat stress - All of the above 24. The adaptation response "no-regrets" is categorized by ____. - policies or actions taken to avoid unacceptably high losses as a result of climate events - actions that take advantage of a changing climate to yield net benefits - actions that provide benefits regardless of impacts incurred from climate change - measures that have relatively low costs and yield high benefits 25. Greenhouse gas intensity refers to ____ - the amount of greenhouse gas emissions per person in a specific area or country - the cumulative amount of greenhouse gas emissions, reflecting historical industrialization - the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions to economic output - an absolute reduction in greenhouse gas emissions 26. If CO2 emissions continue at present levels, warming by ____ degrees Celsius is likely by the end of the twenty-first century. - 10 to 20 - 2 to 6 - 1 to 4 - 0.5 to 3 27. Persistent differences in heat and pressure between the poles and the tropics ____ - result in food shortages at high latitudes - fuel the global air circulation system - are a result of a changing climate - cause sea ice to advance from the poles towards the equator 28. Which of the following indications of climate change has not already been observed: - ice-free summers in the Arctic Ocean - increased growing season length in northern latitudes - changes in species distribution - substantial increases in heavy rainfall events 29. Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation models: - predict the weather years in advance - numerically model physical processes in three dimensions - do not have a land surface component - all of the above 30. Founded in 1988, the IPCC is tasked by the United Nations with: - exaggerating claims about climate change - negotiating international climate change treaties - assessing the current state of knowledge about climate change - using AOGCMs to model greenhouse gas emissions 31. Expected impacts of climate change do NOT include: - greater warming over continents than oceans - stronger midlatitude cyclones - stronger tropical cyclones - greater warming at high latitudes than low latitudes 32. Expected impacts of climate change on forests do NOT include: - reduced forest fires due to precipitation - dieback at southern margins - expansion of "weedy" tree species - impoverishment in productivity and diversity 33. Expected impacts of climate change on ecosystems do NOT include: - greater roles for specialist species - habitat shifts - reorganization - greater threats for species already at risk 34. The work of the Cumulative Environmental Management Association led to: - comprehensive oversight of the tar sands rather than project-by-project - adaptive co-management of the tar sands resource - excluding vulnerable wetlands from exploitation - recommendations that were set aside by the Alberta government 35. The objective of a carbon tax is to: - raise money for climate change mitigation programs - increase general government revenue - create a "cash cow" for politicians - create a financial disincentive for fossil fuel consumption 36. One of the major difficulties working against sustainable human use of the oceans is ____ - lack of understanding of oceanic ecosystems - transportation routes to ship products - bottom trawling - commercial fisheries 37. Generally, nutrient concentrations in the ocean ____ with depth because of the decomposition of organisms falling from the surface layer. - disappear - does not change - decrease - increase 38. Oceanic productivity typically ____ with depth. - decreases - increases - disappears - does not change 39. A thermocline is ____ - the transition in temperature between the warmer surface waters and the cooler waters underneath - the zone of high productivity in the oceans - the relationship between heat and other forms of energy - the process whereby warm surface waters are cooled at high latitudes and returned to deeper, colder basins 40. Coral reefs ____ - could disappear by 2080 with a temperature increase of only 3 degrees Celsius - are made of calcium carbonate skeletons filled with coral polyps - have been affected by bleaching over large areas over the last decade - All of the above 41. Bycatch refers to ____ - fish caught but not targeted by fishing operations - loss of biomass due to natural predators - the harvest that exceeds allowed quotas - the total amount of illegal, unreported, and regulated fisheries 42. ____ caused damage to the ancient sponge reefs off the coast of BC. - Pollution - Bottom trawling - Long liners - Bycatch 43. When Canadian cod stocks collapsed, fishers began "fishing down the food chain" by ____. - targeting harp seals - targeting shrimp and crab - targeting chinook salmon - None of the above 44. National Marine Conservation Areas (NMCAs) were established to ____ - allow for education and recreation - prohibit the use of bottom trawling - allow for monitored and reduced rates of dumping waste - never allow any commercial or recreation fishing 45. Salmon farming along the coast of British Columbia has led to ____ - the transmission of disease to wild populations - the escapement of Atlantic salmon into the Pacific - the shooting of predators that rip open farmers' nets - All of the above 46. Berries, maple syrup, mushrooms, and seeds are all ____. - invasive species - imported into Canada - non-timber forest products - All of the above 47. ____ is an example of a complementary relationship in forest management. - A symbiotic relationship of button mushrooms with nearby trees - Operating two different industries on separate tracts of forest land - Logging old growth forests, which negatively impacts the pine mushroom industry. - Developing logging roads that provide increased access to raw materials for craftspeople 48. Most of Canada's forests are managed by ____ - the federal and territorial government - provincial governments - individual farmers - timber companies 49. The falldown effect is ____ - the recent declines experienced in the timber industry - the impact of falling trees on local wildlife - the reduction in age at maturity of harvested species - the drop in timber volume between old-growth and second-growth forests 50. Today, most of Canada's forests are harvested by ____. - selective cutting - silvicultural methods - commercial thinning - clear-cutting 51. Glyphosate is ____. - a fertilizer - known to suppress the growth of coniferous trees - a commonly used herbicide - a banned substance 52. In ecosystems where fire is a frequent occurrence, fire suppression has led to ____ - reduction in the amount of ground fuel on the forest floor - reduced risk of major forest fire events - dense regeneration of single-species forest systems - increased initiation of secondary succession 53. Spider populations in forest ecosystems tend to ____ - require at least 30 years to recover from clear-cutting - be more successful and reproduce more rapidly in managed forests compared to natural forests - have limited natural predators - be limited in numbers 54. The amount of nutrients removed due to harvesting depends upon ____. - extent of harvesting - tree species - harvesting method - All of the above 55. Forest harvesting alters hydrologic cycles via ____ - decreasing the rate of stream flow - increasing the amount of water released through evapotranspiration - decreasing the rate of nutrient uptake - increasing the amount of water released into stream flow 56. Large-scale forest fires promotes climate change via ____ - releasing stored carbon - increasing soil erosion - reducing water storage capacity - All of the above 57. The United Nations Forum on Forests agreed on six Global Forest Goals, including ____ - improving livelihoods of forest-dependent people - increasing loss of forest cover worldwide - reducing forest-based benefits - All of the above 58. Boreal forests are confined to Canada. - True - False 59. In some forests, clear-cutting mimics natural forest gaps. - True - False 60. The vast majority of certified forestry areas are found in the Northern hemisphere. - True - False 61. The Green Revolution is ____ - the global intensification of agricultural production - the distribution of poverty worldwide - the rapid expansion of forest lands worldwide - a global environmental movement 62. Eating at the lowest level on the agricultural food chain is beneficial because ____. - you maximize the amount of usable energy in the food system - plants use more energy to grow than animals - crops are easier to farm than animals - grains provide more valuable nutrients than meat 63. The development of higher-yielding or otherwise "improved" crops through cross-breeding of different varieties or strains is called ____. - genetic modification - hybridization - commercialization - None of the above 64. The development of higher-yielding or otherwise "improved" crops through combining specific genes from different varieties, strains, or unrelated species is called ____ - commercialization - hybridization - genetic modification - None of the above 65. The production of food solely for the farm household is called ____. - local farming - green farming - subsistence farming - organic farming 66. Biofuels ____ - generate less pollution than traditional fuels - take land away from food production - are derived from plants - All of the above 67. Canadians' meat consumption is ____ than the global average. - more - less - the same - much less 68. The Livestock Revolution has led to ____ - intensive farm operations - dependence on outside supplies of feed - reliance on industrial feedlots - All of the above 69. Resistance in a population of insects develops because ____ - climate change has caused new insects to move into the area, making current biocides useless - chemical reactions between some biocides and fertilizers reduces the effectiveness of the biocide - population numbers of disease-bearing insects, such as mosquitoes, have been reduced, allowing other insect species to flourish - a small number of individuals of a population survive the application of biocides and reproduce, leading to increased number of naturally resistant insects 70. Species with ____ are most susceptible to bioaccumulation. - high fecundity - long lifespans - low fecundity - short lifespans 71. Inuit mothers are concerned about breastfeeding their babies because of the health effects of: - grasshoppers - persistent organochlorine pesticides (POPs) - GHG emissions - All of the above 72. When the combined effects of chemicals are greater than the sum of their individual effects, this is called ____ - persistence - synergism - bioaccumulation - biomagnification 73. Primary responsibility in cananda for regulating biocides is held by ____. - provincial and territorial governments - the federal government - farming organizations - chemical manufacturers 74. Intensive livestock operations can lead to ____ - nutrient loading in streams, rivers, and other water bodies, spurring the growth of algae - odour and air pollution in the form of methane, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia - contamination of drinking water from manure pathogens - All of the above 75. The use of no-till agriculture and reduced areas of summer fallow has led to ____ - increasing greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural land in Canada - limited change in the amount of greenhouse gas stored or emitted from agricultural land - Canadian cropland changing from a greenhouse gas sink to a greenhouse gas source - Canadian cropland changing from a greenhouse gas source to a greenhouse gas sink 76. In Canada, 98 per cent of the surface water available for human use is held by ____ - groundwater - wetlands - rivers - lakes 77. ____ holds the highest volume of water in Canada. - The Mackenzie River - The Fraser River - The Ottawa River - The Assiniboine River 78. Renewable supplies of water are defined as ____ - flows associated with precipitation or snowmelt - water found in liquid form within a country's jurisdiction - groundwater sources - any supply of water found within a country's jurisdiction 79. ____ of Canada's renewable water flows northward to the Arctic. - 5 per cent - 10 per cent - 20 per cent - 60 per cent 80. The Cree people of Northern Quebec were forced to stop fishing in reservoirs created as part of the James Bay Project due to ____. - increased water temperatures - high bacterial content in the fish - high mercury levels in the fish - social problems brought about by the project 81. ____ is an example of a non-point source of pollution. - Agricultural run-off - A sewage outfall pipe - A manufacturing plant's waste disposal pipe - All of the above 82. PLUARG was created to assess ____ - pollution in the Great Lakes - annual drought in the Prairie provinces - bacterial contamination of a municipal water system in Saskatchewan - flooding in the James Bay area 83. The town of walkerton, Ontario, made national headlines in May 2000 because ____. - E. coli bacteria contaminated the town's water supply system - mercury contaminated the area's groundwater - a cryptosporidium parasite contaminated the area's groundwater - the main water supply for the town dried up due to drought 84. ____ aims to improve water use efficiency by challenging basic patterns of consumption. - Supply management - The virtual water - The soft path - Demand management 85. This statement is NOT related to the concept of virtual water: - it refers to the volume of water used in the production of a product - it is calculated as the difference between inputs and outputs of groundwater systems - it recognizes the importance of water for agriculture and food production - nations can preserve domestic water resources by importing water intensive products 86. Flood plains are ____ - flat areas that are permanently submerged - level land alongside a river or lake that may be submerged by floodwaters - lands flooded only as the result of hurricanes - annual deposits of silt along the banks of a river 87. Palliser's Triangle is located in ____. - Newfoundland and Labrador - Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba - British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec 88. Water ethics ____ - are supported by the Canadian government - are principles to guide behaviour regarding water access - have been firmly established by the UN human rights council as legally binding - ensure industrial water extraction rights 89. Providing safe drinking water in Northern and remote communities is challenging due to the operation cost and difficulty in keeping qualified operators. - True - False 90. Droughts are defined using only meteorological measures based on precipitation levels. - True - False 91. The belief that ecosystem components should be valued relative to human interests is a ____ view. - an ecocentric - a resource-based - a humanistic - an anthropocentric 92. Population pyramids provide information about ____ - death rates - birth rates - life expectancy - All of the above 93. The population period for a country with low life expectancy and a high birth rate is shaped like: - a pyramid - an upside-down pyramid - a column - an hourglass 94. Which of the following best describes a management approach based on sustainable development? - Emphasizing basic human needs, such as food, shelter, and security. - Optimizing the ability to absorb disturbance while retaining basic function and structure. - Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - Maximizing economic growth so that future generations will have the wealth to make their own choices. 95. Canada is a federated state, which means ____ - its power and authority are held mostly by the federal government - its power and authority are shared between federal and provincial governments - its power and authority are dictated by municipalities - its power and authority are mostly held by the provinces and municipalities 96. Environmental indicators are used to ____. - support policy development - identify key environmental pressures - raise public awareness - All of the above 97. Ecological footprints measure ____ - the impact of species on their environments - the demands that humans place on nature - the services environments provide for their species - None of the above 98. The term "light living" means ____ - living in an enlightened state of being - being more active and eating out less - treading lightly to minimize our ecological footprints - None of the above 99. Researchers suggest that the main reason why overall global human welfare is improving and yet ecosystems continue to be degraded is that ____ - due to a time lag, the worst is yet to come regarding the impacts of environmental degradation - human welfare is mainly tied to food production - humans are worse off than we believe - humans have averted the worst consequences of environmental degradation through technology 100. ____ and ____ account for 99 per cent of the gaseous volume of the troposphere. - Hydrogen; carbon dioxide - Carbon dioxide; nitrogen - Nitrogen; oxygen - Oxygen; carbon dioxide 101. Energy from the sun arrives as ____ energy. - radiant - heat - kinetic - potential 102. The principle that tells us that there is always a decrease in usable energy when it is transformed from one form to another is described by ____. - the law of conservation of energy - the second law of thermodynamics - the first law of thermodynamics - ecosystem homeostasis 103. Common characteristics of living organisms include ____. - react to their environment - increasing in size and complexity over time - using energy to maintain internal order - All of the above 104. Photosynthesis requires ____ - solar energy - carbon dioxide - water - All of the above 105. Organisms that can capture energy directly to create matter are called ____ - autotrophs - heterotrophs - detritivores - consumers 106. As latitude decreases from the poles to the tropics, the number of species ____. - stays the same - decreases - increases, then decreases near the equator - increases 107. The amount of energy available to heterotrophs is ____. - net primary productivity (NPP) - always equal - kilocalories per unit area - gross primary productivity 108. ____ is/are NOT an auxiliary energy flow. - Pesticides - Fertilizers - The sun - Gasoline 109. Biodiversity is recognized at the following levels: - population, community, and ecosystem - organism, species, and population - genetic, species, and ecosystem - organism, population, and community 110. Ecosystem change can be caused by ____. - climate change under natural conditions - rapid climate change due to greenhouse gases - rapid changes, such as forest fires - All of the above 111. Lichens ____ - are the same as mosses - are partnerships between fungi and photosynthetic algae - are partnerships between a moss and a plant - only grow on bare rocks 112. The theoretical final stage in the successional process is called a ____. - secondary community - disturbance - climax community - seral stage 113. Areas where underlying geology is more important than climate in determining plant cover are: - fire driven - edaphically driven - detritally driven - rainfall driven 114. Resilience is ____ - the slow pace of ecosystem succession - the ability of an ecosystem to repel invasive species - the ability of an ecosystem to withstand change - the ability of an ecosystem to recover to its original state following a disturbance 115. Canada has experienced a serious alien invasion of ____. - zebra mussel - Dutch elm disease - knapweed - All of the above 116. The following is often a reason that a native species becomes hyperabundant: - environmental protective legislation that designates conservation areas - the species habitat has remained untouched, allowing the population to grow rapidly - adaptation that allows for rapid reproduction - the removal of the native species predators from the area 117. Sea otters help control the populations of other species by ____. - building dams that result in ponds and habitat for other species - helping to maintain food and habitat sources for other species by reducing kelp population - preying on key kelp predators - helping to protect spawning grounds from predators 118. r-strategists ____ - develop rapidly - develop slowly - have long lives - have stable populations 119. The fossil record suggests that almost ____ of species that have lived on Earth are now extinct. - 50 per cent - 67 per cent - 85 per cent - 99 per cent 120. Disruption of biogeochemical cycles can cause ____. - the spread of ocean dead zones - acid deposition - global warming - All of the above ==End of OCR==