1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & STATISTIC (CCRM 4013) SYARIPAH RAMLAH BINTI TUAN AZAM ILKKM KUCHING ”NO RESEARCH WITHOUT ACTION, AND NO ACTION WITHOUT RESEARCH” 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH SYSTEM RESEARCH Learning Outcome L01 Outline the concepts of Health Research. Differentiate types, L02 approaches and design of research. L03 Describe the research process. WHAT IS RESEARCH? Describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles (Grinnell 1993). Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and creates new knowledge that is generally applicable (Grinnell 1993). Scientific methods consist of systematic observation, classification and interpretation of data (Lundberg 1942). Systematic investigation to find answers to a problem (Burns 1997). Scientific research is a systematic, controlled empirical and critical investigation of propositions about the presumed relationships of various phenomena (Kerlinger 1986). LO1: OUTLINE THE CONCEPTS OF HEALTH RESEARCH. Research Common Characteristics Legal Terminologies The Aspect Purpose 1 To find out what we don’t know. The Purpose 2 To confirm whether what we know is correct. WHY 3 To know more than what we RESEARCH? already know. 4 To affirm our conceptual belief. 5 To satisfy our curiosity. THE CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH accuracy purposive objectivity testability parsimony rigorous generalizability replicability THE CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH Research started for a specific purpose. i.e ; Focus on Purposive increasing employee commitment to the organization, as this will be beneficial in many ways. must be meticulous in ensuring that the procedures Rigorous followed to find answers to questions are relevant, appropriate and justified. THE CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH being objective or impartial and not being influenced by Objectivity personal experiences, value judgments, or preconceived notions repeat the test of hypotheses again and again for the better outcomes. We will place greater faith and trust in these Replicability findings and conclude if the same findings are based on data collected by other organizations using similar methods THE CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH accuracy is refer to the state of being correct or precise. Accuracy The closeness of the findings to “reality” based on a sample. researcher develops a hypothesis on the research, and then these can be tested by applying certain Testability statistical tests on data collected for the reserach purpose. THE CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH the principle that the most acceptable explanation of an occurance, phenomenone, or event is the simplest. “Choose Parsimony the simplest explanation”. It refers to the scope of applicability of the research findings in one organizational setting to other settings. Generalizability Obviously, the wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by research, the more useful the research is to the users ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices. Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people These considerations work to protect the rights of research participants enhance research validity maintain scientific or academic integrity Types of ethical issues VOLUNTARY INFORMED POTENTIAL RESULTS ANONYMITY CONFIDENTIALITY PARTICIPATION CONSENT FOR HARM COMMUNICATION You know who the Participant participants are s know the You don’t but you keep that purpose, You ensure your know the information hidden Physical, social, benefits, work is free of Your participants identities of from everyone psychological risks, and plagiarism or are free to opt in the else. You and all other funding research or out of the participants. anonymize types of harm behind the misconduct, and study at any Personally personally are kept to an study you accurately point in time identifiable identifiable data absolute before they represent your data is not so that it can’t be minimum. agree or results collected linked to other decline to data by anyone join else Common Terminologies VARIABLES ABSTRACT Attributes or characteristics A clear, concise summary that can have more than that communicates the one value, such as height essential information about or weight. Variables are the study. In research journals, it is usually located at the beginning of A V qualities or quantities, properties or characteristics of people, an article things, or situations that change or vary. DATA Units of information or any HYPOTHESIS D H statistics, facts, figures, a statement of the general material, evidence, predicted relationship or knowledge collected between two or more during the course of the variables in a research study study. COMMON TERMINOLOGIES NULL ALTERNATIVE a general statement a statement that that states that there describes that is no relationship there is a between two HYPOTHESIS relationship phenomena under between two consideration or that selected there is no variables in a association between study. two groups. Common Terminologies LIMITATIONS SAMPLE restrictions in a study that a part or subset of may decrease the population selected to L S credibility and participate in the research generalizability of the study. research findings. POPULATION SAMPLING the entire set of individuals the process of selecting or objects having some sample from the target common characteristic(s) selected for a research study is referred to as P S population to represent the entire population. population COMMON TERMINOLOGIES PROBABILITY NON-PROBABILITY the selection of the selection of subjects or sampling subjects or sampling units from a units from a population population using SAMPLING using non random random procedure procedure (examples - (examples - simple convenient sampling, random sampling, purposive sampling. stratified random. sampling). Common Terminologies RESEARCH PILOT STUDY INSTRUMENT study carried out in order is a tool used to collect, to explore and test the L S measure, and analyze data research elements to make related to your research relevant modifications in interests. Examples: research tools and questionnaire, interviews, methodology. observations, focus group discussion and experiment. LO2: DIFFERENTIATE TYPES, APPROACHES AND DESIGN OF RESEARCH. TYPES OF RESEARCH Basic Applied Action BASIC/PURE RESEARCH involves developing, testing theories and hypotheses that are intellectually challenging to the researcher. may or may not have practical application at the present time or in the future. E.g. developing a methodology to assess the validity of a procedure. developing an instrument to measure the stress level in people. finding the best way of measuring people’s attitudes. APPLIED RESEARCH the research process are applied to the collection of information about various aspects of a situation, issue, problem or phenomenon so that the information gathered can be used in other ways. any conclusions drawn are based upon hard evidence gathered from information collected from real-life experiences or observations E.g. policy formulation, administration and the enhancement of understanding of a phenomenon. ACTION RESEARCH Action research is a period of inquiry which describes, interprets and explains social situations while executing a change intervention aimed at improvement and involvement. Action research is often intended to bring about change of practice, while creating knowledge at the same time. These combined characteristics make it useful for exploratory research to bring about improvement of practice, or to propose new solutions to practical problems. RESEARCH APPROACHES QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE expressed in words expressed in numbers and graphs. used to understand concepts, thoughts used to test or confirm theories and or experiences assumptions. enables you to gather in-depth insights can be used to establish generalizable on topics that are not well understood facts about a topic Common qualitative methods include Common quantitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions, experiments, observations recorded as observations described in words, numbers, and surveys with closed-ended andliterature review that explore questions. concepts and theories. RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES DESIGN EXPERIMENTAL are clinical studies in which participants are prospectively assigned to groups (e.g., experimental and control arms) to receive an intervention(s) or a Interventional placebo/no interventions so that researchers can Study evaluate the effects of the interventions on biomedical or health-related outcomes. RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES DESIGN NON-EXPERIMENTAL descriptives Study correlational observational attempts to describe Study Study systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, to discover or establish also called epidemiologic study service or program, or the existence of a designs, are often retrospective provides information. relationship/ and are used to assess potential the main purpose of such association/ causation in exposure-outcome studies is to describe what interdependence relationships and therefore is prevalent with respect to between two or more influence preventive methods.. the issue/problem under aspects of a situation. study. RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES DESIGN NON -EXPERIMENTAL a type of longitudinal study—an approach that follows research participants over a period of time (often many years) Cohort Study type of observational study which investigate predictive risk factors and health outcomes RESEARCH QUALITATIVE APPROACHES DESIGN Grounded Theory Ethnography Phenomonology a qualitative method a qualitative method for Used to describe how human that enables you to collecting data often used in the beings experience a certain study a particular social and behavioral sciences. phenomenon. The researcher phenomenon or process Data are collected through asks, “What is this experience and discover new observations and interviews, like?’, ‘What does this which are then used to draw experience mean?’ or ‘How does theories that are based conclusions about how this ‘lived experience’ present on the collection and societies and individuals itself to the participant?’ analysis of real world function.. data RESEARCH QUALITATIVE APPROACHES DESIGN a qualitative design in which the researcher explores in depth a program, event, activity, process, or one or more individuals. The case(s) are bound by time and Case Study activity, and researchers collect detailed information using a variety of data collection procedures over a sustained period of time. LO 3 Describe the research process. READ Review RESEARCH literature related REPORT 1 to your topic. 3 Choosing research 5 DATA 7 design Writing report Collecting data PROBLEM SAMPLING ANALYZING Identify a problem 2 HYPOTHESIZE 4 6 8 and form a thesis Come up with Decide on sample Processing & statement. an educated design. analysing data guess based on your research. THANK YOU www.reallygreatsite.com

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH.pdf

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